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<p><strong>Misoprostol</strong> is a drug that is FDA-approved in the United States for the prevention of NSAID-induced gastric ulcers. It is also used (and approved in other countries) to induce labor and as an abortifacient. It was invented and marketed by G.D. Searle & Company (now Pfizer) under the trade name <strong>Cytotec</strong>, but other brand-name and generic formulations are now available as well.</p>
<p>Chemically, misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin E<sub>1</sub> (PGE<sub>1</sub>) analogue.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline">Indicated (in the United States) use</span></h2>
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2">
<ol class="references">
<li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoprostol#_ref-0">^</a></strong> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Sharyn Alfonsi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharyn_Alfonsi">Alfonsi, Sharyn</a> (November 30, 2004). <a class="external text" title="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/11/30/eveningnews/main658388.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/11/30/eveningnews/main658388.shtml" rel="nofollow">Labor Induction Drug Under Fire</a>. <em><a title="CBS Evening News" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Evening_News">CBS Evening News</a></em>. Retrieved on <a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a>-<a title="August 22" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_22">08-22</a>. </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoprostol#_ref-1">^</a></strong> <a title="Ina May Gaskin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ina_May_Gaskin">Ina May Gaskin</a> (July 11, 2000). <a class="external text" title="http://archive.salon.com/health/feature/2000/07/11/cytotec/index.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://archive.salon.com/health/feature/2000/07/11/cytotec/index.html" rel="nofollow">Cytotec: Dangerous Experiment or Panacea</a>. <em><a title="Salon.com" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon.com">Salon.com</a></em>. Retrieved on <a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a>-<a title="September 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_8">09-08</a>. </li> <li id="_note-2"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoprostol#_ref-2">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00308711?order=5" rel="nofollow" href="http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00308711?order=5" rel="nofollow">Clinical Trial Description at clinicaltrials.gov</a>. <em>Information on Clinical Trials and Human Research Studies</em>. NIH (August, 2006). Retrieved on <a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a>-<a title="August 29" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_29">08-29</a>. </li>
<li id="_note-3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoprostol#_ref-3">^</a></strong> A randomized comparison between intravaginal misoprostol and prostaglandin E2 for labor induction. Sifakis S, Angelakis E, Avgoustinakis E, Fragouli Y, Mantas N, Koukoura O, Vardaki E, Koumantakis E.Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2007;275(4):263-7. </li>
<li id="_note-4"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoprostol#_ref-4">^</a></strong> Misoprostol.org. <a class="external text" title="http://http://www.misoprostol.org/File/availability.php.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://http//www.misoprostol.org/File/availability.php.html" rel="nofollow">Misoprostol.org website</a>. </li> <li id="_note-5"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoprostol#_ref-5">^</a></strong> Alliance Pharmaceuticals. <a class="external text" title="http://www.labourinduction.co.uk/defaultflash.asp?page=1.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.labourinduction.co.uk/defaultflash.asp?page=1.html" rel="nofollow">Labour Induction website</a>. </li> <li id="_note-6"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoprostol#_ref-6">^</a></strong> WHO. <a class="external text" title="http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2005/a87017_eng.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2005/a87017_eng.pdf" rel="nofollow">WHO Essential drug list 2005 section 22.1 website</a>. </li> <li id="_note-7"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoprostol#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.rhtp.org/news/publications/documents/Miso%20for%20Pregnancy%20Termination.Bibliography.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rhtp.org/news/publications/documents/Miso%20for%20Pregnancy%20Termination.Bibliography.pdf" rel="nofollow">Annotated Bibliography on Misoprostol Alone for Early Abortion</a>. Gynuity Health Projects. Retrieved on <a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a>-<a title="August 22" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_22">08-22</a>. </li> <li id="_note-8"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoprostol#_ref-8">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.medicationabortion.com/misoprostol/index.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.medicationabortion.com/misoprostol/index.html" rel="nofollow">Medication Abortion: Misoprostol Alone</a>. Ibis. Retrieved on <a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a>-<a title="September 8" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_8">09-08</a>. </li> <li id="_note-9"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoprostol#_ref-9">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.rhtp.org/news/publications/documents/Miso%20for%20Pregnancy%20Termination.IFU.English.pdf#search=%22%20site%3Awww.rhtp.org%20misoprostol%20abortion%20success%20rate%22" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rhtp.org/news/publications/documents/Miso%20for%20Pregnancy%20Termination.IFU.English.pdf#search=%22%20site%3Awww.rhtp.org%20misoprostol%20abortion%20success%20rate%22" rel="nofollow">Instructions for Use: Abortion Induction with Misoprostol in Pregnancies up to 9 Weeks LMP</a> (PDF). Gynuity Health Projects (2003). Retrieved on <a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a>-<a title="August 24" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_24">08-24</a>. </li>
<li id="_note-10"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoprostol#_ref-10">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Corta, SH et al (1993). "Misoprostol and illegal abortion in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil". <em>Lancet</em> 15 (341). <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8098402" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8098402">PMID 8098402</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Misoprostol+and+illegal+abortion+in+Rio+de+Janeiro%2C+Brazil&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.date=1993&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=341&rft.au=Corta%2C+SH+et+al"> </span> </li>
