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아미노산
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<p> 생물의 몸을 구성하는 [[단백질]]의 기본 구성단위이다. [[단백질]]을 완전히 [[가수분해]]하면 암모니아와 아미노산이 생성되는데, <strong>아미노산</strong>(amino acid)은 [[아미노기]]와 [[카르복시기]]를 포함한 모든 분자를 지칭한다.</p>
<p> [[생화학]]에서는 흔히 α-아미노산을 간단히 <strong>아미노산</strong>이라 부른다. α-아미노산은 아미노기와 카르복실기가 하나의 [[탄소]]( α-탄소라 부른다.)에 붙어있다. [[프롤린]](proline)은 실제로는 아미노기를 포함하지 않기 때문에, 엄밀하게 말해서 아미노산이 아니라, <em>이미노산</em>(imino acid)이다. 그러나, 생화학적으로 다른 진짜 아미노산과 비슷한 기능을 수행하기 때문에, 아미노산으로 분류한다.</p>
<p>일반적인 α-아미노산의 구조는 다음과 같다. COOH | H-C-'''R''' | NH<sub>2</sub> 여기서 "R"은 [[곁사슬]](side chain)을 나타내고, 곁사슬에 따라 무슨 아미노산인지가 결정된다. 아미노산은 곁사슬의 성질에 따라 산성, 염기성, 친수성(극성), 소수성(비극성)의 네 가지 종류로 구분될 수 있다. 그러나, 목적에 따라 더 많은 종류로 분류되기도 한다. 곁사슬 [[수소원자]]뿐인 글라이신([[glycine]])을 제외하고, 다른 아미노산은 모두 두가지 [[광학 이성질체|광학 활성]]을 갖아, D형과 L형으로 구분된다. [[단백질]](protein)을 구성하는 아미노산의 거의 대부분은 [[L-아미노산]] 형태로 존재한다. 청자고둥(cone snail)같은 일부 특이한 바다생물에서 D-아미노산이 발견되기도 했다. 단백질은 아미노산의 축합중합을 통해 만들어진다.:<br /> </p><p>1. 아미노산; 2, 쯔비터이온(zwitterion) 구조; 3, 펩티드 결합(peptide bond)을 이루는 두 개의 아미노산 유전암호(genetic code)로 다음 20개의 아미노산을 나타낸다.:<br /></p><p>곁사슬 (side group)의 화학적 성질 </p>
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th colspan="2">약자</th> <th>이름</th> <th>곁사슬 성질</th> <th>질량</th> <th>[[Isoelectric point]]</th> <th>비고</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>A</td>
<td>Ala</td>
<td>[[알라닌]]([[Alanine]])</td> <td>[[소수성]]</td>
<td>89.09</td>
<td>6.11</td>
<td>C</td>
<td>Cys</td>
<td>[[시스테인]]([[Cysteine]])</td> <td>[[친수성]]</td>
<td>121.16</td>
<td>5.05</td>
<td>D</td>
<td>Asp</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap">[[아스파르트산]]([[Aspartic acid]])</td> <td>[[산성]]</td>
<td>133.10</td>
<td>2.85</td>
<td>E</td>
<td>Glu</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap">[[글루탐산]]([[Glutamic acid]])</td>
<td>산성</td>
<td>147.13</td>
<td>F</td>
<td>Phe</td>
<td>[[페닐알라닌]]([[Phenylalanine]])</td>
<td>소수성</td>
<td>165.19</td>
<td>G</td>
<td>Gly</td>
<td>[[글리신]]([[Glycine]])</td>
<td>친수성</td>
<td>75.07</td>
<td>H</td>
<td>His</td>
<td>[[히스티딘]]([[Histidine]])</td> <td>[[염기성]]</td>
<td>155.16</td>
<td>7.60</td>
<td>I</td>
<td>Ile</td>
<td>[[이소루신]]([[Isoleucine]])</td>
<td>소수성</td>
<td>131.17</td>
<td>K</td>
<td>Lys</td>
<td>[[리신]]([[Lysine]])</td>
<td>염기성</td>
<td>146.19</td>
<td>L</td>
<td>Leu</td>
<td>[[루신]]([[Leucine]])</td>
<td>소수성</td>
<td>131.17</td>
<td>M</td>
<td>Met</td>
<td>[[메티오닌]]([[Methionine]])</td>
<td>소수성</td>
<td>149.21</td>
<td>N</td>
<td>Asn</td>
<td>[[아스파라긴]]([[Asparagine]])</td>
<td>친수성</td>
<td>132.12</td>
<td>P</td>
<td>Pro</td>
<td>[[프롤린]]([[Proline]])</td>
<td>소수성</td>
<td>115.13</td>
<td>6.30</td>
<td>Can disrupt protein folding structures like [[alpha helix|α helix]] or [[beta sheet|β sheet]].</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Q</td>
<td>Gln</td>
<td>[[글루타민]]([[Glutamine]])</td>
<td>친수성</td>
<td>146.15</td>
<td>R</td>
<td>Arg</td>
<td>[[아르기닌]]([[Arginine]])</td>
<td>염기성</td>
<td>174.20</td>
<td>S</td>
<td>Ser</td>
<td>[[세린]]([[Serine]])</td>
<td>친수성</td>
<td>105.09</td>
<td>T</td>
<td>Thr</td>
<td>[[트레오닌]]([[Threonine]])</td>
<td>친수성</td>
<td>119.12</td>
<td>V</td>
<td>Val</td>
<td>[[발린]]([[Valine]])</td>
<td>소수성</td>
<td>117.15</td>
<td>W</td>
<td>Trp</td>
<td>[[트립토판]]([[Tryptophan]])</td>
<td>소수성</td>
<td>204.23</td>
<td>Y</td>
<td>Tyr</td>
<td>[[티로신]]([[Tyrosine]])</td>
<td>친수성</td>
<td>181.19</td>
</tbody>
</table>
<table bordercolor="#000000" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" bordercolor="black" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th align="middlecenter">아미노산</th> <th align="middlecenter">소수성</th> <th align="middlecenter">positive</th> <th align="middlecenter">negative</th> <th align="middlecenter">polar</th> <th align="middlecenter">charged</th> <th align="middlecenter">small</th> <th align="middlecenter">tiny</th> <th align="middlecenter">aromatic</th> <th align="middlecenter">aliphatic</th> <th>[[Induced-dipole attraction|van der Waals]] volume</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Ala</strong></td>
<td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td>
<td>67</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Cys</strong></td>
<td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td>
<td>86</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Asp</strong></td>
<td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td>
<td>91</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Glu</strong></td>
<td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td>
<td>109</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Phe</strong></td>
<td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td>
<td>135</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Gly</strong></td>
<td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td>
<td>48</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>His</strong></td>
<td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td>
<td>118</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Lys</strong></td>
<td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td>
<td>135</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Ile</strong></td>
<td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td>
<td>124</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Leu</strong></td>
<td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td>
<td>124</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Met</strong></td>
<td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td>
<td>124</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Asn</strong></td>
<td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td>
<td>96</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Pro</strong></td>
<td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td>
<td>90</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Gln</strong></td>
<td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td>
<td>114</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Arg</strong></td>
<td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td>
<td>148</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Ser</strong></td>
<td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td>
<td>73</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Thr</strong></td>
<td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td>
<td>93</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Val</strong></td>
<td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td>
<td>105</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Trp</strong></td>
<td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td>
<td>163</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong>Tyr</strong></td>
<td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td> <td align="middlecenter"><strong>X</strong></td> <td align="middlecenter">-</td>
<td>141</td>
</tr>
