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<p>:''For other meanings, see [[Botany (disambiguation)]]''</p>
<p>'''Botany''' is the [[Scientific method|scientific study]] of plant [[life]]. As a branch of [[biology]], it is also sometimes referred to as '''plant science(s)''' or '''plant biology'''. Botany covers a wide range of scientific disciplines that study the [[growth]], [[reproduction]], [[metabolism]], [[morphogenesis|development]], [[phytopathology|diseases]], [[ecology]], and [[evolution]] of [[plant|plants]].</p>
<p>[[Image:US long grain rice.jpg|right|thumb|Nearly all the food we eat comes (directly and indirectly) from plants like this American long grain rice.]]</p>
<p>==Scope and importance of botany==<br />As with other life forms in biology, plant life can be studied from different perspectives, from the [[molecular biology|molecular]], [[genetics|genetic]] and [[biochemistry|biochemical]] level through [[organelle]]s, [[cell biology|cells]], [[biological tissue|tissues]], [[organ (anatomy)|organ]]s, individuals, plant [[population]]s, and [[biodiversity|communities]] of plants. At each of these levels a botanist might be concerned with the classification ([[taxonomy]]), structure ([[anatomy]]), or function ([[plant physiology|physiology]]) of plant life.</p>
<p>Historically, botany covers all organisms that were not considered to be [[animal]]s. Some of these "plant-like" organisms include [[fungi]] (studied in [[mycology]]), [[bacterium|bacteria]] and [[viruses]] (studied in [[microbiology]]), and [[algae]] (studied in [[phycology]]). Most algae, fungi, and microbes are no longer considered to be in the plant kingdom. However, attention is still given to them by botanists, and bacteria, fungi, and algae are usually covered in introductory botany courses. </p>
<p>So why study plants? Plants are a fundamental part of life on earth. They generate the [[oxygen]], [[food]], [[fibre]]s, fuel and medicine that allow higher life forms to exist. Plants also absorb [[carbon dioxide]], a significant [[greenhouse gas]], through [[photosynthesis]]. A good understanding of plants is crucial to the future of human societies as it allows us to:<br />* Feed the world<br />* Understand fundamental life processes<br />* Utilise medicine and materials<br />* Understand environmental changes</p>
<p>===Feed the world===<br />Virtually ''all'' of the food we eat comes from plants, either directly from [[staple food]]s and other [[fruit]] and [[vegetables]], or indirectly through [[livestock]], which rely on plants for [[fodder]]. In other words, plants are at the base of nearly all [[food chain]]s, or what ecologists call the first [[trophic level]]. Understanding how plants produce the food we eat is therefore important to be able to ''feed the world'' and provide [[food security]] for future generations, for example through [[plant breeding]]. Not all plants are beneficial to humans, [[weeds]] are a considerable problem in [[agriculture]] and botany provides some of the basic science in order to understand how to minimise their impact. [[Ethnobotany]] is the study of this and other relationships between plants and people.</p>
<p>[[Image:mendel.png|frame|left|[[Gregor Mendel]] laid the foundations of genetics from his studies of plants.]]</p>
<p>===Understand fundamental life processes===<br />Plants are convenient organisms in which fundamental life processes (like [[cell division]] and [[protein synthesis]] for example) can be studied, without the ethical dilemmas of studying animals or humans. The [[mendelian inheritance|genetic laws of inheritance]] were discovered in this way by [[Gregor Mendel]], who was studying the way [[peas|pea]] shape is inherited. What Mendel learnt from studying plants has had far reaching benefits outside of botany. Additionally, [[Barbara McClintock]] discovered '[[transposon|jumping genes]]' by studying [[maize]]. These are a few examples that demonstrate how botanical research has an ongoing relevance to the understanding of fundamental biological processes.</p>
