<p><strong>Blueberries</strong> are <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> in the genus <em><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium" title="Vaccinium">Vaccinium</a></em>, sect. <em>Cyanococcus</em>. The species are native only to <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. They are <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a> varying in size from 10 cm tall to 4 m tall; the smaller species are known as &quot;lowbush blueberries&quot;, and the larger species as &quot;highbush blueberries&quot;. The <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> can be either <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> or <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a>, ovate to lanceolate, and from 1-8 cm long and 0.5-3.5 cm broad. The <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> are bell-shaped, white, pale pink or red, sometimes tinged greenish.</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> is a <a href="/wiki/False_berry" title="False berry" class="mw-redirect">false berry</a> 5-16 mm diameter with a flared &quot;crown&quot; at the end; they are pale greenish at first, then reddish-purple, and finally indigo on ripening. They have a sweet taste when mature, with variable acidity. Blueberry bushes typically bear fruit from May through October in the Northern Hemisphere; &quot;blueberry season&quot; peaks in July, which is National Blueberry Month in the United States and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a hrefid="#cite_notecite_ref-0" title="">[1]</a></sup></p><p>All species whose English <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common names</a> include &quot;blueberry&quot; are currently classified in section <em>Cyanococcus</em> of the genus <em>Vaccinium</em>. Several other plants of the genus <em>Vaccinium</em> also produce blue berries which are sometimes confused with blueberries, mainly the predominantly European <a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">bilberry</a> <em>(Vaccinium myrtillus),</em> which in many languages has a name that means &quot;blueberry&quot; in English. See the <a href="#Identification" title="">Identification</a> section for more information.</p><p>Although blueberries are native to North America, they are now grown also in the Southern Hemisphere in Australia, New Zealand and South American countries<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.blueberry.org/blueberries.htm" title="http://www.blueberry.org/blueberries.htm" class="external autonumber">[2]</a>, and are air-shipped as fresh produce to markets around the world.</p><p>Beginning in 2005, blueberries have been discussed among a category of <a href="/wiki/Functional_foods" title="Functional foods" class="mw-redirect">functional foods</a> called <a href="/wiki/Superfruit" title="Superfruit">superfruits</a> having the favorable combination of <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrient</a> richness, <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a> strength, emerging research evidence for health benefits<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a hrefid="#cite_notecite_ref-1" title="">[2]</a></sup> and versatility for manufacturing popular consumer products.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a hrefid="#cite_notecite_ref-2" title="">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a hrefid="#cite_notecite_ref-3" title="">[4]</a></sup></p>

<li><em><a href="/wiki/Lowbush_blueberry" title="Lowbush blueberry">Vaccinium angustifolium</a></em> (Lowbush Blueberry) </li> <li><em><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaccinium_boreale&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" title="Vaccinium boreale (page does not exist)" class="new">Vaccinium boreale</a></em> (Northern Blueberry) </li> <li><em><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaccinium_caesariense&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" title="Vaccinium caesariense (page does not exist)" class="new">Vaccinium caesariense</a></em> (New Jersey Blueberry) </li> <li><em><a href="/wiki/Northern_highbush_blueberry" title="Northern highbush blueberry">Vaccinium corymbosum</a></em> (Northern Highbush Blueberry) </li> <li><em><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_darrowii" title="Vaccinium darrowii">Vaccinium darrowii</a></em> (Southern Highbush Blueberry) </li> <li><em><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_elliottii" title="Vaccinium elliottii">Vaccinium elliottii</a></em> (Elliott Blueberry) </li> <li><em><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaccinium_formosum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" title="Vaccinium formosum (page does not exist)" class="new">Vaccinium formosum</a></em> (southern blueberry) </li> <li><em><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaccinium_fuscatum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" title="Vaccinium fuscatum (page does not exist)" class="new">Vaccinium fuscatum</a></em> (Black Highbush Blueberry; syn. <em>V. atrococcum</em>) </li> <li><em><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaccinium_hirsutum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" title="Vaccinium hirsutum (page does not exist)" class="new">Vaccinium hirsutum</a></em> (Hairy-fruited Blueberry) </li> <li><em><a href="/wiki/Canadian_blueberry" title="Canadian blueberry">Vaccinium myrtilloides</a></em> (Canadian Blueberry) </li> <li><em><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaccinium_pallidum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" title="Vaccinium pallidum (page does not exist)" class="new">Vaccinium pallidum</a></em> (Dryland Blueberry) </li> <li><em><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaccinium_simulatum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" title="Vaccinium simulatum (page does not exist)" class="new">Vaccinium simulatum</a></em> (Upland Highbush Blueberry) </li> <li><em><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaccinium_tenellum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" title="Vaccinium tenellum (page does not exist)" class="new">Vaccinium tenellum</a></em> (Southern Blueberry) </li> <li><em><a href="/wiki/Rabbiteye_blueberry" title="Rabbiteye blueberry">Vaccinium virgatum</a></em> (Rabbiteye Blueberry; syn. <em>V. ashei</em>) </li>

<li><em><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaccinium_koreanum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" title="Vaccinium koreanum (page does not exist)" class="new">Vaccinium koreanum</a></em> </li> <li><em><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaccinium_myrsinites&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" title="Vaccinium myrsinites (page does not exist)" class="new">Vaccinium myrsinites</a></em> (Evergreen Blueberry) </li>

