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Natural selection occurs because organisms with traits that help them survive and reproduce tend to have more offspring. In doing so, they will pass more copies of their inheritable traits on to the next generation. This process causes advantageous traits to become more common over time, while disadvantageous ones become rarer.<a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_note-Futuyma">[1]</a><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_note-0">[2]</a><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_note-1">[3]</a> Over many generations, this process can produce varied <a title="Adaptation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation">adaptations</a> to environmental conditions.<a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_note-understandingevolution">[4]</a> As genetic differences in and between populations of a species accumulate, this <a title="Species" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species">species</a> may split into <a title="Speciation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciation">new species</a>. The similarities between organisms suggest that all known species are <a title="Common descent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_descent">descended from a single ancestral species</a> through this process of gradual divergence.<a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_note-Futuyma">[1]</a><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_note-2">[5]</a><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_note-3">[6]</a>

The <a title="Theory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory">theory</a> of evolution by natural selection was first put forth in detail in <a title="Charles Darwin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s 1859 book <a title="The Origin of Species" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Origin_of_Species">On the Origin of Species</a>. In the 1930s, Darwinian natural selection was combined with <a title="Gregor Mendel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel">Mendelian</a> <a title="Mendelian inheritance" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance">inheritance</a> to form the <a title="Modern evolutionary synthesis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_evolutionary_synthesis">modern evolutionary synthesis</a>.<a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_note-understandingevolution">[4]</a> With its enormous explanatory and <a title="Predictive power" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_power">predictive power</a>, this theory has become the central organizing principle of modern biology, providing a unifying explanation for the <a title="Biodiversity" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity">diversity of life</a> on Earth.<a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_note-4">[7]</a><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_note-5">[8]</a><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_note-6">[9]</a>

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<h2>History of evolutionary thought</h2>

<div class="boilerplate seealso"><dl><dd>For more details on this topic, see <a title="History of evolutionary thought" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought">History of evolutionary thought</a>. </dd></dl></div>

<a title="Charles Darwin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> at age 51, just after publishing <a title="The Origin of Species" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Origin_of_Species">The Origin of Species</a>.</div>

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<a title="Gregor Mendel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a>'s work on the <a title="Mendelian inheritance" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance">inheritance</a> of traits in pea plants laid the foundation for <a title="Genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics">genetics</a>.</div>

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<h2>Heredity</h2>

<div class="thumbcaption">A section of a model of a DNA molecule.<a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_note-12">[18]</a> Also: <a title="Image:ADN animation.gif" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:ADN_animation.gif">animated version</a></div>

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<div class="boilerplate seealso"><dl><dd>For more details on this topic, see <a title="Mutation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation">Mutation</a>. </dd></dl></div>

Mutation can occur because of "copy errors" during DNA replication</div>

</div>

<div class="boilerplate seealso"><dl><dd>For more details on this topic, see <a title="Gene flow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_flow">Gene flow</a>, <a title="Hybrid" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid">Hybrid</a>, and <a title="Horizontal gene transfer" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer">Horizontal gene transfer</a>. </dd></dl></div>

Map of the world showing distribution of <a title="Camelid" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelid">camelids</a>. Solid black lines indicate possible migration routes.</div>

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<div class="boilerplate seealso"><dl><dd>For more details on this topic, see <a title="Natural selection" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection">Natural selection</a>. </dd></dl></div>

A <a title="Peacock" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacock">peacock</a>'s tail is the canonical example of <a title="Sexual selection" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_selection">sexual selection</a></div>

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<div class="boilerplate seealso"><dl><dd>For more details on this topic, see <a title="Speciation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciation">Speciation</a> and <a title="Extinction" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction">Extinction</a>. </dd></dl></div>

<div class="thumbcaption">The <a title="Geographical isolation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_isolation">geographical isolation</a> of <a title="Darwin's finches" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches">Darwin's finches</a> on the <a title="Galápagos Islands" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands">Galápagos Islands</a> led to the rise of over a dozen distinct species. Their beak shapes reflect adaptations to many different food sources.</div>

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In sexually reproducing organisms, speciation results from two important events: 1.) the evolution of reproductive isolating mechanisms, resulting in 2.) genealogical divergence. The most common mode of speciation in animals is <a title="Allopatric speciation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allopatric_speciation">allopatric speciation</a>, which occurs in populations that initially become isolated geographically, such as by <a title="Habitat fragmentation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation">habitat fragmentation</a> or migration. Simply by virtue of being geographically separated, selection and drift will act independently in the isolated populations, and will proceed to reproductive incompatibility if the separation is maintained long enough.<a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_note-74">[91]</a> <a title="Sympatric speciation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympatric_speciation">Sympatric speciation</a> is species divergence without geographic isolation, and it is typically controversial since even a small amount of <a title="Gene flow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_flow">gene flow</a> may be sufficient to homogenize a potentially diverging species.<a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_note-75">[92]</a><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_note-76">[93]</a> General models of sympatric speciation require the evolution of stable <a title="Polymorphism (biology)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_%28biology%29">polymorphisms</a> associated with non-random <a title="Assortative mating" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assortative_mating">assortative mating</a>, in order for reproductive isolation to evolve. An example of rapid sympatric speciation can be clearly observed in the <a title="Triangle of U" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_of_U">triangle of U</a>, where new species of Brassica sp. have been made by the fusing of separate genomes from related plants, although this type of speciation may be more accurately described as speciation by <a title="Polyploidy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyploidy">polyploidization</a>.

An <a title="Allosaurus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allosaurus">Allosaurus</a> skeleton. All non-avian <a title="Dinosaur" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur">dinosaur</a> species died in a <a title="Permian-Triassic extinction event" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian-Triassic_extinction_event">mass extinction</a>.</div>

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The theory of universal <a title="Common descent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_descent">common descent</a> proposes that all <a title="Organisms" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisms">organisms</a> on <a title="Earth" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth">Earth</a> are descended from a common ancestor or ancestral <a title="Gene pool" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_pool">gene pool</a>. Evidence for common descent is inferred from traits shared between all living organisms. Today, there is strong evidence from genetics that all organisms have a common ancestor. For example, every living cell makes use of <a title="Nucleic acid" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid">nucleic acids</a> as its genetic material, and uses the same 20 <a title="Amino acid" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid">amino acids</a> as the building blocks for <a title="Protein" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein">proteins</a>. The universality of these traits strongly suggests common ancestry, because the selection of many of these traits seems arbitrary. <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_note-79">[96]</a>