<p>===Utilise medicine and materials===<br />Many of our [[medication|medicinal]] and [[recreational drugs]], like [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]], [[caffeine]], and [[nicotine]] come directly from the plant kingdom. [[Aspirin]], which originally came from the [[bark]] of [[willow]] trees, is just one example. There may be many [[drug discovery|novel cures for diseases]] provided by plants, waiting to be discovered. Popular [[stimulant]]s like [[coffee]], [[chocolate]], [[tobacco]], and [[tea]] also come from plants. Most [[Alcoholic beverage|alcoholic beverages]] come from [[fermentation|fermenting]] plants such as [[hops]] and [[grapes]].</p>
<p>Plants also provide us with many natural materials, such as [[cotton]], [[wood]], [[paper]], [[linen]], [[vegetable oil]]s, some types of [[rope]], and [[rubber]]. The production of [[silk]] would not be possible without the cultivation of the [[mulberry]] plant. [[Sugarcane]] and other plants have recently been put to use as sources of [[biofuel]]s, which are important alternatives to [[fossil fuel]]s.</p>
<p>===Understand environmental changes===<br />Plants can also help us understand changes in on our environment in many ways. </p>
<p>*Understanding [[habitat destruction]] and [[endangered species|species extinction]] is dependent on an accurate and complete catalogue of plant [[systematics]] and [[taxonomy]].<br />*Plant responses to [[ultraviolet|ultraviolet radiation]] can help us monitor problems like the [[ozone depletion]]. <br />*[[palynology|Analysing pollen]] deposited by plants [[geologic timescale|thousands or millions of years ago]] can help scientists to reconstruct past climates and predict future ones, an essential part of [[climate change]] research.<br />*Recording and analysing the timing of plant [[biological life cycle|life cycles]] are important parts of [[phenology]] used in climate-change research.<br />*[[Lichens]], which are sensitive to atmospheric conditions, have been extenisvely used as [[pollution]] indicators.</p>
<p>In many different ways, plants can act a bit like the '[[canary|miners canary]]', an ''early warning system'' alerting us to important changes in our environment. In addition to these practical and scientific reasons, [[list of gardens|plants are extremely valuable as recreation]] for millions of people who enjoy [[gardening]], [[horticulture|horticultural]] and [[herb|culinary]] uses of plants every day.</p>
<p>==History==</p>
<p>===Early botany (before 1945)===<br />[[Image:Botany.jpg|thumb|right|The traditional tools of a botanist.]]<br />Among the earliest of botanical works, written around [[300 B.C.]], are two large treatises by [[Theophrastus]]: ''On the History of Plants'' (''[[Historia Plantarum]]'') and ''On the Causes of Plants''. Together these books constitute the most important contribution to botanical science during antiquity and on into the Middle Ages. The Roman medical writer [[Dioscorides]] provides important evidence on Greek and Roman knowledge of medicinal plants.</p>
<p>In 1665, using an early microscope, [[Robert Hooke]] discovered [[cell (biology)|cells]] in [[cork (material)|cork]], a short time later in living plant tissue. The German [[Leonhart Fuchs]], the Swiss [[Conrad von Gesner]], and the British authors [[Nicholas Culpeper]] and [[John Gerard]] published herbals that gave information on the medicinal uses of plants.</p>
<p>===Modern botany (since 1945)===<br />A considerable amount of new knowledge today is being generated from studying [[model organisms|model plants]] like ''[[Arabidopsis thaliana]]''. This mustard weed was one of the first plants to have its [[genome]] sequenced. The sequencing of the rice genome and a large international research community have made [[rice]] the de facto [[cereal]]/[[grass]]/[[monocot]] model. Another grass species, [[Brachypodium distachyon]] is also emerging as an experimental model for understanding the genetic, cellular and molecular biology of temperate grasses. Other commercially important staple foods like [[wheat]], [[maize]], [[barley]], [[rye]], [[millet]] and [[soybean]] are also having their genomes sequenced. Some of these are challenging to sequence because they have more than two [[haploid]] (n) sets of [[chromosome]]s, a condition known as [[polyploid|polyploidy]], common in the plant kingdom. The "Green Yeast" ''[[Chlamydomonas reinhardtii]]'' (a single-celled, green [[alga]]) is another plant model organism that has been extensively studied and provided important insights into cell biology.</p>