<p><a nameid="Identification" idname="Identification"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Identification">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Identification</span></h2><p>True wild blueberries (section <em>Cyanococcus</em> of the genus <em>Vaccinium</em>) occur naturally only in eastern and north-central North America. Other sections in the genus, native to other parts of the world including western <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, include other wild shrubs producing similar-looking edible berries such as <a href="/wiki/Huckleberry" title="Huckleberry">huckleberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cranberry" title="Cranberry">cranberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">bilberries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cowberry" title="Cowberry" class="mw-redirect">cowberries</a>. These are sometimes colloquially called <em>blueberries</em> and sold as blueberry jam or other products.</p><p>The names of blue berries in languages other than English often translate as &quot;blueberry&quot;, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Scots_%28language%29" title="Scots (language)" class="mw-redirect">Scots</a> <em>Blaeberry</em> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_%28language%29" title="Norwegian (language)" class="mw-redirect">Norwegian</a> <em>Bl&aring;b&aelig;r</em>, although those berries may belong to another species. For example, <em>Bl&aring;b&aelig;r</em> and <a href="/wiki/French_%28language%29" title="French (language)" class="mw-redirect">French</a> <em>myrtilles</em> usually refer to the European native bilberry, while <em>bleuets</em> refers to the North American blueberry.</p><p>Aside from location of origin, blueberries can be distinguished from bilberries by cutting them in half. Ripe blueberries have white or greenish flesh, while bilberries and huckleberries are colored purple throughout.</p><p><a nameid="Cultivation" idname="Cultivation"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Cultivation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Cultivation</span></h2><p>Blueberries are cultivated and picked wild. In <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, the most common cultivated species is <em>V. corymbosum</em>, the <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bcblueberryfarm.com/2007/09/08/northern-high-bush-blueberry-varieties/" title="http://www.bcblueberryfarm.com/2007/09/08/northern-high-bush-blueberry-varieties/" class="external text">Northern Highbush Blueberries</a>. Hybrids of this with other <em>Vaccinium</em> species adapted to southern U.S. climates are known collectively as Southern Highbush Blueberries.</p>

<div class="thumbinner" style="widthWIDTH: 182px;" ><img class="thumbinnerthumbimage"><a hrefheight="/wiki/Image:Blueberry_plants.jpg118" titlealt="Blueberry flowers" class="image"><img width="180" height="118" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Blueberry_plants.jpg/180px-Blueberry_plants.jpg" alt="Blueberry flowers" class="thumbimage" /></a>

<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/Image:Blueberry_plants.jpg" title="Enlarge" span class="internal"><span style="borderBORDER-RIGHT: rgb(0,0,255) 2px none ; BORDER-TOP: rgb(0, 0, 255)2px; fontFONT-sizeSIZE: 0px; backgroundBACKGROUND-imageIMAGE: none; verticalVERTICAL-alignALIGN: middle;" class="BORDER-LEFT: rgb(0,0,255) 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(0,0,255) 2px"><span style="widthWIDTH: 1px; heightHEIGHT: 1px;"></span></span></a></div>Blueberry flowers</div>