Morphologic similarities in the <a title="Hominidae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominidae">Hominidae</a> family are evidence of common descent.</div>

</div>

The development of <a title="Molecular genetics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_genetics">molecular genetics</a>, and particularly of DNA sequencing, has allowed biologists to study the record of evolution left in organisms' genetic structures. The degrees of similarity and difference in the DNA sequences of modern species allows geneticists to reconstruct their lineages. It is from DNA sequence comparisons that figures such as the 96% genotypic similarity between humans and chimpanzees are obtained.<a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_note-80">[97]</a><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_note-81">[98]</a>

<a title="Tiktaalik" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiktaalik">Tiktaalik</a> in context: one of many species that track the evolutionary development of fish fins into tetrapod limbs</div>

</div>

The fossil record provides several types of data important to the study of evolution. First, the fossil record contains the earliest known examples of life itself, as well as the earliest occurrences of individual <a title="Lineage (evolution)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_%28evolution%29">lineages</a>. For example, the first complex animals date from the <a title="Early Cambrian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Cambrian">early Cambrian</a> period, approximately 520 million years ago. Second, the records of individual species yield information regarding the patterns and rates of evolution, showing whether, for example, speciation occurs gradually and incrementally, or in relatively brief intervals of geologic time. Thirdly, the fossil record is a document of large-scale patterns and events in the history of life. For example, <a title="Extinction event" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_event">mass extinctions</a> frequently resulted in the loss of entire groups of species, while leaving others relatively unscathed. Recently, molecular biologists have used the time since divergence of related lineages to calibrate the rate at which mutations accumulate, and at which the <a title="Genomes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomes">genomes</a> of different lineages evolve.

Letter c in the picture indicates the undeveloped hind legs of a <a title="Baleen whale" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baleen_whale">baleen whale</a>, <a title="Vestigial structure" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestigial_structure">vestigial</a> remnants of its terrestrial ancestors</div>

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<h2>Evolutionary history of life</h2>

A <a title="Phylogenetic tree" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree">phylogenetic tree</a> of all extant organisms, based on 16S <a title="Non-coding RNA" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-coding_RNA">rRNA</a> <a title="Gene" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene">gene</a> sequence data, showing the evolutionary history of the <a title="Three-domain system" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-domain_system">three domains of life</a>, <a title="Bacteria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a title="Archaea" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea">archaea</a> and <a title="Eukaryote" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a>. Originally proposed by <a title="Carl Woese" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Woese">Carl Woese</a></div>

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<h2>Social and religious controversies</h2>

This caricature of <a title="Charles Darwin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> as an <a title="Ape" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ape">ape</a> reflects the cultural backlash against evolution and <a title="Common descent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_descent">common descent</a>.</div>

</div>

<li id="_note-0"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-0">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Lande, R.; Arnold, S.J. (1983). "The measurement of selection on correlated characters". <a title="Evolution (journal)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_%28journal%29">Evolution</a> 37: 1210–1226.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+measurement+of+selection+on+correlated+characters&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BEvolution+%28journal%29%7CEvolution%5D%5D&rft.date=1983&rft.volume=37&rft.au=Lande%2C+R.&rft.pages=1210%26ndash%3B1226">  </li>

<li id="_note-1"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-1">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Haldane, J.B.S. (1953). "The measurement of natural selection". Proceedings of the 9th International Congress of Genetics 1: 480–487.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+measurement+of+natural+selection&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+9th+International+Congress+of+Genetics&rft.date=1953&rft.volume=1&rft.au=Haldane%2C+J.B.S.&rft.pages=480%26ndash%3B487">  </li>

<li id="_note-understandingevolution">^ <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-understandingevolution_0">a</a> <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-understandingevolution_1">b</a> <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-understandingevolution_2">c</a> <a class="external text" title="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_14" rel="nofollow" href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_14~~" rel="nofollow~~">Mechanisms: the processes of evolution</a>. Understanding Evolution. <a title="University of California, Berkeley" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a>-<a title="July 14" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_14">07-14</a>. </li>

<li id="_note-2"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="book" id="Reference-Gould-2002" style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><a title="Stephen Gould" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Gould">Gould, Stephen J.</a> (2002). The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Belknap Press. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0674006135">ISBN 0-674-00613-5</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Structure+of+Evolutionary+Theory&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft.date=2002&rft.pub=Belknap+Press">  </li>

<li id="_note-3"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-3">^</a> <cite class="book" id="Reference-Dawkins-1989" style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><a title="Richard Dawkins" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins">Dawkins, Richard</a> (1989). The Selfish Gene. Oxford University Press Press. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0674006135">ISBN 0-674-00613-5</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Selfish+Gene&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.date=1989&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+Press">  </li>

<li id="_note-4"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-4">^</a> <a class="external text" title="http://www.interacademies.net/Object.File/Master/6/150/Evolution%20statement.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.interacademies.net/Object.File/Master/6/150/Evolution%20statement.pdf~~" rel="nofollow~~">IAP Statement on the Teaching of Evolution</a>. The Interacademy Panel on International Issues (2006). Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="April 25" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_25">04-25</a>. </li> <li id="_note-5"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-5">^</a> <a class="external text" title="http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2006/pdf/0219boardstatement.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2006/pdf/0219boardstatement.pdf~~" rel="nofollow~~">Statement on the Teaching of Evolution</a>. American Association for the Advancement of Science (2006). Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="April 25" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_25">04-25</a>. </li> <li id="_note-6"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-6">^</a> Pinholster, G (2006). <a class="external text" title="http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2006/0219boardstatement.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2006/0219boardstatement.shtml~~" rel="nofollow~~">AAAS Denounces Anti-Evolution Laws as Hundreds of K-12 Teachers Convene for 'Front Line' Event</a>. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="April 25" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_25">04-25</a>. </li> <li id="_note-Osborn">^ <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-Osborn_0">a</a> <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-Osborn_1">b</a> Henry Fairfield Osborn (1905) <a class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ONYKAAAAIAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Anaximander+evolution&ots=MoN3ulgt7d&sig=wH4z8dMx7pynWdh2q3_mezgMUKM" rel="nofollow" href="http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ONYKAAAAIAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Anaximander+evolution&ots=MoN3ulgt7d&sig=wH4z8dMx7pynWdh2q3_mezgMUKM~~" rel="nofollow~~">From the Greeks to Darwin: An Outline of the Development of the Evolution Idea</a> Macmillan and Co. </li>