<p><br />==See also==<br />* [[Agriculture]]<br />* [[Botanical garden]] and [[List of botanical gardens]]<br />* [[Dendrochronology]]<br />* [[List of domesticated plants]]<br />* [[Ethnobotany]]<br />* [[Flower]]s and [[List of flowers]]<br />* [[Forestry]]<br />* [[Herb]]s<br />* [[Horticulture]]<br />* [[List of botanical journals]]<br />* [[List of botanists]]<br />* [[List of botanists by author abbreviation]]<br />* [[List of publications in biology]]<br />* [[Paleobotany]]<br />* [[Plant community]]<br />* [[Plant sexuality]]<br />* [[Soil science]]<br />* [[Tree]]s<br />* [[Vegetable]]s and [[List of vegetables]]<br />* [[Vegetation]]</p>
<p>==References==<br />* U.S. Geological Survey. [http://www.nbii.gov/disciplines/botany/ National Biological Information Infrastructure: Botany]</p>
<p>==Further reading==<br />===[[Popular science]] style books on Botany===<br />* [[David Bellamy|Bellamy, D]] ''Bellamy on Botany'', ISBN 0563106662 an accessible and short introduction to various botanical subjects<br />* Capon, B: ''Botany for Gardeners'' ISBN 0881926558<br />* Cohen, J. ''How many people can the earth support?'' W.W. Norton 1995 ISBN 0393314952<br />* Halle, Francis. ''In praise of plants'' ISBN 0881925500. English translation of a poetic advocacy of plants.<br />* King, J. ''Reaching for the sun: How plants work'' ISBN 0521587387. A fluent introduction to how plants work.<br />* [[Thomas Pakenham|Pakenham, T]]: ''Remarkable Trees of the World'' ([[2002]]) ISBN 0297843001<br />* Pakenham, T: ''Meetings with Remarkable Trees'' ([[1996]]) ISBN 0297832557 <br />* Pollan, M ''The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-eye View of the World'' Bloomsbury ISBN 0747563004 Account of the [[co-evolution]] of plants and humans<br />* Thomas, B.A.: ''The evolution of plants and flowers'' St Martin's Press [[1981]] ISBN 0312272715<br />* Walker, D. ''Energy, Plants and Man'' ISBN 1870232054 A presentation of the basic concepts of photosynthesis</p>
<p>===Academic and Scientific books on Botany===<br />* Buchanan, B.B., Gruissem, W & Jones, R.L. (2000) ''Biochemistry & molecular biology of plants''. American Society of Plant Physiologists ISBN 0943088399<br />* Crawford, R. M. M. (1989). ''Studies in plant survival''. Blackwell. ISBN 063201475X<br />* Crawley, M. J. (1997). ''Plant ecology''. Blackwell Scientific. ISBN 0632036397<br />* Ennos, R and Sheffield, E ''Plant life'', Blackwell Science, ISBN 0865427372 Introduction to plant [[biodiversity]]<br />* Fitter, A & Hay, R ''Environmental physiology of plants'' 3rd edition Sept 2001 Harcourt Publishers, Academic Press ISBN 0122577663<br />* Lawlor, D.W. (2000) ''Photosynthesis'' BIOS ISBN 1859961576<br />* Matthews, R. E. F. ''Fundamentals of plant virology'' Academic Press,1992.<br />* Mauseth, J.D.: ''Botany : an introduction to plant biology''. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, ISBN 0763721344 - A first year undergraduate level textbook<br />* Raven, P.H, Evert R.H and Eichhorn, S.E: ''Biology of Plants'', Freeman. ISBN 1572590416 - A first year undergraduate level textbook<br />* Richards, P. W. (1996). ''The tropical rainforest''. 2nd ed. C.U.P. (Pbk) ISBN 0521421942 £32.50<br />* Ridge, I. (2002) ''Plants'' [[Oxford University Press]] ISBN 0199255482<br />* Salisbury, FB and Ross, CW: ''[[Plant physiology]]'' Wadsworth publishing company ISBN 0534151620<br />* Stace, C. A. ''A new [[Flora (plants)|flora]] of the British Isles''. 2nd ed. C.U.P.,1997. ISBN 0521589355<br />* Strange, R. L. ''Introduction to [[plant pathology]]''. Wiley-VCH, 2003. ISBN 0470849738<br />* Taiz, L. & Zeiger, E. (1998). ''Plant physiology''. 3rd ed. August 2002 Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0878938230<br />* Walter, H. (1985). ''[[Vegetation]] of the earth''. 3rd rev. ed. Springer.<br />* Willis, K (2002) ''The evolution of plants'' Oxford University Press ISBN 0198500653 £22-99</p>