<p>Wild blueberries, smaller than cultivated ones, are prized for their intense color. The <a href="/wiki/Lowbush_blueberry" title="Lowbush blueberry">lowbush blueberry</a>, <em>V. angustifolium</em>, is found from <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_%28island%29" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> westward westward and southward to <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>. In some West Virginia. In some areas it produces natural <em>blueberry barrens</em>, where it is practically the only species covering large areas. Several <a href="/wiki/First_Nations" title="First Nations">First Nations</a> communities First Nations communities in Ontario are involved in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> are involved in harvesting wild blueberries. Lowbush species are harvesting wild blueberries. Lowbush species are fire-tolerant and blueberry production often increases following a <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">forest fire</a> as the plants forest fire as the plants regenerate rapidly and benefit from removal of competing vegetation.</p><p>There are numerous highbush <cultivars of blueberries, each of which have a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> of blueberries, each of which have a unique unique and diverse flavor. The most important blueberry breeding program has been the <a href="/wiki/USDA-ARS" title="USDA-ARS" class="mw-redirect">USDA-ARS</a> breeding program based at breeding program based at Beltsville, Maryland, and Chatsworth, New Jersey. This program began when Dr. Frederick Coville of the USDA-ARS collaborated with Ms. Elizabeth White. In the early part of the 20th Century, Ms. White offered wild pickers cash for large fruited blueberry plants. 'Rubel', one such wild blueberry cultivar, is the origin of many of the current hybrid cultivars.</p><p><strong>Rabbiteye Blueberry</strong> (<em>V. virgatum,</em> syn. <em>V. ashei</em>) is a southern type of blueberry produced from the Carolinas to the Gulf Coast states.</p><p>Other important species in North America include <em>V. pallidum</em>, the <strong>Hillside</strong> or <strong>Dryland Blueberry</strong>. It is native to the eastern U.S., but common in the Appalachians and the Piedmont of the Southeast. <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_%28United_States%29" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a> of the Southeast. <strong>strong>Sparkleberry</strong>, <em>V. arboreum</em>, is a common wild species on sandy soils in the southeastern U.S. Its fruits are important to wildlife, and the flowers important to beekeepers.</p><p><a nameid="Languages" idname="Languages"></a></p><h2><span class="editsectionmw-headline">[Languages<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Languages"span>edit</ah2>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Languages</span></h2> <p>Dutch: 'bosbes'. French: 'bleuet'. Spanish: 'ar&aacute;ndano'. Greek: '&beta;&alpha;&kappa;&kappa;ί&nu;&iota;&omicron;'. English: 'blueberry'. Japanese: 'ブルーベリー'. Finnish: 'mustikka'. Danish: 'Bl&aring;b&aelig;r'.</p><p><a nameid="Growing_areas" idname="Growing_areas"></a></p><h2><span class="editsectionmw-headline">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Growing Growing areas">edit</aspan>]</spanh2> <span class="mw-headline">Growing areas</span></h2><pp>Blueberries were first cultivated in the United States by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Coleman_White" title="Elizabeth Coleman White">Elizabeth Coleman White</a> in the southern <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> village of Whitesbog.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4" title="">[5]</a></sup></p><p><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> produces 25% produces 25% of all blueberries in North America, making it the largest producer in the world. Maine's 24,291 hectares (FAO figures) [60,023 acres] of blueberry were propagated from native plants that occur naturally in the understorey of its coastal forests. The Maine crop requires about 50,000 <a href="/wiki/Beehive_%28beekeeping%29" title="Beehive (beekeeping)" class="mw-redirect">beehives</a> beehives for pollination, with most of the hives being trucked in from other states for <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a>, with most of the hives being trucked in from other states for that purpose. Many towns that purpose. Many towns in Maine lay claim to being the blueberry capital and several festivals are centered around the blueberry. The wild blueberry is the official fruit of Maine and is often as much a symbol of Maine as the lobster.</p><p><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> Quebec has the largest quantity of wild blueberry production, coming especially from the regions of <a href="/wiki/Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean" title="Saguenayand C&ocirc;te-Lac-Saint-Jean">Saguenay-Lac-Saint-JeanNord which provide 40% of Quebec's total provincial production. Quebec has added 28,717 hectares in blueberry farms since 2001.</a> and <a hrefsup class="/wiki/C%C3%B4tenoprint Template-NordFact" ><span title="CôteThis claim needs references to reliable sources since May 2007" style="WHITE-NordSPACE: nowrap">C&ocirc;te-Nord[<em>citation needed</aem> which provide 40% of ]<a href="/wikispan></Quebec" title="Quebec"sup>Quebec</ap><p>'s total provincial production. Quebec has added 28Nova Scotia, also a major producer of wild blueberries,717 hectares in recognizes the blueberry farms since 2001as its official provincial berry.<sup class="noprint Template-Factreference"><span styleid="whitecite_ref-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since May 20075">[6]<em><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></em>]</span/sup>The town of Oxford, Nova Scotia is known as the Wild Blueberry Capital of Canada. New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island are other Canadian provinces with major wild blueberry farming.</sup></p><p><a href=class="/wiki/Nova_Scotiareference" titleid="Nova Scotiacite_ref-6">Nova Scotia[7]</asup>, also a major producer </p><p>Significant production of wild highbush blueberriesoccurs in Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, Michigan, recognizes the blueberry as its official provincial berryNew Jersey and North Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"California is rapidly increasing plantings of southern highbush varieties originating from the University of Florida and North Carolina State University. Southern highbush berries are now also cultivated in the Mediterranean regions of Europe.</p><a href="#cite_note-5" title="">[6]</a></sup> The town p>Highbush blueberries were first introduced to Germany and the Netherlands in the 1930s and have since been spread to Poland, Italy and other countries of Europe (Nauman, 1993).<a href="/wiki/Oxford%2C_Nova_Scotia" title="Oxfordp><p>&quot;Many growers in France, Nova Scotia">OxfordAustria, Nova Scotia</a> is known as the Wild Blueberry Capital of Canadaand Italy realized too that it pays to cultivate highbush blueberries, and that good economic gain can be obtained,&quot; according to an industry researcher. <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> &quot;Even in Belgium and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> are other Canadian provinces Norway, some very promising trials with major wild special methods of blueberry farming.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><cultivation resulted in a href="#cite_note-6" title="">[7]</limited commercial production which is very successful. ... Except in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Spain, a></sup><blueberry industry is developing in all regions where the production is possible due to the climatic and edaphic conditions ...&quot; (Nauman, 1993).</p><p>Significant production of highbush In the Southern hemisphere, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, New Zealand, and Australia now export blueberries occurs in . South Africa exports them to Europe.<a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon"p>Oregon</ap>Blueberries were first introduced to Australia in the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Washington" title="Washington">Washington</a>, <but the effort was unsuccessful. &quot;In the early 1970s David Jones from the Victorian Department of Agriculture imported seed from the U.S. and a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>selection trial was started. This work was continued by Ridley Bell&quot;, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michiganwho imported more American varieties. In the mid-1970s the Australian Blueberry Growers Association (ABGA) was formed. (Clayton-Greene)</ap>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="p>By the early 1980s, the blueberry industry was started in New Jersey">New JerseyZealand and is still growing. (BNZ, n.d)</ap> and <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina"p>North Carolina</a>. <The industry is even newer in Argentina: &quot;Argentine blueberry production has increased over the last three years with planted area up to 400 percent,&quot; according to a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> is rapidly increasing plantings 2005 report by the U.S. Department of southern highbush varieties originating Agriculture. But that increase comes from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University tiny base of Florida">University of Florida</a> 400 hectares in 2001 (to 1,600 hectares in 2004). The industry is new in the country and <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University" title="North Carolina State University">North Carolina State University</a>. Southern highbush berries are now also cultivated farmers are still learning the business. &quot;Argentine blueberry production has thrived in the Mediterranean three different regions : the province of Europe.</p><p>Highbush blueberries were first introduced to Germany and the Netherlands Entre Rios in Northeastern Argentina, the 1930s and have since been spread to Polandprovince of Buenos Aires, near the country&rsquo;s capital city Buenos Aires, Italy and other countries of Europe (Naumanthe southern Patagonian valleys, 1993&quot; according to the report. (Gain, 2005).</p><p>&quot;Many growers Chile is the biggest producer in France, Austria, South America and Italy realized too that it pays the largest exporter to cultivate highbush blueberriesthe northern hemisphere, and that good economic gain can be obtainedwith an estimated surface of 6,&quot; according to an industry researcher800 hectares (as of 2007). &quot;Even Introduction of the first plants started in Belgium the early 1980s and Norway, some very promising trials with special methods production started in the late 80s in the southern part of blueberry cultivation resulted in a limited commercial the country. Today production which is very successful. ... Except ranges from Copiap&oacute; in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Spain, a blueberry industry is developing north to Puerto Montt in all regions where the production is possible due south, which allows the country to offer blueberries from October through late March. The main production area today is the climatic and edaphic conditions Bio Bio region...&quot; (NaumanProduction has evolved rapidly in the last decade, 1993)becoming the 4th most important fruit exported in value terms.</p><p>In the Southern hemisphereFresh market blueberries are exported mainly to North America (80%) followed by Europe (18%). Information from the Fruit Export Association (ASOEX, 2007), <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>exported in 2007 more than 21 thousand MT of fresh blueberries and more than 1, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>000 MT of frozen product. Most of the production comes from the highbush type, but several rabbiteye blueberries are grown in the country as well. Information taken from the Chilean Fruit Producers Federation (FEDEFRUTA, <a href="2007) and their Blueberry Committee, stands that there are over 800 blueberry producers with surfaces ranging from 50 to 200 hectares.</wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay"p>Uruguay</ap>, <a hrefid="/wiki/New_ZealandGrowing_seasons" titlename="New ZealandGrowing_seasons">New Zealand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"p>Australia</a> now export blueberries. <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> exports them to Europe.</p><p>Blueberries were first introduced to Australia in the 1950s, but the effort was unsuccessful. &quot;In the early 1970s David Jones from the Victorian Department of Agriculture imported seed from the U.S. and a selection trial was started. This work was continued by Ridley Bell&quot;, who imported more American varieties. In the mid-1970s the Australian Blueberry Growers Association (ABGA) was formed. (Clayton-Greene)</p><p>By the early 1980s, the blueberry industry was started in New Zealand and is still growing. (BNZ, n.d)</p><p>The industry is even newer in Argentina: &quot;Argentine blueberry production has increased over the last three years with planted area up to 400 percent,&quot; according to a 2005 report by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. But that increase comes from a tiny base of 400 hectares in 2001 (to 1,600 hectares in 2004). The industry is new in the country and farmers are still learning the business. &quot;Argentine blueberry production has thrived in three different regions: the province of Entre Rios in Northeastern Argentina, the province of Buenos Aires, near the country&rsquo;s capital city Buenos Aires, and the southern Patagonian valleys,&quot; according to the report. (Gain, 2005)</p><p><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> is the biggest producer in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and the largest exporter to the northern hemisphere, with an estimated surface of 6,800 hectares (as of 2007). Introduction of the first plants started in the early 1980s and production started in the late 80s in the southern part of the country. Today production ranges from <a href="/wiki/Copiap%C3%B3" title="Copiapó">Copiap&oacute;</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Montt" title="Puerto Montt">Puerto Montt</a> in the south, which allows the country to offer blueberries from October through late March. The main production area today is the <a href="/wiki/Bio_Bio" title="Bio Bio" class="mw-redirect">Bio Bio</a> region. Production has evolved rapidly in the last decade, becoming the 4th most important fruit exported in value terms. Fresh market blueberries are exported mainly to North America (80%) followed by Europe (18%). Information from the Fruit Export Association (<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.asoex.cl/" title="http://www.asoex.cl" class="external text">ASOEX</a>, 2007), Chile exported in 2007 more than 21 thousand MT of fresh blueberries and more than 1,000 MT of frozen product. Most of the production comes from the highbush type, but several rabbiteye blueberries are grown in the country as well. Information taken from the Chilean Fruit Producers Federation (<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.fedefruta.cl/" title="http://www.fedefruta.cl" class="external text">FEDEFRUTA</a>, 2007) and their Blueberry Committee, stands that there are over 800 blueberry producers with surfaces ranging from 50 to 200 hectares.</p><p><a name="Growing_seasons" id="Growing_seasons"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Growing seasons">edit</a>]</spanh2> <span class="mw-headline">Growing seasons</span></h2>