<li id="_note-7"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-7">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Stafleu F (1971). "Lamarck: The birth of biology". Taxon 20: 397-442. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11636092" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11636092">PMID 11636092</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lamarck%3A+The+birth+of+biology&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.date=1971&rft.volume=20&rft.au=Stafleu+F&rft.pages=397-442&rft_id=info:pmid/11636092">  </li>

<li id="_note-8"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-8">^</a> Wallace A and Darwin C., <a class="external text" title="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F350&viewtype=text&pageseq=1" rel="nofollow" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F350&viewtype=text&pageseq=1~~" rel="nofollow~~">"On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties, and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection,"</a> Jour. of the Proc. of the Linnean Society (Zoology), 3 (July 1858): 53-62 </li>

<li id="_note-Weiling">^ <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-Weiling_0">a</a> <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-Weiling_1">b</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Weiling F (1991). "Historical study: Johann Gregor Mendel 1822-1884". Am. J. Med. Genet. 40 (1): 1-25; discussion 26. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1887835" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1887835">PMID 1887835</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Historical+study%3A+Johann+Gregor+Mendel+1822-1884&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Med.+Genet.&rft.date=1991&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.au=Weiling+F&rft.pages=1-25%3B+discussion+26&rft_id=info:pmid/1887835">  </li>

<li id="_note-9"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="book" id="Reference-Bowler-1989" style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><a title="Peter J. Bowler" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_J._Bowler">Bowler, Peter J.</a> (1989). The Mendelian Revolution: The Emergence of Hereditarian Concepts in Modern Science and Society. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=9780801838880">ISBN 978-0801838880</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mendelian+Revolution%3A+The+Emergence+of+Hereditarian+Concepts+in+Modern+Science+and+Society&rft.aulast=Bowler&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.date=1989&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.isbn=978-0801838880">  </li>

<li id="_note-10"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-10">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Avery O, MacLeod C, McCarty M (1944). "<a class="external text" title="http://www.jem.org/cgi/reprint/149/2/297" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.jem.org/cgi/reprint/149/2/297~~" rel="nofollow~~">Studies on the chemical nature of the substance inducing transformation of pneumococcal types. Inductions of transformation by a desoxyribonucleic acid fraction isolated from pneumococcus type III</a>". J Exp Med 79 (2): 137 – 158.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Studies+on+the+chemical+nature+of+the+substance+inducing+transformation+of+pneumococcal+types.+Inductions+of+transformation+by+a+desoxyribonucleic+acid+fraction+isolated+from+pneumococcus+type+III&rft.jtitle=J+Exp+Med&rft.date=1944&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=2&rft.au=Avery+O%2C+MacLeod+C%2C+McCarty+M&rft.pages=137+%E2%80%93+158&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jem.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F149%2F2%2F297">  </li> <li id="_note-Watson"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-Watson_0">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Watson J, Crick F (1953). "<a class="external text" title="http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/SC/B/B/Y/W/_/scbbyw.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/SC/B/B/Y/W/_/scbbyw.pdf~~" rel="nofollow~~">Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid</a>". Nature 171 (4356): 737 – 8. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=13054692" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=13054692">PMID 13054692</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Molecular+structure+of+nucleic+acids%3B+a+structure+for+deoxyribose+nucleic+acid&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.date=1953&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=4356&rft.au=Watson+J%2C+Crick+F&rft.pages=737+%E2%80%93+8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprofiles.nlm.nih.gov%2FSC%2FB%2FB%2FY%2FW%2F_%2Fscbbyw.pdf">  </li>

<li id="_note-11"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-11">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Kutschera U, Niklas K (2004). "The modern theory of biological evolution: an expanded synthesis". Naturwissenschaften 91 (6): 255-76. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15241603" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15241603">PMID 15241603</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+modern+theory+of+biological+evolution%3A+an+expanded+synthesis&rft.jtitle=Naturwissenschaften&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=6&rft.au=Kutschera+U%2C+Niklas+K&rft.pages=255-76&rft_id=info:pmid/15241603">  </li>

<li id="_note-12"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-12">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Edwards K, Brown D, Spink N, Skelly J, Neidle S (1992). "Molecular structure of the B-DNA dodecamer d(CGCAAATTTGCG)2. An examination of propeller twist and minor-groove water structure at 2.2 A resolution". J. Mol. Biol. 226 (4): 1161-73. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1518049" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1518049">PMID 1518049</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Molecular+structure+of+the+B-DNA+dodecamer+d%28CGCAAATTTGCG%292.+An+examination+of+propeller+twist+and+minor-groove+water+structure+at+2.2+A+resolution&rft.jtitle=J.+Mol.+Biol.&rft.date=1992&rft.volume=226&rft.issue=4&rft.au=Edwards+K%2C+Brown+D%2C+Spink+N%2C+Skelly+J%2C+Neidle+S&rft.pages=1161-73&rft_id=info:pmid/1518049">  </li>

<li id="_note-20"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-20">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Draghi J, Turner P (2006). "DNA secretion and gene-level selection in bacteria". Microbiology (Reading, Engl.) 152 (Pt 9): 2683-8. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16946263" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16946263">PMID 16946263</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=DNA+secretion+and+gene-level+selection+in+bacteria&rft.jtitle=Microbiology+%28Reading%2C+Engl.%29&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=152&rft.issue=Pt+9&rft.au=Draghi+J%2C+Turner+P&rft.pages=2683-8&rft_id=info:pmid/16946263">  </li>

<li id="_note-21"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-21">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Mallet J (2007). "Hybrid speciation". Nature 446 (7133): 279-83. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17361174" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17361174">PMID 17361174</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hybrid+speciation&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=446&rft.issue=7133&rft.au=Mallet+J&rft.pages=279-83&rft_id=info:pmid/17361174"> , </li>

<li id="_note-22"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-22">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Butlin R, Tregenza T (1998). "<a class="external text" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1692210&blobtype=pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1692210&blobtype=pdf~~" rel="nofollow~~">Levels of genetic polymorphism: marker loci versus quantitative traits</a>". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 353 (1366): 187-98. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9533123" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9533123">PMID 9533123</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Levels+of+genetic+polymorphism%3A+marker+loci+versus+quantitative+traits&rft.jtitle=Philos.+Trans.+R.+Soc.+Lond.%2C+B%2C+Biol.+Sci.&rft.date=1998&rft.volume=353&rft.issue=1366&rft.au=Butlin+R%2C+Tregenza+T&rft.pages=187-98&rft_id=info:pmid/9533123&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Fpicrender.fcgi%3Fartid%3D1692210%26blobtype%3Dpdf">  </li>

