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History of Bioinformatics

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j@bio.cc, BiO Centre, Cambridge, UK, +44 1223 524889

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1843: Richard Owen elaborated the distinction of homology and analogy.

1850-1855: Jean-Baptiste Boussingault, who had proved that the carbon in plants came from atmospheric CO2, proposes that plant nitrogen comes from the soil. demonstrates that higher plants cannot utilize atmospheric nitrogen, but only nitrates from the soil. He also demonstrates the necessity of nitrogen for plants and animals. His experimental results were not conclusive, however, and conflicting data were soon published by another Parisian chemist, Ville, and popularized by Liebig. The question he resolved was whether the nitrogen that plants need to grow came from the soil or from the air. Joseph Priestley had argued, in the 18th century, in favor of the air, and his opinion was seconded in the early 19th century, by Liebig, then the world's most famous chemist.

1855: Alfred Russell Wallace publishes On the Law Which Has Regulated the Introduction of New Species1858: Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace publish papers on theory of evolution.

1859: Charles Darwin, Cambridge, UK, publishes The Origin of Species, vastly strengthening the adaptationist hypothesis.

1864: Ernst Haeckel (Häckel) outlines the essential elements of modern zoological classification1865: Gregory Mendel (1823-1884), Austria,  <img height="44" ~~alt~~border="0" width="~~img1.gif~~52" src="http://bio.cc/Bioinformatics/img1.gif" ~~width~~alt="~~52" border="0~~img1.gif" /> established the genetic inheritance. The theoretical study of genetics. Experiments in Plant Hybridisation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. His work, in German, was first published in 1865 in the Proceedings of the Brünn Society for Natural History, Brünn, Austria (Hewlett, 1998). It was ignored for a generation.

1868: Friedrich Miescher - discovery of nuclein found in cell nucleus, acidic, rich in PO4,  lacks S (characteristic of protein). Now know this as nucleic acid

1902: The chromosome theory of heredity is proposed by Sutton and Boveri, working independently.

1930: Tiselius, Uppsala University, Sweden, A new technique, electrophoresis, is introduced by Tiselius for separating proteins in solution. "The moving-boundary method of studying the electrophoresis of proteins" (published in Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis, Ser. IV, Vol. 7, No. 4)

1930s: Chemical nature of nuclei acid  investigated. It was thought to be a tetranucleotide composed of one unit each of adenylic, guanylic, thymidylic and cytidylic acids

1936: Alan Turing, Cambridge University, The Turing machine, computability, universal machine

1941: Beadle and Tatum. Genetic Control of Biochemical Reactions in Neurospora: First sound scientific evidence for one-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis

1944: Oswald Avery identifies nucleic acids as the active principle in bacterial transformation. Avery, O. T., C. M. MacLeod, and M. McCarty (1944). Studies on the Chemical Nature of Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Typoes.  Induction of Transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III.  Journal of Experimental Medicine 79: 137-158. Also in Peters (1959).  Oswald Avery (1877-1955) was a bacteriologist whose research on pneumococcus bacteria made him one of the founders of immunochemistry and laid the foundation for later discoveries that launched the science of molecular genetics.

1986: The SWISS-PROT database is created by the Department of Medical Biochemistry of the University of Geneva and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL).

1987: The use of yeast artifical chromosomes (YAC) is described (David T. Burke, et. al., Science, 236: 806-812).

1987: McClintock, Barbara (1987). The Discovery and Characterization of Transposable Elements: The Collected ~~Papers~~ <a href="javascript:void(0);/*1242361025806*/">Custon College Paper</a> of Barbara McClintock. New York: Garland, 1987.  In her 1983 Nobel lecture, McClintock said the genome is "a highly sensitive organ of the cell, that in times of stress could initiate its own restructuring and renovation." See the biography at the Cold Springs Harbor site (external). For a current discussion, see Pennisi 1998.

1987: The physical map of e. coli is published (Y. Kohara, et. al., Cell 51: 319-337).

1987: Perl (Practical Extraction Report Language) is released by Larry Wall.

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Off-line References

J. Cairns, G. Stent, & J. Watson (1966). Phage and the Origins of Molecular Biology. Freeman.         [Biographical essays on the early days by the founders of molecular genetics] F. H. C. Crick (1988). What Mad Pursuit? Basic Books.         [Crick's version of the 'double helix' history, and lots more] L. Gonick & M. Wheelis (1991). The Cartoon Guide to Genetics, 2nd ed. Harper Collins.         [Great illustrations: a good primer of basic Mendelian and molecular genetics] H. F. Judson (1979). The Eighth Day of Creation. Simon & Schuster.         [A general history of molecular biology] A. Sayre (1975). Rosalind Franklin and DNA. Norton.         [A re-appraisal of the role of Franklin, with commentary on the role of women in science] G. Stent  (1971). Molecular Genetics: an introductory narrative.  Freeman.         [A classic, now factually dated textbook, still highly readable] J. D. Watson (1968). The Double Helix. Atheneum.         [An entertaining, irreverent, sexist, account of the discovery of the structure of DNA.          See the accounts of Crick and Sayre for an antidote]

History of Genetics: From Prehistoric Times to the Rediscovery of Mendel's Laws by Hans Stubbe (MIT press, out of print)

A History of Genetics by Alfred Sturtevant

18.218.159.7

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