<div class="thumbinner" style="widthWIDTH: 182px;" ><img class="thumbinnerthumbimage"><a hrefheight="/wiki/Image:Maturing_blueberry.jpg135" titlealt="A maturing Polaris blueberry (vaccinium 'Polaris')" class="image"><img width="180" height="135" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Maturing_blueberry.jpg/180px-Maturing_blueberry.jpg" alt="A maturing Polaris blueberry (vaccinium 'Polaris')" class="thumbimage" /></a>

<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/Image:Maturing_blueberry.jpg" title="Enlarge" span class="internal"><span style="borderBORDER-RIGHT: rgb(0,0,255) 2px none ; BORDER-TOP: rgb(0, 0, 255)2px; fontFONT-sizeSIZE: 0px; backgroundBACKGROUND-imageIMAGE: none; verticalVERTICAL-alignALIGN: middle;" class="BORDER-LEFT: rgb(0,0,255) 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(0,0,255) 2px"><span style="widthWIDTH: 1px; heightHEIGHT: 1px;"></span></span></a></div>A maturing Polaris blueberry (vaccinium 'Polaris')</div>

<p>Blueberry production in North America typically starts in mid-May (in Florida) and ends in September, when some fruit is held over in controlled-atmosphere storage in Oregon, Washington, and Canada. (Gaskell, 2006).</p><p>Sources give different periods for the growing season in the southern hemisphere. According to the University of California Extension Service, Chile, New Zealand and Argentina begin harvesting in the winter and continue till mid-March, when Chilean blueberries are held over in controlled-atmosphere storage for about six weeks. &quot;As a result, blueberries reach annual peak prices in mid-April.&quot;(Gaskell, 2006)</p><p>In Chile, San Jose Farms, which says (according to its Web site) that it is one of the oldest blueberry producers in the country (it started in the early 1990s), states that its harvest season starts in November and continues through March. (San Jose, n.d.)</p><p>In Argentina: &quot;The marketing year (MY) for blueberries begins in September and ends in February,&quot; according to a U.S. Department of Agriculture report. (Gain, 2005)</p><p><a nameid="Uses" idname="Uses"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Uses</span></h2><p>Blueberries are sold fresh or processed as individually quick frozen (IQF) fruit, <a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9e" title="Purée">pur&eacute;e</a>, juice, or dried or infused berries which in turn may be used in a variety of consumer goods such as <a href="/wiki/Jelly_%28fruit_preserves%29" title="Jelly (fruit preserves)" class="mw-redirect">jellies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jam" title="Jam" class="mw-redirect">jams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pie" title="Pie">pies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muffins" title="Muffins" class="mw-redirect">muffins</a>, snack foods, and <a href="/wiki/Cereals" title="Cereals" class="mw-redirect">cereals</a>.</p><p>Blueberry jam is made from blueberries, <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, water, and fruit <a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">pectin</a>. Usually made from wild blueberries, premium blueberry jam is common in <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>.</p><p>Beginning around 2003, pure or blended blueberry juice has become a popular product in Canada and the United States.</p><p><a nameid="Nutrients_and_phytochemicals" idname="Nutrients_and_phytochemicals"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Nutrients and phytochemicals">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Nutrients and phytochemicals</span></h2>

<div class="thumbinner" style="widthWIDTH: 180px;" ><img class="thumbinnerthumbimage"><a hrefheight="/wiki/Image:Blueberry2.jpg165" titlealt="Blueberries at market." class="image"><img width="178" height="165" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Blueberry2.jpg/178px-Blueberry2.jpg" alt="Blueberries at market." class="thumbimage" /></a>

<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/Image:Blueberry2.jpg" title="Enlarge" span class="internal"><span style="borderBORDER-RIGHT: rgb(0,0,255) 2px none ; BORDER-TOP: rgb(0, 0, 255)2px; fontFONT-sizeSIZE: 0px; backgroundBACKGROUND-imageIMAGE: none; verticalVERTICAL-alignALIGN: middle;" class="BORDER-LEFT: rgb(0,0,255) 2px; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(0,0,255) 2px"><span style="widthWIDTH: 1px; heightHEIGHT: 1px;"></span></span></a></div>Blueberries at market.</div>