<li id="_note-23"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-23">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Wetterbom A, Sevov M, Cavelier L, Bergström T (2006). "Comparative genomic analysis of human and chimpanzee indicates a key role for indels in primate evolution". J. Mol. Evol. 63 (5): 682-90. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17075697" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17075697">PMID 17075697</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Comparative+genomic+analysis+of+human+and+chimpanzee+indicates+a+key+role+for+indels+in+primate+evolution&rft.jtitle=J.+Mol.+Evol.&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=5&rft.au=Wetterbom+A%2C+Sevov+M%2C+Cavelier+L%2C+Bergstr%C3%B6m+T&rft.pages=682-90&rft_id=info:pmid/17075697">  </li>

<li id="_note-24"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-24">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Stoltzfus A (2006). "Mutationism and the dual causation of evolutionary change". Evol. Dev. 8 (3): 304-17. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16686641" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16686641">PMID 16686641</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mutationism+and+the+dual+causation+of+evolutionary+change&rft.jtitle=Evol.+Dev.&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.au=Stoltzfus+A&rft.pages=304-17&rft_id=info:pmid/16686641">  </li>

<li id="_note-Amos">^ <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-Amos_0">a</a> <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-Amos_1">b</a> <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-Amos_2">c</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Amos W, Harwood J (1998). "<a class="external text" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1692205&blobtype=pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1692205&blobtype=pdf~~" rel="nofollow~~">Factors affecting levels of genetic diversity in natural populations</a>". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 353 (1366): 177-86. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9533122" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9533122">PMID 9533122</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Factors+affecting+levels+of+genetic+diversity+in+natural+populations&rft.jtitle=Philos.+Trans.+R.+Soc.+Lond.%2C+B%2C+Biol.+Sci.&rft.date=1998&rft.volume=353&rft.issue=1366&rft.au=Amos+W%2C+Harwood+J&rft.pages=177-86&rft_id=info:pmid/9533122&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Fpicrender.fcgi%3Fartid%3D1692205%26blobtype%3Dpdf">  </li>

<li id="_note-Bertram">^ <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-Bertram_0">a</a> <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-Bertram_1">b</a> <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-Bertram_2">c</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Bertram J (2000). "The molecular biology of cancer". Mol. Aspects Med. 21 (6): 167-223. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11173079" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11173079">PMID 11173079</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+molecular+biology+of+cancer&rft.jtitle=Mol.+Aspects+Med.&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=6&rft.au=Bertram+J&rft.pages=167-223&rft_id=info:pmid/11173079">  </li>

<li id="_note-25"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-25">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Aminetzach, YT; Macpherson JM and Petrov DA (1992). "Pesticide resistance via transposition-mediated adaptive gene truncation in Drosophila". Science 309 (5735): 764-7.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pesticide+resistance+via+transposition-mediated+adaptive+gene+truncation+in+Drosophila&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.date=1992&rft.volume=309&rft.issue=5735&rft.aulast=Aminetzach&rft.aufirst=YT&rft.pages=764-7">  </li>

<li id="_note-32"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-32">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Rieseberg (2001). "Chromosomal rearrangements and speciation" 16 (7): 351-358. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11403867" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11403867">PMID 11403867</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chromosomal+rearrangements+and+speciation&rft.date=2001&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=7&rft.au=Rieseberg&rft.pages=351-358&rft_id=info:pmid/11403867">  </li>

<li id="_note-33"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-33">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">(2005) "Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome". Nature 437 (7055): 69-87. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16136131" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16136131">PMID 16136131</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Initial+sequence+of+the+chimpanzee+genome+and+comparison+with+the+human+genome&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=437&rft.issue=7055&rft.pages=69-87&rft_id=info:pmid/16136131">  </li>

<li id="_note-34"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-34">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Zhang J, Wang X, Podlaha O (2004). "<a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/full/14/5/845" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/full/14/5/845~~" rel="nofollow~~">Testing the chromosomal speciation hypothesis for humans and chimpanzees</a>". Genome Res. 14 (5): 845-51. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15123584" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15123584">PMID 15123584</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Testing+the+chromosomal+speciation+hypothesis+for+humans+and+chimpanzees&rft.jtitle=Genome+Res.&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5&rft.au=Zhang+J%2C+Wang+X%2C+Podlaha+O&rft.pages=845-51&rft_id=info:pmid/15123584&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F14%2F5%2F845">  </li>

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<li id="_note-36"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-36">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Lien S, Szyda J, Schechinger B, Rappold G, Arnheim N (2000). "<a class="external text" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=10677316" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=10677316~~" rel="nofollow~~">Evidence for heterogeneity in recombination in the human pseudoautosomal region: high resolution analysis by sperm typing and radiation-hybrid mapping</a>". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 66 (2): 557-66. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10677316" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10677316">PMID 10677316</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+heterogeneity+in+recombination+in+the+human+pseudoautosomal+region%3A+high+resolution+analysis+by+sperm+typing+and+radiation-hybrid+mapping&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Hum.+Genet.&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=2&rft.au=Lien+S%2C+Szyda+J%2C+Schechinger+B%2C+Rappold+G%2C+Arnheim+N&rft.pages=557-66&rft_id=info:pmid/10677316&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpubmed%26pubmedid%3D10677316">  </li>

<li id="_note-37"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-37">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Sabeti P, Schaffner S, Fry B, Lohmueller J, Varilly P, Shamovsky O, Palma A, Mikkelsen T, Altshuler D, Lander E (2006). "Positive natural selection in the human lineage". Science 312 (5780): 1614-20. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16778047" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16778047">PMID 16778047</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Positive+natural+selection+in+the+human+lineage&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=312&rft.issue=5780&rft.au=Sabeti+P%2C+Schaffner+S%2C+Fry+B%2C+Lohmueller+J%2C+Varilly+P%2C+Shamovsky+O%2C+Palma+A%2C+Mikkelsen+T%2C+Altshuler+D%2C+Lander+E&rft.pages=1614-20&rft_id=info:pmid/16778047">  </li>