<p>==External links==<br />{{book}}<br />[http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PlantGrowth.html plant growth] and [http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PlantCell.html the plant cell] from [http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/ Kimball's Biology Pages]<br />*[http://www.biologynews.info/ Biology News Headlines],<br />*[http://www.botany.org/newsite/botany/ Botanical Society of America: What is Botany?]<br />*[http://www-saps.plantsci.cam.ac.uk/index.htm Science and Plants for Schools]<br />*[http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/mineralogie/palbot/teach/botanyteach.html Teaching Documents about Botany] Teaching documents, lecture notes and tutorials online: an annotated link directory.<br />*[http://www.aspb.org/aboutus/ American society of plant biologists APSB]<br />*[http://www.plantsci.cam.ac.uk/teaching/content.html Why study Plants? Dept of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge]<br />*[http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/ Botany Photo of the Day]<br />*[[David Attenborough]] - [[The Private Life of Plants]]<br />===[[Flora (plants)|Flora]] and other plant [[catalog|catalogues]] or [[database|databases]]===<br />* [http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/www-vl/ The Virtual Library of Botany]<br />* [http://wikisource.org/wiki/NVC-National_Vegetation_Classification%2C_UK_representative_plant_species List of major natural Plant Species in the UK, described in the National Vegetation Classification]<br />* [http://www.kulak.ac.be/bioweb/ High quality pictures of plants and information about them] from Catholic University of Leuven<br />* [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/QK1xC981/ Curtis's Botanical Magazine], 1790-1856 <br />* [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/QK488xE4/ The Trees Of Great Britain and Ireland], by Henry John Elwes & Augustine Henry, 1906-1913 <br />* [http://www.pflanzen-portal.com Botanik-Datenbank] (ger.)</p>
<p> </p>
<p>{{Biology-footer}}<br />[[Category:Botany|*]]</p>
<p>[[an:Botanica]]<br />[[ar:علم النبات]]<br />[[bg:Ботаника]]<br />[[be:Батаніка]]<br />[[br:Botanik]]<br />[[co:Botanica]]<br />[[cs:Botanika]]<br />[[cy:Botaneg]]<br />[[da:Botanik]]<br />[[de:Botanik]]<br />[[et:Botaanika]]<br />[[es:Botánica]]<br />[[eo:Botaniko]]<br />[[eu:Botanika]]<br />[[fa:گیاه‌شناسی]]<br />[[fr:Botanique]]<br />[[fur:Botaniche]]<br />[[gl:Botánica]]<br />[[ko:식물학]]<br />[[ht:Etid plant]]<br />[[id:Botani]]<br />[[ia:Botanica]]<br />[[it:Botanica]]<br />[[he:בוטניקה]]<br />[[la:Botanica]]<br />[[lv:Botānika]]<br />[[lt:Botanika]]<br />[[lb:Botanik]]<br />[[li:Plantkónde]]<br />[[jbo:spaske]]<br />[[mk:Ботаника]]<br />[[nl:Plantkunde]]<br />[[nds:Botanik]]<br />[[ja:植物学]]<br />[[no:Botanikk]]<br />[[nn:Botanikk]]<br />[[pl:Botanika]]<br />[[pt:Botânica]]<br />[[ro:Botanică]]<br />[[ru:Ботаника]]<br />[[sa:वनस्पति विज्ञानं]]<br />[[sco:Botanie]]<br />[[simple:Botany]]<br />[[sk:Botanika]]<br />[[sl:Botanika]]<br />[[sr:Ботаника]]<br />[[fi:Kasvitiede]]<br />[[sv:Botanik]]<br />[[tl:Botanika]]<br />[[th:พฤกษศาสตร์]]<br />[[vi:Thực vật học]]<br />[[tr:Botanik]]<br />[[uk:Ботаніка]]<br />[[vo:Planav]]<br />[[zh:植物學]]<br /></p>
<p>'''Botany''' is the [[Scientific method|scientific study]] of plant [[life]]. As a branch of [[biology]], it is also sometimes referred to as '''plant science(s)''' or '''plant biology'''. Botany covers a wide range of scientific disciplines that study the [[growth]], [[reproduction]], [[metabolism]], [[morphogenesis|development]], [[phytopathology|diseases]], [[ecology]], and [[evolution]] of [[plant|plants]].</p>
<p>[[Image:US long grain rice.jpg|right|thumb|Nearly all the food we eat comes (directly and indirectly) from plants like this American long grain rice.]]</p>