<table style="borderCLEAR: right; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1px solid ; BORDER-TOP: black1px solid; FONT-SIZE: 90%; BACKGROUND: white 0% 50%; FLOAT: right; marginMARGIN: 0px 0px 0.5em 1em; backgroundBORDER-LEFT: white none repeat scroll 0%black 1px solid; clearCOLOR: rightblack; fontBORDER-sizeBOTTOM: 90%black 1px solid; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; float: right; color: black; border-collapse: collapse;">

Nutritional value per 100&nbsp;g (3.5 oz)</strong></th>

<tr style="backgroundBACKGROUND: rgb(224, 224, 224) none repeat scroll 0%50%; COLOR: black; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black;">

<table cellspacingstyle="MARGIN: 0.3em" cellpaddingcellspacing="0" stylecellpadding="margin: 0.3em;">

<th align="left"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a> &nbsp; &nbsp;</th>

<td>- <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a> &nbsp;2.4 g &nbsp;</td>

<th align="left"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></th>

<th align="left"><a href="/wiki/Protein#Nutrition" title="Protein">Protein</a></th>

<td><a href="/wiki/Thiamin" title="Thiamin">Thiamin (Vit. B1)</a> &nbsp;0.04 mg &nbsp;</td>

<td><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (Vit. B2)</a> &nbsp;0.04 mg &nbsp;</td>

<td><a href="/wiki/Niacin" title="Niacin">Niacin (Vit. B3)</a> &nbsp;0.42 mg &nbsp;</td>

<td><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid</a> (B5) &nbsp;0.124 mg&nbsp;</td>

<td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a> &nbsp;0.052 mg</td>

<td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a> &nbsp;10 mg</td>

<td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a> &nbsp;6 mg</td>

<td><a href="/wiki/Calcium#Nutrition" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> &nbsp;6 mg</td>

<td><a href="/wiki/Iron#Nutrition_and_dietary_sources" title="Iron">Iron</a> &nbsp;1.5 mg</td>

<td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biological_systems" title="Magnesium in biological systems" class="mw-redirect">Magnesium</a> &nbsp;6 mg</td>

<td><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> &nbsp;12 mg</td>

<td><a href="/wiki/Potassium#Potassium_in_nutrition_and_medicine" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> &nbsp;77 mg &nbsp;</td>

<td><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> &nbsp;0.16 mg</td>

<tr style="backgroundBACKGROUND: rgb(224, 224, 224) none repeat scroll 0%50%; COLOR: black; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: black;"> <td style="paddingPADDING-RIGHT: 4pt; fontPADDING-sizeLEFT: 4pt; FONT-SIZE: 90%; linePADDING-BOTTOM: 4pt; LINE-heightHEIGHT: 1.25em; textPADDING-TOP: 4pt; TEXT-alignALIGN: center;">Percentages are relative to US<br /> <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake" title="Reference Daily Intake">recommendations</a> for adults.<br /> <small>Source: <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/" title="http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/" class="external text">USDA Nutrient database</a></small></td>

<p>Blueberries have a diverse range of <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a>, with notably high levels of the essential <a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" title="Dietary mineral">dietary mineral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a> vitamins C and E (table). One serving provides a relatively low <a href="/wiki/Glycemic_load" title="Glycemic load">glycemic load</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a hrefid="#cite_notecite_ref-7" title="">[8]</a></sup></p><p>Especially in wild species, blueberries contain <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanins</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a> <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">phytochemicals</a> possibly having a role in reducing risks of some diseases,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a hrefid="#cite_notecite_ref-8" title="">[9]</a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a hrefid="#cite_notecite_ref-9" title="">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a hrefid="#cite_notecite_ref-10" title="">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a hrefid="#cite_notecite_ref-11" title="">[12]</a></sup></p><p>Researchers have shown that blueberry <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proanthocyanidin" title="Proanthocyanidin">proanthocyanidins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavonol" title="Flavonol" class="mw-redirect">flavonols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a> inhibit mechanisms of cancer cell development <em><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a></em>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a hrefid="#cite_notecite_ref-12" title="">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a hrefid="#cite_notecite_ref-13" title="">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a hrefid="#cite_notecite_ref-14" title="">[15]</a></sup> At a 2007 symposium on berry health benefits were reports showing consumption of blueberries (and similar fruits including <a href="/wiki/Cranberry" title="Cranberry">cranberries</a>) may alleviate the cognitive decline occurring in <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> and other conditions of aging.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a hrefid="#cite_notecite_ref-15" title="">[16]</a></sup></p><p>Feeding blueberries to animals lowers stroke damage.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a hrefid="#cite_notecite_ref-16" title="">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a hrefid="#cite_notecite_ref-17" title="">[18]</a></sup> Research at Rutgers<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a hrefid="#cite_notecite_ref-18" title="">[19]</a></sup> has also shown that blueberries may help prevent <a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infections" title="Urinary tract infections" class="mw-redirect">urinary tract infections</a>. Other animal studies found that blueberry consumption lowered <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> and total blood <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipid</a> levels, possibly affecting symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a hrefid="#cite_notecite_ref-19" title="">[20]</a></sup> Additional research showed that blueberry consumption in rats altered <a href="/wiki/Glycosaminoglycans" title="Glycosaminoglycans" class="mw-redirect">glycosaminoglycans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">vascular</a> cell components that can influence control of <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a hrefid="#cite_notecite_ref-20" title="">[21]</a></sup></p><p>Most of these studies were conducted using highbush, hybrid <a href="/wiki/Cultivars" title="Cultivars" class="mw-redirect">cultivars</a> of blueberries. Content of <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol_antioxidants" title="Polyphenol antioxidants" class="mw-redirect">polyphenol antioxidants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanins" title="Anthocyanins" class="mw-redirect">anthocyanins</a> in lowbush blueberries exceeds the values found in highbush blueberries.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a hrefid="#cite_notecite_ref-21" title="">[22]</a></sup></p><p><a name="References" id="References"></a>&nbsp;</p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2>