<li id="_note-Otto">^ <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-Otto_0">a</a> <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-Otto_1">b</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Otto S (2003). "<a class="external text" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=12871918" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=12871918~~" rel="nofollow~~">The advantages of segregation and the evolution of sex</a>". Genetics 164 (3): 1099-118. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12871918" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12871918">PMID 12871918</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+advantages+of+segregation+and+the+evolution+of+sex&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=164&rft.issue=3&rft.au=Otto+S&rft.pages=1099-118&rft_id=info:pmid/12871918&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpubmed%26pubmedid%3D12871918">  </li> <li id="_note-38"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-38">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Charlesworth B, Charlesworth D (2000). "<a class="external text" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=11127901" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=11127901~~" rel="nofollow~~">The degeneration of Y chromosomes</a>". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 355 (1403): 1563-72. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11127901" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11127901">PMID 11127901</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+degeneration+of+Y+chromosomes&rft.jtitle=Philos.+Trans.+R.+Soc.+Lond.%2C+B%2C+Biol.+Sci.&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=355&rft.issue=1403&rft.au=Charlesworth+B%2C+Charlesworth+D&rft.pages=1563-72&rft_id=info:pmid/11127901&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpubmed%26pubmedid%3D11127901">  </li>

<li id="_note-39"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-39">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Hill W, Robertson A (1966). "The effect of linkage on limits to artificial selection". Genet. Res. 8 (3): 269-94. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=5980116" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=5980116">PMID 5980116</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+linkage+on+limits+to+artificial+selection&rft.jtitle=Genet.+Res.&rft.date=1966&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.au=Hill+W%2C+Robertson+A&rft.pages=269-94&rft_id=info:pmid/5980116">  </li>

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<li id="_note-53"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-53">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Poole A, Penny D (2007). "Evaluating hypotheses for the origin of eukaryotes". Bioessays 29 (1): 74-84. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17187354" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17187354">PMID 17187354</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Evaluating+hypotheses+for+the+origin+of+eukaryotes&rft.jtitle=Bioessays&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.au=Poole+A%2C+Penny+D&rft.pages=74-84&rft_id=info:pmid/17187354">  </li>

<li id="_note-Dyall"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-Dyall_0">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Dyall S, Brown M, Johnson P (2004). "Ancient invasions: from endosymbionts to organelles". Science 304 (5668): 253 – 7. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15073369" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15073369">PMID 15073369</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ancient+invasions%3A+from+endosymbionts+to+organelles&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=304&rft.issue=5668&rft.au=Dyall+S%2C+Brown+M%2C+Johnson+P&rft.pages=253+%E2%80%93+7">  </li>

<li id="_note-54"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-54">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Ochman H, Lerat E, Daubin V (2005). "<a class="external text" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15851673" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15851673~~" rel="nofollow~~">Examining bacterial species under the specter of gene transfer and exchange</a>". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 Suppl 1: 6595-9. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15851673" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15851673">PMID 15851673</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Examining+bacterial+species+under+the+specter+of+gene+transfer+and+exchange&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=102+Suppl+1&rft.au=Ochman+H%2C+Lerat+E%2C+Daubin+V&rft.pages=6595-9&rft_id=info:pmid/15851673&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpubmed%26pubmedid%3D15851673">  </li>

<li id="_note-55"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-55">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Lande R (1989). "Fisherian and Wrightian theories of speciation". Genome 31 (1): 221-7. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2687093" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2687093">PMID 2687093</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fisherian+and+Wrightian+theories+of+speciation&rft.jtitle=Genome&rft.date=1989&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.au=Lande+R&rft.pages=221-7&rft_id=info:pmid/2687093">  </li>

<li id="_note-Whitlock">^ <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-Whitlock_0">a</a> <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-Whitlock_1">b</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Whitlock M (2003). "<a class="external text" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=12807795" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=12807795~~" rel="nofollow~~">Fixation probability and time in subdivided populations</a>". Genetics 164 (2): 767-79. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12807795" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12807795">PMID 12807795</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fixation+probability+and+time+in+subdivided+populations&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=164&rft.issue=2&rft.au=Whitlock+M&rft.pages=767-79&rft_id=info:pmid/12807795&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpubmed%26pubmedid%3D12807795">  </li> <li id="_note-56"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-56">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Otto S, Whitlock M (1997). "<a class="external text" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=9178020" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=9178020~~" rel="nofollow~~">The probability of fixation in populations of changing size</a>". Genetics 146 (2): 723-33. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9178020" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9178020">PMID 9178020</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+probability+of+fixation+in+populations+of+changing+size&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.date=1997&rft.volume=146&rft.issue=2&rft.au=Otto+S%2C+Whitlock+M&rft.pages=723-33&rft_id=info:pmid/9178020&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpubmed%26pubmedid%3D9178020">  </li> <li id="_note-Darwin">^ <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-Darwin_0">a</a> <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-Darwin_1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFDarwin1872" style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><a title="Charles Darwin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin">Darwin, Charles</a> (1872), <a class="external text" title="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F391&viewtype=text&pageseq=1" rel="nofollow" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F391&viewtype=text&pageseq=1~~" rel="nofollow~~">The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.</a>, London: John Murray</cite> 6th edition; with additions and corrections. Retrieved on <a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a>-<a title="December 31" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_31">12-31</a> </li>

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<li id="_note-61"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-61">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Hunt J, Brooks R, Jennions M, Smith M, Bentsen C, Bussière L (2004). "High-quality male field crickets invest heavily in sexual display but die young". Nature 432 (7020): 1024-7. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15616562" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15616562">PMID 15616562</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=High-quality+male+field+crickets+invest+heavily+in+sexual+display+but+die+young&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=432&rft.issue=7020&rft.au=Hunt+J%2C+Brooks+R%2C+Jennions+M%2C+Smith+M%2C+Bentsen+C%2C+Bussi%C3%A8re+L&rft.pages=1024-7&rft_id=info:pmid/15616562">  </li>

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<li id="_note-65"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-65">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Buss D, Haselton M, Shackelford T, Bleske A, Wakefield J (1998). "Adaptations, exaptations, and spandrels". The American psychologist 53 (5): 533-48. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9612136" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9612136">PMID 9612136</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Adaptations%2C+exaptations%2C+and+spandrels&rft.jtitle=The+American+psychologist&rft.date=1998&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=5&rft.au=Buss+D%2C+Haselton+M%2C+Shackelford+T%2C+Bleske+A%2C+Wakefield+J&rft.pages=533-48&rft_id=info:pmid/9612136">  </li>

<li id="_note-72"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-72">^</a> {<cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Nowak M (2006). "Five rules for the evolution of cooperation". Science 314 (5805): 1560-3. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17158317" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17158317">PMID 17158317</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Five+rules+for+the+evolution+of+cooperation&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=314&rft.issue=5805&rft.au=Nowak+M&rft.pages=1560-3&rft_id=info:pmid/17158317">  </li>