<p>==Scope and importance of botany==<br />As with other life forms in biology, plant life can be studied from different perspectives, from the [[molecular biology|molecular]], [[genetics|genetic]] and [[biochemistry|biochemical]] level through [[organelle]]s, [[cell biology|cells]], [[biological tissue|tissues]], [[organ (anatomy)|organ]]s, individuals, plant [[population]]s, and [[biodiversity|communities]] of plants. At each of these levels a botanist might be concerned with the classification ([[taxonomy]]), structure ([[anatomy]]), or function ([[plant physiology|physiology]]) of plant life.</p>
<p>Historically, botany covers all organisms that were not considered to be [[animal]]s. Some of these "plant-like" organisms include [[fungi]] (studied in [[mycology]]), [[bacterium|bacteria]] and [[viruses]] (studied in [[microbiology]]), and [[algae]] (studied in [[phycology]]). Most algae, fungi, and microbes are no longer considered to be in the plant kingdom. However, attention is still given to them by botanists, and bacteria, fungi, and algae are usually covered in introductory botany courses. </p>
<p>So why study plants? Plants are a fundamental part of life on earth. They generate the [[oxygen]], [[food]], [[fibre]]s, fuel and medicine that allow higher life forms to exist. Plants also absorb [[carbon dioxide]], a significant [[greenhouse gas]], through [[photosynthesis]]. A good understanding of plants is crucial to the future of human societies as it allows us to:<br />* Feed the world<br />* Understand fundamental life processes<br />* Utilise medicine and materials<br />* Understand environmental changes</p>
<p>===Feed the world===<br />Virtually ''all'' of the food we eat comes from plants, either directly from [[staple food]]s and other [[fruit]] and [[vegetables]], or indirectly through [[livestock]], which rely on plants for [[fodder]]. In other words, plants are at the base of nearly all [[food chain]]s, or what ecologists call the first [[trophic level]]. Understanding how plants produce the food we eat is therefore important to be able to ''feed the world'' and provide [[food security]] for future generations, for example through [[plant breeding]]. Not all plants are beneficial to humans, [[weeds]] are a considerable problem in [[agriculture]] and botany provides some of the basic science in order to understand how to minimise their impact. [[Ethnobotany]] is the study of this and other relationships between plants and people.</p>
<p>[[Image:mendel.png|frame|left|[[Gregor Mendel]] laid the foundations of genetics from his studies of plants.]]</p>
<p>===Understand fundamental life processes===<br />Plants are convenient organisms in which fundamental life processes (like [[cell division]] and [[protein synthesis]] for example) can be studied, without the ethical dilemmas of studying animals or humans. The [[mendelian inheritance|genetic laws of inheritance]] were discovered in this way by [[Gregor Mendel]], who was studying the way [[peas|pea]] shape is inherited. What Mendel learnt from studying plants has had far reaching benefits outside of botany. Additionally, [[Barbara McClintock]] discovered '[[transposon|jumping genes]]' by studying [[maize]]. These are a few examples that demonstrate how botanical research has an ongoing relevance to the understanding of fundamental biological processes.</p>
<p>===Utilise medicine and materials===<br />Many of our [[medication|medicinal]] and [[recreational drugs]], like [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]], [[caffeine]], and [[nicotine]] come directly from the plant kingdom. [[Aspirin]], which originally came from the [[bark]] of [[willow]] trees, is just one example. There may be many [[drug discovery|novel cures for diseases]] provided by plants, waiting to be discovered. Popular [[stimulant]]s like [[coffee]], [[chocolate]], [[tobacco]], and [[tea]] also come from plants. Most [[Alcoholic beverage|alcoholic beverages]] come from [[fermentation|fermenting]] plants such as [[hops]] and [[grapes]].</p>
<p>Plants also provide us with many natural materials, such as [[cotton]], [[wood]], [[paper]], [[linen]], [[vegetable oil]]s, some types of [[rope]], and [[rubber]]. The production of [[silk]] would not be possible without the cultivation of the [[mulberry]] plant. [[Sugarcane]] and other plants have recently been put to use as sources of [[biofuel]]s, which are important alternatives to [[fossil fuel]]s.</p>