<div align="left" style="floatFLOAT: left; positionPOSITION: relative;" align="left"><div style="positionPOSITION: relative;"><a title="Commons:Vaccinium_corymbosum" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_corymbosum" title><span class="Commons:Vaccinium_corymbosum"><span style="borderBORDER-RIGHT: rgb(0,0,255) 0px none ; BORDER-TOP: rgb(0, 0, 255)0px; fontFONT-sizeSIZE: 0px; backgroundBACKGROUND-imageIMAGE: none; verticalVERTICAL-alignALIGN: middle;" class="BORDER-LEFT: rgb(0,0,255) 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(0,0,255) 0px"><span style="widthWIDTH: 1px; heightHEIGHT: 1px;"></span></span></a></div>

<div style="marginMARGIN-leftLEFT: 60px;">Wikimedia Commons has media related to:<div style="marginMARGIN-leftLEFT: 10px;"><em><strong><a class="extiw" title="commons:Vaccinium_corymbosum" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_corymbosum" title="commons:Vaccinium_corymbosum" class="extiw">Vaccinium_corymbosum</a></strong></em></div>

<li>BNZ, n.d: &quot;Blueberries New Zealand Inc&quot; Web page<a relclass="nofollowexternal autonumber" hreftitle="http://www.blueberriesnz.co.nz/index.htm" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.blueberriesnz.co.nz/index.htm" class="external autonumber">[3]</a> at the site of the organization of the same name, accessed <a title="August 24" href="/wiki/August_24" title="August 24">August 24</a>, <a title="2006" href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>. </li>

<li>Clayton-Greene, K.: Web page titled &quot;The Blueberry Industry in Australia: An Overview&quot; a summary of an article<a relclass="nofollowexternal autonumber" hreftitle="http://www.actahort.org/books/241/241_12.htm" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.actahort.org/books/241/241_12.htm" class="external autonumber">[4]</a> at the Web site for the International Society for Horticultural Science. The article appears to have been written in the 1990s, accessed <a title="August 24" href="/wiki/August_24" title="August 24">August 24</a>, <a title="2006" href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>. </li>

<li>Gain, 2005: &quot;USDA Foreign Agricultural Service: GAIN Report: Global Agriculture Information Network&quot;<a relclass="nofollowexternal autonumber" hreftitle="http://72.14.209.104/search?q=cache:flZP2TbGdiQJ:www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200501/146118470.doc+%22African+blueberries%22&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=us&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=3&amp;ie=UTF-8" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://72.14.209.104/search?q=cache:flZP2TbGdiQJ:www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200501/146118470.doc+%22African+blueberries%22&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=us&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=3&amp;ie=UTF-8" class="external autonumber">[5]</a>, <a title="January 12" href="/wiki/January_12" title="January 12">January 12</a>, <a title="2005" href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a>, accessed <a title="August 24" href="/wiki/August_24" title="August 24">August 24</a>, <a title="2006" href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>&lt;/ref&gt; </li>

<li>Gaskell, Mark. &quot;Strategies for Off-Season Blueberry Production on Coastal California Small Farms,&quot; an article<a relclass="nofollowexternal autonumber" hreftitle="http://72.14.207.104/search?q=cache:rUQNSVQyrJ0J:cesantabarbara.ucdavis.edu/newsletterfiles/Central_Coast_Agriculture_Highlights8364.pdf+%22blueberry+production%22+%22Chile%22&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=us&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=2&amp;ie=UTF-8" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://72.14.207.104/search?q=cache:rUQNSVQyrJ0J:cesantabarbara.ucdavis.edu/newsletterfiles/Central_Coast_Agriculture_Highlights8364.pdf+%22blueberry+production%22+%22Chile%22&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=us&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=2&amp;ie=UTF-8" class="external autonumber">[6]</a> in &quot;Central Coast Agriculture Highlights&quot; a newsletter published by the University of California Cooperative Extension, February 2006 issue, page 2, accessed <a title="August 24" href="/wiki/August_24" title="August 24">August 24</a>, <a title="2006" href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>. </li>

<li>Nauman, W.D. Web page<a relclass="nofollowexternal autonumber" hreftitle="http://www.actahort.org/books/346/346_6.htm" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.actahort.org/books/346/346_6.htm" class="external autonumber">[7]</a> titled &quot;Overview of the Vaccinium Industry in Western Europe,&quot; a summary of an article by W.D. Naumann presented at the Fifth International Symposium on Vaccinium Culture and published in July 1993, from the Web site of the International Society for Horticultural Science, accessed <a title="August 24" href="/wiki/August_24" title="August 24">August 24</a>, <a title="2006" href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>. </li>

<li>San Jose, n.d.: San Jose Farms Web site, &quot;Products: Blueberries&quot; Web page<a relclass="nofollowexternal autonumber" hreftitle="http://www.sanjosefarms.com/fruits1.php" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.sanjosefarms.com/fruits1.php" class="external autonumber">[8]</a>, accessed <a title="August 24" href="/wiki/August_24" title="August 24">August 24</a>, <a title="2006" href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>&lt;/ref&gt; </li>

<li>Sweeney M.I., Kalt W., MacKinnon S.L., Ashby J. and Gottschall-Pass K.T. Feeding of diets enriched in lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium) for six weeks decreases stroke severity in rats. Nutritional Neuroscience 5: 427-431, 2002. </li>

<li>Matchett, M.D., MacKinnon, S.L., Sweeney, M.I., Gottschall-Pass, K.T., and Hurta, R.A.R. Blueberry flavonoids inhibit matrix metalloproteinase activity in DU145 human prostate cancer cells. Biochem Cell Biol. 83: 637-643, 2005. </li>