<li id="_note-73"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-73">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Gavrilets S (2003). "Perspective: models of speciation: what have we learned in 40 years?". Evolution 57 (10): 2197-215. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14628909" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14628909">PMID 14628909</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Perspective%3A+models+of+speciation%3A+what+have+we+learned+in+40+years%3F&rft.jtitle=Evolution&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=10&rft.au=Gavrilets+S&rft.pages=2197-215&rft_id=info:pmid/14628909">  </li>

<li id="_note-74"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-74">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Hoskin, CJ; Higgle, M; McDonald, KR; and Moritz, C (2005). "Reinforcement drives rapid allopatric speciation". Nature 437: 1353-1356. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04004" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04004~~" rel="nofollow~~">10.1038/nature04004</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Reinforcement+drives+rapid+allopatric+speciation&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=437&rft.aulast=Hoskin&rft.aufirst=CJ&rft.pages=1353-1356&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature04004">  </li> <li id="_note-75"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-75">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Savolainen, V; Anstett,M-C, Lexer, C, Hutton, I, Clarkson, JJ, Norup, MV, Powell, MP, Springate, D, Salamin, N & Baker, WJr (2006). "Sympatric speciation in palms on an oceanic island". Nature 441: 210-213. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1038/nature04566" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1038/nature04566~~" rel="nofollow~~">doi:10.1038/nature04566</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sympatric+speciation+in+palms+on+an+oceanic+island&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=441&rft.aulast=Savolainen&rft.aufirst=V&rft.pages=210-213&rft_id=info:doi/doi%3A10.1038%2Fnature04566">  </li> <li id="_note-76"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-76">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Barluenga, M; Stölting, KN, Salzburger, W, Muschick, M & Meyer, A (2006). "Sympatric speciation in Nicaraguan crater lake cichlid fish". Nature 439: 719-723. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04325" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04325~~" rel="nofollow~~">10.1038/nature04325</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sympatric+speciation+in+Nicaraguan+crater+lake+cichlid+fish&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=439&rft.aulast=Barluenga&rft.aufirst=M&rft.pages=719-723&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature04325">  </li> <li id="_note-77"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-77">^</a> Isaak, Mark (2005). <a class="external text" title="http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CC/CC150.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CC/CC150.html~~" rel="nofollow~~">Index to Creationist Claims, Claim CC150</a>. The TalkOrigins Archive. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="March 17" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_17">03-17</a>. </li>

<li id="_note-78"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-78">^</a> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Leakey, Richard; Lewin, Roger (1996). The Sixth Extinction : Patterns of Life and the Future of Humankind. Anchor. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0385468091">ISBN 0-385-46809-1</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sixth+Extinction+%3A+Patterns+of+Life+and+the+Future+of+Humankind&rft.aulast=Leakey&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.date=1996&rft.pub=Anchor&rft.isbn=0-385-46809-1">  </li>

<li id="_note-79"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-79">^</a> "Sequence comparisons suggest recent horizontal transfer of many <a title="Gene" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene">genes</a> among diverse <a title="Species" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species">species</a> including across the boundaries of <a title="Phylogenetic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> 'domains'. Thus determining the phylogenetic history of a species cannot be done conclusively by determining evolutionary trees for single genes." See Melcher, M (2001). <a class="external text" title="http://opbs.okstate.edu/~melcher/MG/MGW3/MG334.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://opbs.okstate.edu/~melcher/MG/MGW3/MG334.html~~" rel="nofollow~~">Horizontal Gene Transfer</a>. <a title="Oklahoma State University" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_University">Oklahoma State University</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="April 18" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_18">04-18</a>. </li> <li id="_note-80"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-80">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium (2005). "Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome". <a title="Nature (journal)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_%28journal%29">Nature</a> 437: 69-87. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04072" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04072~~" rel="nofollow~~">10.1038/nature04072</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Initial+sequence+of+the+chimpanzee+genome+and+comparison+with+the+human+genome&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BNature+%28journal%29%7CNature%5D%5D&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=437&rft.au=Chimpanzee+Sequencing+and+Analysis+Consortium&rft.pages=69-87&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature04072">  </li> <li id="_note-81"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-81">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Varki, A; Altheide,TK (2005). "Comparing the human and chimpanzee genomes: searching for needles in a haystack". Genome Research 15 (12): 1746-58. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.3737405." rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.3737405.~~" rel="nofollow~~">10.1101/gr.3737405.</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Comparing+the+human+and+chimpanzee+genomes%3A+searching+for+needles+in+a+haystack&rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=12&rft.aulast=Varki&rft.aufirst=A&rft.pages=1746-58&rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.3737405.">  </li>

<li id="_note-82"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-82">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Schweitzer M.H. et al (2005). "Soft-tissue vessels and cellular preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex". Science 307 (5717): 1952-1955.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Soft-tissue+vessels+and+cellular+preservation+in+%27%27Tyrannosaurus+rex%27%27&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=307&rft.issue=5717&rft.au=Schweitzer+M.H.+%27%27et+al%27%27&rft.pages=1952-1955">  </li>

<li id="_note-83"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-83">^</a> <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Feduccia, Alan (1996). The Origin and Evolution of Birds. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0300064608">ISBN 0-300-06460-8</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+and+Evolution+of+Birds&rft.au=Feduccia%2C+Alan&rft.date=1996&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.place=New+Haven">  </li>