<p>===Understand environmental changes===<br />Plants can also help us understand changes in on our environment in many ways. </p>
<p>*Understanding [[habitat destruction]] and [[endangered species|species extinction]] is dependent on an accurate and complete catalogue of plant [[systematics]] and [[taxonomy]].<br />*Plant responses to [[ultraviolet|ultraviolet radiation]] can help us monitor problems like the [[ozone depletion]]. <br />*[[palynology|Analysing pollen]] deposited by plants [[geologic timescale|thousands or millions of years ago]] can help scientists to reconstruct past climates and predict future ones, an essential part of [[climate change]] research.<br />*Recording and analysing the timing of plant [[biological life cycle|life cycles]] are important parts of [[phenology]] used in climate-change research.<br />*[[Lichens]], which are sensitive to atmospheric conditions, have been extenisvely used as [[pollution]] indicators.</p>
<p>In many different ways, plants can act a bit like the '[[canary|miners canary]]', an ''early warning system'' alerting us to important changes in our environment. In addition to these practical and scientific reasons, [[list of gardens|plants are extremely valuable as recreation]] for millions of people who enjoy [[gardening]], [[horticulture|horticultural]] and [[herb|culinary]] uses of plants every day.</p>
<p>==History==</p>
<p>===Early botany (before 1945)===<br />[[Image:Botany.jpg|thumb|right|The traditional tools of a botanist.]]<br />Among the earliest of botanical works, written around [[300 B.C.]], are two large treatises by [[Theophrastus]]: ''On the History of Plants'' (''[[Historia Plantarum]]'') and ''On the Causes of Plants''. Together these books constitute the most important contribution to botanical science during antiquity and on into the Middle Ages. The Roman medical writer [[Dioscorides]] provides important evidence on Greek and Roman knowledge of medicinal plants.</p>
<p>In 1665, using an early microscope, [[Robert Hooke]] discovered [[cell (biology)|cells]] in [[cork (material)|cork]], a short time later in living plant tissue. The German [[Leonhart Fuchs]], the Swiss [[Conrad von Gesner]], and the British authors [[Nicholas Culpeper]] and [[John Gerard]] published herbals that gave information on the medicinal uses of plants.</p>
<p>===Modern botany (since 1945)===<br />A considerable amount of new knowledge today is being generated from studying [[model organisms|model plants]] like ''[[Arabidopsis thaliana]]''. This mustard weed was one of the first plants to have its [[genome]] sequenced. The sequencing of the rice genome and a large international research community have made [[rice]] the de facto [[cereal]]/[[grass]]/[[monocot]] model. Another grass species, [[Brachypodium distachyon]] is also emerging as an experimental model for understanding the genetic, cellular and molecular biology of temperate grasses. Other commercially important staple foods like [[wheat]], [[maize]], [[barley]], [[rye]], [[millet]] and [[soybean]] are also having their genomes sequenced. Some of these are challenging to sequence because they have more than two [[haploid]] (n) sets of [[chromosome]]s, a condition known as [[polyploid|polyploidy]], common in the plant kingdom. The "Green Yeast" ''[[Chlamydomonas reinhardtii]]'' (a single-celled, green [[alga]]) is another plant model organism that has been extensively studied and provided important insights into cell biology.</p>
<p><br />==See also==<br />* [[Agriculture]]<br />* [[Botanical garden]] and [[List of botanical gardens]]<br />* [[Dendrochronology]]<br />* [[List of domesticated plants]]<br />* [[Ethnobotany]]<br />* [[Flower]]s and [[List of flowers]]<br />* [[Forestry]]<br />* [[Herb]]s<br />* [[Horticulture]]<br />* [[List of botanical journals]]<br />* [[List of botanists]]<br />* [[List of botanists by author abbreviation]]<br />* [[List of publications in biology]]<br />* [[Paleobotany]]<br />* [[Plant community]]<br />* [[Plant sexuality]]<br />* [[Soil science]]<br />* [[Tree]]s<br />* [[Vegetable]]s and [[List of vegetables]]<br />* [[Vegetation]]</p>