<li>University of California Cooperative Extension (2006). <a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://cesantabarbara.ucdavis.edu/newsletterfiles/Central_Coast_Agriculture_Highlights8364.pdf" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://cesantabarbara.ucdavis.edu/newsletterfiles/Central_Coast_Agriculture_Highlights8364.pdf" class="external text"><em>Strategies for Off-Season Blueberry Production on Coastal California Small Farms</em></a> (pdf file) an article by Mark Gaskell in <em>Central Coast Agriculture Highlights</em> newsletter. Accessed <a title="August 24" href="/wiki/August_24" title="August 24">August 24</a>, <a title="2006" href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>. </li> <li>Joseph, J.A., Shukitt-Hale B., Denisova, N.A. Bielinksi D., Martin, A., McEwen, J.J., &amp; Bickford, P.C., 1999. Reversals of age-related declines in neuronal signal transduction, cognitive, and motor behavioral deficits with blueberry, spinach, or strawberry dietary supplementation. <em>Journal of Neuroscience</em> 19 (18): 8114&ndash;8121. </li> <li><cite class="book" style="fontFONT-styleSTYLE: normal;" class="book">Sumner, Judith (2004). <em>American Household Botany: A History of Useful Plants, 1620-1900</em>. Timber Press, 125. <a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0881926523" class="internal">ISBN 0-88192-652-3</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=American+Household+Botany%3A+A+History+of+Useful+Plants%2C+1620-1900&amp;rft.au=Sumner%2C+Judith&amp;rft.pub=Timber+Press&amp;rft.pages=125" class="Z3988">&nbsp;</span> <a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&amp;hl=en&amp;id=ZFZU5mfn2KEC&amp;dq=blueberries+cornmeal&amp;prev=http://books.google.com/books%3Fq%3Dblueberries%2Bcornmeal&amp;lpg=PA125&amp;pg=PA125&amp;sig=IBNVO5jFcE8r3UUnt3LNWhrl-qQ" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&amp;hl=en&amp;id=ZFZU5mfn2KEC&amp;dq=blueberries+cornmeal&amp;prev=http://books.google.com/books%3Fq%3Dblueberries%2Bcornmeal&amp;lpg=PA125&amp;pg=PA125&amp;sig=IBNVO5jFcE8r3UUnt3LNWhrl-qQ" class="external text">Google books link</a> </li> <li><a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.fao.org/AG/AGP/AGPS/C-CAB/Castudies/pdf/6-022.pdf" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.fao.org/AG/AGP/AGPS/C-CAB/Castudies/pdf/6-022.pdf" class="external text">Wild blueberry culture in Maine</a> (<a hrefclass="/wiki/FAOmw-redirect" title="FAO" classhref="mw-redirect/wiki/FAO">FAO</a>) </li> <li><a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.rce.rutgers.edu/pubs/blueberrybulletin/" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.rce.rutgers.edu/pubs/blueberrybulletin/" class="external text">&quot;The Blueberry Bulletin&quot; newsletter (New Jersey)</a> </li>

<li><a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.nswildblueberries.com/" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.nswildblueberries.com" class="external text/"><strong>Nova Scotia</strong> Wild Blueberry Producers Association</a> </li> <li><a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.blueberry.org/" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.blueberry.org/" class="external text"><strong>US</strong> Highbush Blueberry Council</a> </li> <li><a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.blueberries.com/" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.blueberries.com/" class="external text"><strong>Michigan</strong> Blueberry Growers Association</a> </li> <li><a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.bcblueberry.com/" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.bcblueberry.com/" class="external text"><strong>British Columbia</strong> Blueberry Council</a> </li> <li><a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.floridablueberrygrowers.com/" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.floridablueberrygrowers.com/" class="external text"><strong>Florida</strong> Blueberry Growers Association</a> </li> <li><a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.abga.com.au/index.htm" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.abga.com.au/index.htm" class="external text"><strong>Australian</strong> Blueberry Growers Association</a> </li> <li><a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.blueberriesnz.co.nz/" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.blueberriesnz.co.nz/" class="external text">Blueberries <strong>New Zealand</strong> Inc.</a> </li>

<p><a nameid="Footnotes" idname="Footnotes"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Footnotes</span></h2>