<li id="_note-84"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-84">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Daeschler, Edward B., Shubin, Neil H., & Jenkins Jr, Farish A. (April 2006). "<a class="external text" title="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v440/n7085/abs/nature04639.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v440/n7085/abs/nature04639.html~~" rel="nofollow~~">A Devonian tetrapod-like fish and the evolution of the tetrapod body plan</a>". <a title="Nature (journal)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_%28journal%29">Nature</a> 440: 757–763. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04639" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04639~~" rel="nofollow~~">10.1038/nature04639</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a>-<a title="July 14" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_14">07-14</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Devonian+tetrapod-like+fish+and+the+evolution+of+the+tetrapod+body+plan&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BNature+%28journal%29%7CNature%5D%5D&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=440&rft.au=Daeschler%2C+Edward+B.%2C+Shubin%2C+Neil+H.%2C+%26+Jenkins+Jr%2C+Farish+A.&rft.pages=757%26ndash%3B763&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature04639&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv440%2Fn7085%2Fabs%2Fnature04639.html">  </li> <li id="_note-85"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-85">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Chen, FC; Li, WH (2001). "<a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11170892" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11170892~~" rel="nofollow~~">Genomic divergences between humans and other hominoids and the effective population size of the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees</a>". American Journal of Human Genetics 68: 444-56. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="March 16" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_16">03-16</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Genomic+divergences+between+humans+and+other+hominoids+and+the+effective+population+size+of+the+common+ancestor+of+humans+and+chimpanzees&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.date=2001&rft.volume=68&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=FC&rft.pages=444-56&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Fcmd%3DRetrieve%26db%3Dpubmed%26dopt%3DAbstract%26list_uids%3D11170892">  </li> <li id="_note-86"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-86">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Cooper, GM; et al. (2003). "<a class="external text" title="http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/full/13/5/813" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/full/13/5/813" ~~rel="nofollow"><~~>Quantitative Estimates of Sequence Divergence for Comparative Analysis of Mammalian Genomes</a>". Genome Research 13: 813-820. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="March 16" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_16">03-16</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Quantitative+Estimates+of+Sequence+Divergence+for+Comparative+Analysis+of+Mammalian+Genomes&rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=13&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=GM&rft.pages=813-820&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F13%2F5%2F813">  </li> <li id="_note-c"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-c_0">^</a> The picture labeled "Human Chromosome 2 and its analogs in the apes" in the article Williams, Robert. <a class="external text" title="http://www.gate.net/~rwms/hum_ape_chrom.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.gate.net/~rwms/hum_ape_chrom.html~~" rel="nofollow~~">Comparison of the Human and Great Ape Chromosomes as Evidence for Common Ancestry</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="March 17" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_17">03-17</a>. shows how humans have a single chromosome which is two separate chromosomes in the nonhuman apes. </li> <li id="_note-87"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-87">^</a> Wade, Nicholas. "<a class="external text" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/07/science/07evolve.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/07/science/07evolve.html~~" rel="nofollow~~">Still Evolving, Human Genes Tell New Story</a>", New York Times, 2006-03-07. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="March 17" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_17">03-17</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=newspaperArticle&rft.subject=News&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.title=Still+Evolving%2C+Human+Genes+Tell+New+Story&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F03%2F07%2Fscience%2F07evolve.html&rft.publisher=New+York+Times&rft.date=2006-03-07">  </li> <li id="_note-88"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-88">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Voight, BF; Kudaravalli, S; Wen, X; and Pritchard, JK (2006). "<a class="external text" title="http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0040072" rel="nofollow" href="http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0040072~~" rel="nofollow~~">A Map of Recent Positive Selection in the Human Genome</a>". PLoS Biol 4 (3). <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040072" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040072~~" rel="nofollow~~">10.1371/journal.pbio.0040072</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="March 17" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_17">03-17</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Map+of+Recent+Positive+Selection+in+the+Human+Genome&rft.jtitle=PLoS+Biol&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.aulast=Voight&rft.aufirst=BF&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0040072&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiology.plosjournals.org%2Fperlserv%2F%3Frequest%3Dget-document%26doi%3D10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0040072"> , states the <a title="International HapMap Project" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_HapMap_Project">International HapMap Project</a> is "providing the strongest evidence yet that humans are still evolving" and details some of that evidence. </li> <li id="_note-89"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-89">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Petrov, DA; Hartl, DL (2000). "<a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10833048" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10833048~~" rel="nofollow~~">Pseudogene evolution and natural selection for a compact genome</a>". Journal of Heredity 91 (3): 221-227. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="March 16" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_16">03-16</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pseudogene+evolution+and+natural+selection+for+a+compact+genome&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Heredity&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=3&rft.aulast=Petrov&rft.aufirst=DA&rft.pages=221-227&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Fcmd%3DRetrieve%26db%3Dpubmed%26dopt%3DAbstract%26list_uids%3D10833048">  </li>

<li id="_note-90"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-90">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Okamoto N, Inouye I. (2005). "A secondary symbiosis in progress". Science 310 (5746): 287.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+secondary+symbiosis+in+progress&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=310&rft.issue=5746&rft.au=Okamoto+N%2C+Inouye+I.&rft.pages=287">  </li>

<li id="_note-91"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-91">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Okamoto, N; Inouye, I (2006). "Hatena arenicola gen. et sp. nov., a Katablepharid Undergoing Probable Plastid Acquisition". Protist 157 (4): 401-419.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27%27Hatena+arenicola%27%27+gen.+et+sp.+nov.%2C+a+Katablepharid+Undergoing+Probable+Plastid+Acquisition&rft.jtitle=Protist&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=157&rft.issue=4&rft.aulast=Okamoto&rft.aufirst=N&rft.pages=401-419">  </li>

<li id="_note-HowStuffWorks">^ <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-HowStuffWorks_0">a</a> <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-HowStuffWorks_1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFMarshall2001" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Marshall, Brain (2001), "<a class="external text" title="http://science.howstuffworks.com/evolution.htm/printable" rel="nofollow" href="http://science.howstuffworks.com/evolution.htm/printable~~" rel="nofollow~~">How Evolution Works</a>", HowStuffWorks</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Evolution+Works&rft.title=How+Evolution+Works&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Brain&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.howstuffworks.com%2Fevolution.htm%2Fprintable"> . </li> <li id="_note-92"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-92">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFIsaak2005" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Isaak, Mark (2005), "<a class="external text" title="http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CB/CB090.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CB/CB090.html~~" rel="nofollow~~">Claim CB090: Evolution without abiogenesis</a>", <a title="TalkOrigins Archive" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TalkOrigins_Archive">TalkOrigins Archive</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claim+CB090%3A+Evolution+without+abiogenesis&rft.title=Claim+CB090%3A+Evolution+without+abiogenesis&rft.aulast=Isaak&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkorigins.org%2Findexcc%2FCB%2FCB090.html"> . </li> <li id="_note-93"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-93">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDarwin1860" style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><a title="Charles Darwin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin">Darwin, Charles</a> (1860), <a title="The Origin of Species" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Origin_of_Species">On the Origin of Species</a> (2nd ed.), London: John Murray</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5B%5BThe+Origin+of+Species%7COn+the+Origin+of+Species%5D%5D&rft.title=%5B%5BThe+Origin+of+Species%7COn+the+Origin+of+Species%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.date=1860&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Murray">  <a class="external text" title="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F376&viewtype=text&pageseq=508" rel="nofollow" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F376&viewtype=text&pageseq=508~~" rel="nofollow~~">p. 490</a> </li> <li id="_note-94"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-94">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFIsaak2005" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Isaak, Mark (2005), "<a class="external text" title="http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CB/CB050.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CB/CB050.html~~" rel="nofollow~~">Claim CB050: Abiogenesis is speculation?</a>", <a title="TalkOrigins Archive" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TalkOrigins_Archive">TalkOrigins Archive</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claim+CB050%3A+Abiogenesis+is+speculation%3F&rft.title=Claim+CB050%3A+Abiogenesis+is+speculation%3F&rft.aulast=Isaak&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkorigins.org%2Findexcc%2FCB%2FCB050.html"> . </li> <li id="_note-95"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-95">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Valentine J, Jablonski D (2003). "<a class="external text" title="http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/web/paper.php?doi=14756327" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/web/paper.php?doi=14756327~~" rel="nofollow~~">Morphological and developmental macroevolution: a paleontological perspective</a>". Int. J. Dev. Biol. 47 (7-8): 517-22. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14756327" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14756327">PMID 14756327</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Morphological+and+developmental+macroevolution%3A+a+paleontological+perspective&rft.jtitle=Int.+J.+Dev.+Biol.&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=7-8&rft.au=Valentine+J%2C+Jablonski+D&rft.pages=517-22&rft_id=info:pmid/14756327&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijdb.ehu.es%2Fweb%2Fpaper.php%3Fdoi%3D14756327">  </li>

