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<p><strong>Biotransformation</strong> is the chemical modification (or modifications) made by an organism on a chemical compound. If this modification ends in mineral compounds like CO<sub>2</sub>, NH<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> or H<sub>2</sub>O, the biotransformation is called mineralisation. Biotransformation means chemical alteration of the drug</p>
<p>in the body . It is needed to render nonpolar compounds polar so that they are not reabsorbed in renal tubules and are excreted.</p>
<p><font color="#000080"></font></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline">Drug metabolism</span></h2>
<p>The <font color="#000080">metabolism</font> of a <font color="#000080">drug</font> or <font color="#000080">toxin</font> in a body is an example of a biotransformation. Typically the body deals with a foreign compound by making it more soluble, to increase the rate of its excretion through the urine. There are a number of different process that can occur,The pathways of drug metabolism can divided in to:</p>
<ul>
<li>phase І</li> <li>phase II</li>
</ul>
<p><br />
<h4><span class="mw-headline">Phase I reaction</span></h4>
<ul>
<li>It includes oxidative, reductive and hydrolytic reactions.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>In case of these type of reactions, the polar group is either introduced or unmasked,so the drug molecule becomes solublised and excreted.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline">Phase II reaction</span></h4>
<ul>
<li>These reactions involve covalent attachment of small polar endogenous molecule like glucuronic acid, sulphate, glycine etc. to form highly water soluble substances.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Thus, they are known as conjugation reaction</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>The formed products have more molecular size. So, termed as synthetic reaction.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><font color="#000080">Microbial biodegradation</font></li> <li><font color="#000080">Xenobiotic metabolism</font></li> <li><font color="#000080">Biodegradation</font></li> <li><font color="#000080">Bioremediation</font></li> <li><font color="#000080">Mineralisation</font></li>
</ul>
<p><font color="#000080"></font></p>
<div class="references-small">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Diaz-0">^ <sup><em><strong><font color="#000080">a</font></strong></em></sup> <sup><em><strong><font color="#000080">b</font></strong></em></sup> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Diaz E (editor). (2008). <em><font color="#000080">Microbial Biodegradation: Genomics and Molecular Biology</font></em>, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. <font color="#000080">ISBN 978-1-904455-17-2</font>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microbial+Biodegradation%3A+Genomics+and+Molecular+Biology&rft.au=Diaz+E+%28editor%29.&rft.date=2008&rft.edition=1st+ed.&rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fbiod"><span style="DISPLAY: none"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-chapter9-1"><strong><font color="#000080">^</font></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Martins VAP et al (2008). "<font color="#000080">Genomic Insights into Oil Biodegradation in Marine Systems</font>", <em>Microbial Biodegradation: Genomics and Molecular Biology</em>. Caister Academic Press. <font color="#000080">ISBN 978-1-904455-17-2</font>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microbial+Biodegradation%3A+Genomics+and+Molecular+Biology&rft.atitle=Genomic+Insights+into+Oil+Biodegradation+in+Marine+Systems&rft.au=Martins+VAP+et+al&rft.date=2008&rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press"><span style="DISPLAY: none"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-chapter12-2"><strong><font color="#000080">^</font></strong> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Meyer A and Panke S (2008). "<font color="#000080">Genomics in Metabolic Engineering and Biocatalytic Applications of the Pollutant Degradation Machinery</font>", <em>Microbial Biodegradation: Genomics and Molecular Biology</em>. Caister Academic Press. <font color="#000080">ISBN 978-1-904455-17-2</font>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microbial+Biodegradation%3A+Genomics+and+Molecular+Biology&rft.atitle=Genomics+in+Metabolic+Engineering+and+Biocatalytic+Applications+of+the+Pollutant+Degradation+Machinery&rft.au=Meyer+A+and+Panke+S&rft.date=2008&rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press"><span style="DISPLAY: none"> </span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a class="external text" title="http://www.pharmacology.googlepages.com/metabolism.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pharmacology.googlepages.com/metabolism.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000080">Biotransformation of Drugs</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/gateway/biodegradation.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/gateway/biodegradation.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000080">Biodegradation, Bioremediation and Biotransformation</font></a></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/blogger/2007/09/microbial-biodegradation-bioremediation.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/blogger/2007/09/microbial-biodegradation-bioremediation.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#000080">Microbial Biodegradation</font></a></li>
</ul>