<li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="#cite_ref-0" title="">^</a></strong> <a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.berrydoctor.com/broadcast/2007/blueberries.htm" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.berrydoctor.com/broadcast/2007/blueberries.htm" class="external text">blueberries</a>. www.berrydoctor.com. Retrieved on <a title="2008" href="/wiki/2008" title="2008">2008</a>-<a title="March 24" href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">03-24</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="#cite_ref-1" title="">^</a></strong> <a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.npicenter.com/anm/templates/newsATemp.aspx?articleid=18944&amp;zoneid=201" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.npicenter.com/anm/templates/newsATemp.aspx?articleid=18944&amp;zoneid=201" class="external text">Scientists Zero In on Health Benefits of Berry Pigments&nbsp;:: News&nbsp;:: Natural and Nutritional Products Industry Center</a>. www.npicenter.com. Retrieved on <a title="2008" href="/wiki/2008" title="2008">2008</a>-<a title="March 24" href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">03-24</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><strong><a title="" href="#cite_ref-2" title="">^</a></strong> <a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://ffnmag.com/ASP/articleDisplay.asp?strArticleId=1284&amp;strSite=FFNSite&amp;Screen=HOME" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://ffnmag.com/ASP/articleDisplay.asp?strArticleId=1284&amp;strSite=FFNSite&amp;Screen=HOME" class="external text">Superfruits &mdash; superheroes of functionality - Functional Ingredients Magazine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a title="" href="#cite_ref-3" title="">^</a></strong> <a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.npicenter.com/anm/templates/newsATemp.aspx?articleid=17826&amp;zoneid=201" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.npicenter.com/anm/templates/newsATemp.aspx?articleid=17826&amp;zoneid=201" class="external text">Superfruits Take Center Stage&nbsp;:: News&nbsp;:: Natural and Nutritional Products Industry Center</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong><a title="" href="#cite_ref-4" title="">^</a></strong> <a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.whitesbog.org/Elizabeth%20White%20Bio.htm" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.whitesbog.org/Elizabeth%20White%20Bio.htm" class="external text">News Items</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><strong><a title="" href="#cite_ref-5" title="">^</a></strong> Nova Scotia: Official emblems and symbols<a relclass="nofollowexternal autonumber" hreftitle="http://www3.sympatico.ca/goweezer/canada/embNS.htm" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www3.sympatico.ca/goweezer/canada/embNS.htm" class="external autonumber">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong><a title="" href="#cite_ref-6" title="">^</a></strong> <a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.oxfordfrozenfoods.com/map.htm" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.oxfordfrozenfoods.com/map.htm" class="external text">Wild Blueberries, Carrots, Cranberries, Battered Vegetables</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><strong><a title="" href="#cite_ref-7" title="">^</a></strong> <a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts-C00001-01c20Tt.html" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts-C00001-01c20Tt.html" class="external text">Nutrition Facts and Information for Blueberries, frozen, unsweetened</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><strong><a title="" href="#cite_ref-8" title="">>^</a></strong> <a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.npicenter.com/anm/templates/newsATemp.aspx?articleid=18944&amp;zoneid=201" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.npicenter.com/anm/templates/newsATemp.aspx?articleid=18944&amp;zoneid=201" class="external text">Scientists Zero In on Health Benefits of Berry Pigments&nbsp;:: News&nbsp;:: Natural and Nutritional Products Industry Center</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><strong><a title="" href="#cite_ref-9" title="">^</a></strong> <a relclass="nofollowexternal free" hreftitle="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/antioxidantsprevention" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/antioxidantsprevention" class="external free">http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/antioxidantsprevention</a>][<a relclass="nofollowexternal free" hreftitle="http://newsletter.cancerresearchsociety.ca/bulletin/omni/articles/5835.aspx" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://newsletter.cancerresearchsociety.ca/bulletin/omni/articles/5835.aspx" class="external free">http://newsletter.cancerresearchsociety.ca/bulletin/omni/articles/5835.aspx</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><strong><a title="" href="#cite_ref-10" title="">>^</a></strong> <a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=ShowDetailView&amp;TermToSearch=17147415&amp;ordinalpos=7&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=ShowDetailView&amp;TermToSearch=17147415&amp;ordinalpos=7&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum" class="external text">Blackberry, black raspberry, blueberry, cranberry,...[J Agric Food Chem. 2006] - PubMed Result</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><strong><a title="" href="#cite_ref-11" title="">^</a></strong> <a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=ShowDetailView&amp;TermToSearch=17533651&amp;ordinalpos=2&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=ShowDetailView&amp;TermToSearch=17533651&amp;ordinalpos=2&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum" class="external text">Cranberry and blueberry: evidence for protective e...[Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007] - PubMed Result</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><strong><a title="" href="#cite_ref-12" title="">^</a></strong> <a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=ShowDetailView&amp;TermToSearch=17381106&amp;ordinalpos=1&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=ShowDetailView&amp;TermToSearch=17381106&amp;ordinalpos=1&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum" class="external text">Effect >Effect of anthocyanin fractions from selected cult...[J Agric Food Chem. 2007] - PubMed Result</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><strong><a title="" href="#cite_ref-13" title="">^</a></strong> <a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=ShowDetailView&amp;TermToSearch=16399225&amp;ordinalpos=1&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=ShowDetailView&amp;TermToSearch=16399225&amp;ordinalpos=1&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum" class="external text">Differential effects of blueberry proanthocyanidin...[Cancer Lett. 2006] - PubMed Result</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><strong><a title="" href="#cite_ref-14" title="">^</a></strong> <a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=ShowDetailView&amp;TermToSearch=16131149&amp;ordinalpos=2&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=ShowDetailView&amp;TermToSearch=16131149&amp;ordinalpos=2&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum" class="external text">Phenolic compounds from blueberries can inhibit co...[J Agric Food Chem. 2005] - PubMed Result</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><strong><a title="" href="#cite_ref-15" title="">^</a></strong> <a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.npicenter.com/anm/templates/newsATemp.aspx?articleid=18944&amp;zoneid=201" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.npicenter.com/anm/templates/newsATemp.aspx?articleid=18944&amp;zoneid=201" class="external text">Scientists Zero In on Health Benefits of Berry Pigments&nbsp;:: News&nbsp;:: Natural and Nutritional Products Industry Center</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><strong><a title="" href="#cite_ref-16" title="">^</a></strong> <a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=ShowDetailView&amp;TermToSearch=12509072&amp;ordinalpos=3&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=ShowDetailView&amp;TermToSearch=12509072&amp;ordinalpos=3&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum" class="external text">Feeding >Feeding rats diets enriched in lowbush blueberries...[Nutr Neurosci. 2002] - PubMed Result</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><strong><a title="" href="#cite_ref-17" title="">^</a></strong> <a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=ShowDetailView&amp;TermToSearch=15817266&amp;ordinalpos=2&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=ShowDetailView&amp;TermToSearch=15817266&amp;ordinalpos=2&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum" class="external text">Dietary supplementation with blueberries, spinach,...[Exp Neurol. 2005] - PubMed Result</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><strong><a title="" href="#cite_ref-18" title="">>^</a></strong> <a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://aesop.rutgers.edu/~bluecran/medicinalgeneralinfopage.htm" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://aesop.rutgers.edu/~bluecran/medicinalgeneralinfopage.htm" class="external text">Philip E. Marucci Center for Blueberry &amp; Cranberry Research &amp; Extension</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><strong><a title="" href="#cite_ref-19" title="">^</a></strong> <a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.webmd.com/content/article/93/102127.htm" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.webmd.com/content/article/93/102127.htm" class="external text">Blueberries May Lower Blood Fat/Cholesterol</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><strong><a title="" href="#cite_ref-20" title="">^</a></strong> <a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=ShowDetailView&amp;TermToSearch=16111874&amp;ordinalpos=2&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&amp;Cmd=ShowDetailView&amp;TermToSearch=16111874&amp;ordinalpos=2&amp;itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum" class="external text">Wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) consumpti...[J Nutr Biochem. 2006] - PubMed Result</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><strong><a title="" href="#cite_ref-21" title="">^</a></strong> <a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;dopt=AbstractPlus&amp;list_uids=11600018&amp;query_hl=15&amp;itool=pubmed_docsum" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;dopt=AbstractPlus&amp;list_uids=11600018&amp;query_hl=15&amp;itool=pubmed_docsum" class="external text">Interspecific variation in anthocyanins, phenolics...[J Agric Food Chem. 2001] - PubMed Result</a> </li>

<p><a nameid="See_also" idname="See_also"></a></p>

<li><a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://wildblueberries.maine.edu/" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://wildblueberries.maine.edu/" class="external text">Wild Blueberry</a> University of Maine Cooperative Extension wild blueberry site. </li>

<li><a title="Elizabeth Coleman White" href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Coleman_White" title="Elizabeth Coleman White">Elizabeth Coleman White</a> - a New Jersey agricultural specialist who was one of the first to commercialize blueberries.</li>