<li id="_note-96"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-96">^</a> An overview of the philosophical, religious, and cosmological controversies by a philosopher who strongly supports evolution is: <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><a title="Daniel Dennett" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett">Dennett, D</a> (1995). <a title="Darwin's Dangerous Idea" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin%27s_Dangerous_Idea">Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life</a>. Simon & Schuster. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=9780684824710">ISBN 978-0684824710</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5B%5BDarwin%27s+Dangerous+Idea%7CDarwin%27s+Dangerous+Idea%3A+Evolution+and+the+Meanings+of+Life%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Dennett&rft.aufirst=D&rft.date=1995&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.isbn=978-0684824710">  </li>

<li id="_note-97"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-97">^</a> For more information on the scientific and social reception of evolution in the 19th and early 20th centuries, see: <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><a title="Peter J. Bowler" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_J._Bowler">Bowler, PJ</a> (2003). Evolution: The History of an Idea, Third Edition, Completely Revised and Expanded. University of California Press. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=9780520236936">ISBN 978-0520236936</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution%3A+The+History+of+an+Idea%2C+Third+Edition%2C+Completely+Revised+and+Expanded&rft.aulast=Bowler&rft.aufirst=PJ&rft.date=2003&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.isbn=978-0520236936">  </li>

<li id="_note-98"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-98">^</a> Sarfati, J. <a class="external text" title="http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/re1/chapter1.asp" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/re1/chapter1.asp~~" rel="nofollow~~">Evolution & creation, science & religion, facts & bias</a>. <a class="external text" title="http://www.answersingenesis.org/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.answersingenesis.org/~~" rel="nofollow~~">Answers in Genesis</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="April 16" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_16">04-16</a>. </li> <li id="_note-wmap"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-wmap_0">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Spergel, D. N.; et al. (2003). "First-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Determination of Cosmological Parameters". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 148: 175—194. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/377226" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/377226~~" rel="nofollow~~">10.1086/377226</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=First-Year+Wilkinson+Microwave+Anisotropy+Probe+%28WMAP%29+Observations%3A+Determination+of+Cosmological+Parameters&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal+Supplement+Series&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=148&rft.aulast=Spergel&rft.aufirst=D.+N.&rft.pages=175%26mdash%3B194&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F377226">  </li>

<li id="_note-zircon"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-zircon_0">^</a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Wilde, S. A.; Valley J. W., Peck W. H. and Graham C. M. (2001). "Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago". Nature 409: 175—178.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Evidence+from+detrital+zircons+for+the+existence+of+continental+crust+and+oceans+on+the+Earth+4.4+Gyr+ago&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.date=2001&rft.volume=409&rft.aulast=Wilde&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft.pages=175%26mdash%3B178">  </li>

<li id="_note-99"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#_ref-99">^</a> <a title="Charles Darwin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin">Darwin</a> strongly disagreed with attempts by <a title="Herbert Spencer" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a> and other to extrapolate evolutionary ideas to all possible subject matters; see <cite class="book" style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><a title="Mary Midgley" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Midgley">Midgley, M</a> (2004). The Myths we Live By. Routledge, 62. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=9780415340779">ISBN 978-0415340779</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myths+we+Live+By&rft.aulast=Midgley&rft.aufirst=M&rft.date=2004&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.pages=62&rft.isbn=978-0415340779">  </li>

<h2>External links</h2>

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General information

<ul>

<li><a class="external text" title="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/" rel="nofollow" href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/~~" rel="nofollow~~">Understanding Evolution</a> from <a title="University of California, Berkeley" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://nationalacademies.org/evolution/" rel="nofollow" href="http://nationalacademies.org/evolution/~~" rel="nofollow~~">National Academies Evolution Resources</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.newscientist.com/channel/life/evolution" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.newscientist.com/channel/life/evolution~~" rel="nofollow~~">Everything you wanted to know about evolution</a> (provided by <a title="New Scientist" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientist">New Scientist</a>) </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://science.howstuffworks.com/evolution.htm/printable" rel="nofollow" href="http://science.howstuffworks.com/evolution.htm/printable~~" rel="nofollow~~">Howstuffworks.com — How Evolution Works</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://anthro.palomar.edu/synthetic/" rel="nofollow" href="http://anthro.palomar.edu/synthetic/~~" rel="nofollow~~">Synthetic Theory Of Evolution: An Introduction to Modern Evolutionary Concepts and Theories</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/categories/index/genome/evolution.php" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/categories/index/genome/evolution.php~~" rel="nofollow~~">Evolution News from Genome News Network (GNN)</a> </li>

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History of evolution

<ul>

<li><a class="external text" title="http://darwin-online.org.uk" rel="nofollow" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/~~" rel="nofollow~~">The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online</a>, Darwin's writings and ancillary texts by other authors </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.rationalrevolution.net/articles/understanding_evolution.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rationalrevolution.net/articles/understanding_evolution.htm~~" rel="nofollow~~">Understanding Evolution: History, Theory, Evidence, and Implications</a> Deals heavily with the history of thoughts about evolution </li>

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