<li id="_note-11"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoprostol#_ref-11">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Coelho, HL et al (1994). "Misoprostol: the experience of women in Fortaleza, Brazil". <em>Contraception</em> 49 (2). <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8143449" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8143449">PMID 8143449</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Misoprostol%3A+the+experience+of+women+in+Fortaleza%2C+Brazil&rft.jtitle=Contraception&rft.date=1994&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.au=Coelho%2C+HL+et+al"> </span> </li>
<li id="_note-13"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoprostol#_ref-13">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Rocha, J et al (1994). "Brazil investigates drug's possible link with birth defects". <em>BMJ</em> 309 (6957). <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7950553" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7950553">PMID 7950553</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Brazil+investigates+drug%27s+possible+link+with+birth+defects&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.date=1994&rft.volume=309&rft.issue=6957&rft.au=Rocha%2C+J+et+al"> </span> </li>
<li id="_note-14"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoprostol#_ref-14">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Gonzalez, CH et al (1993). "Limb deficiency with or without Mobius sequence in seven Brazilian children associated with misoprostol use in the first trimester of pregnancy". <em>Am J Med Genet</em> 47 (1). <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8368254" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8368254">PMID 8368254</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Limb+deficiency+with+or+without+Mobius+sequence+in+seven+Brazilian+children+associated+with+misoprostol+use+in+the+first+trimester+of+pregnancy&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Med+Genet&rft.date=1993&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+CH+et+al"> </span> </li>
<li id="_note-15"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoprostol#_ref-15">^</a></strong> John Leland: "<a class="external text" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/02/weekinreview/02leland.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/02/weekinreview/02leland.html" rel="nofollow">Abortion Might Outgrow Its Need for Roe v. Wade</a>", <em><a title="The New York Times" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times">The New York Times</a></em>, October 2, 2005 </li>
<li id="_note-16"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoprostol#_ref-16">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Neilson JP et al (2006). "Medical treatment for early fetal death (less than 24 weeks)". <em>Cochrane Database Syst Rev</em> 19 (3). <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16855990" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16855990">PMID 16855990</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Medical+treatment+for+early+fetal+death+%28less+than+24+weeks%29&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+Syst+Rev&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.au=Neilson+JP+et+al"> </span> </li>
<li id="_note-17"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoprostol#_ref-17">^</a></strong> J Villar MD et al (2002). <a class="external text" title="http://www.greenjournal.org/cgi/content/abstract/100/6/1301" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.greenjournal.org/cgi/content/abstract/100/6/1301" rel="nofollow">Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials of Misoprostol to Prevent Postpartum Hemorrhage</a>. Obstetrics & Gynecology. Retrieved on <a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a>-<a title="September 21" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_21">09-21</a>. </li> <li id="_note-18"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoprostol#_ref-18">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Ekmekçioğlu, Demirci, Yilmaz & Tatli (1998). "<a class="external text" title="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1460-2679.1998.00030.x" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1460-2679.1998.00030.x" rel="nofollow">Intraurethral misoprostol: a different agent in the treatment of erectile dysfunction</a>". <em>Sexual Dysfunction</em> 1: 161. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-2679.1998.00030.x" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-2679.1998.00030.x" rel="nofollow">10.1046/j.1460-2679.1998.00030.x</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Intraurethral+misoprostol%3A+a+different+agent+in+the+treatment+of+erectile+dysfunction&rft.jtitle=Sexual+Dysfunction&rft.date=1998&rft.volume=1&rft.au=Ekmek%C3%A7io%C4%9Flu%2C+Demirci%2C+Yilmaz+%26+Tatli&rft.pages=161&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwell-synergy.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1046%2Fj.1460-2679.1998.00030.x"> </span> </li> <li id="_note-Cytotec_USPI">^ <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoprostol#_ref-Cytotec_USPI_0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a> <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoprostol#_ref-Cytotec_USPI_1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a> <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoprostol#_ref-Cytotec_USPI_2"><sup><em><strong>c</strong></em></sup></a> <a title="Pfizer" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer">Pfizer</a> (September 2006). <a class="external text" title="http://www.pfizer.com/pfizer/download/uspi_cytotec.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pfizer.com/pfizer/download/uspi_cytotec.pdf" rel="nofollow">Cytotec US Prescribing Information</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="March 15" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_15">03-15</a>. </li> <li id="_note-Cytotec_UK_SPC"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misoprostol#_ref-Cytotec_UK_SPC_0">^</a></strong> <a title="Pharmacia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacia">Pharmacia</a> (July 2004). <a class="external text" title="http://emc.medicines.org.uk/emc/assets/c/html/displaydoc.asp?documentid=9352" rel="nofollow" href="http://emc.medicines.org.uk/emc/assets/c/html/displaydoc.asp?documentid=9352" rel="nofollow">Cytotec UK SPC (Summary of Product Characteristics)</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="March 15" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_15">03-15</a>. </li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline">External links and further reading</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a class="external text" title="http://www.drugdigest.org/DD/PrintablePages/Monograph/0,7765,459%7C,00.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.drugdigest.org/DD/PrintablePages/Monograph/0,7765,459%7C,00.html" rel="nofollow">Misoprostol</a> from Drugdigest </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.misoprostol.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.misoprostol.org/" rel="nofollow">Misoprostol.org</a> an independent website containing dosage guidelines and advice on misoprostol use. </li>
</ul>