<p>==References==<br />* U.S. Geological Survey. [http://www.nbii.gov/disciplines/botany/ National Biological Information Infrastructure: Botany]</p>
<p>==Further reading==<br />===[[Popular science]] style books on Botany===<br />* [[David Bellamy|Bellamy, D]] ''Bellamy on Botany'', ISBN 0563106662 an accessible and short introduction to various botanical subjects<br />* Capon, B: ''Botany for Gardeners'' ISBN 0881926558<br />* Cohen, J. ''How many people can the earth support?'' W.W. Norton 1995 ISBN 0393314952<br />* Halle, Francis. ''In praise of plants'' ISBN 0881925500. English translation of a poetic advocacy of plants.<br />* King, J. ''Reaching for the sun: How plants work'' ISBN 0521587387. A fluent introduction to how plants work.<br />* [[Thomas Pakenham|Pakenham, T]]: ''Remarkable Trees of the World'' ([[2002]]) ISBN 0297843001<br />* Pakenham, T: ''Meetings with Remarkable Trees'' ([[1996]]) ISBN 0297832557 <br />* Pollan, M ''The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-eye View of the World'' Bloomsbury ISBN 0747563004 Account of the [[co-evolution]] of plants and humans<br />* Thomas, B.A.: ''The evolution of plants and flowers'' St Martin's Press [[1981]] ISBN 0312272715<br />* Walker, D. ''Energy, Plants and Man'' ISBN 1870232054 A presentation of the basic concepts of photosynthesis</p>
<p>===Academic and Scientific books on Botany===<br />* Buchanan, B.B., Gruissem, W & Jones, R.L. (2000) ''Biochemistry & molecular biology of plants''. American Society of Plant Physiologists ISBN 0943088399<br />* Crawford, R. M. M. (1989). ''Studies in plant survival''. Blackwell. ISBN 063201475X<br />* Crawley, M. J. (1997). ''Plant ecology''. Blackwell Scientific. ISBN 0632036397<br />* Ennos, R and Sheffield, E ''Plant life'', Blackwell Science, ISBN 0865427372 Introduction to plant [[biodiversity]]<br />* Fitter, A & Hay, R ''Environmental physiology of plants'' 3rd edition Sept 2001 Harcourt Publishers, Academic Press ISBN 0122577663<br />* Lawlor, D.W. (2000) ''Photosynthesis'' BIOS ISBN 1859961576<br />* Matthews, R. E. F. ''Fundamentals of plant virology'' Academic Press,1992.<br />* Mauseth, J.D.: ''Botany : an introduction to plant biology''. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, ISBN 0763721344 - A first year undergraduate level textbook<br />* Raven, P.H, Evert R.H and Eichhorn, S.E: ''Biology of Plants'', Freeman. ISBN 1572590416 - A first year undergraduate level textbook<br />* Richards, P. W. (1996). ''The tropical rainforest''. 2nd ed. C.U.P. (Pbk) ISBN 0521421942 £32.50<br />* Ridge, I. (2002) ''Plants'' [[Oxford University Press]] ISBN 0199255482<br />* Salisbury, FB and Ross, CW: ''[[Plant physiology]]'' Wadsworth publishing company ISBN 0534151620<br />* Stace, C. A. ''A new [[Flora (plants)|flora]] of the British Isles''. 2nd ed. C.U.P.,1997. ISBN 0521589355<br />* Strange, R. L. ''Introduction to [[plant pathology]]''. Wiley-VCH, 2003. ISBN 0470849738<br />* Taiz, L. & Zeiger, E. (1998). ''Plant physiology''. 3rd ed. August 2002 Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0878938230<br />* Walter, H. (1985). ''[[Vegetation]] of the earth''. 3rd rev. ed. Springer.<br />* Willis, K (2002) ''The evolution of plants'' Oxford University Press ISBN 0198500653 £22-99</p>
<p>==External links==<br />{{book}}<br />[http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PlantGrowth.html plant growth] and [http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PlantCell.html the plant cell] from [http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/ Kimball's Biology Pages]<br />*[http://www.biologynews.info/ Biology News Headlines],<br />*[http://www.botany.org/newsite/botany/ Botanical Society of America: What is Botany?]<br />*[http://www-saps.plantsci.cam.ac.uk/index.htm Science and Plants for Schools]<br />*[http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/mineralogie/palbot/teach/botanyteach.html Teaching Documents about Botany] Teaching documents, lecture notes and tutorials online: an annotated link directory.<br />*[http://www.aspb.org/aboutus/ American society of plant biologists APSB]<br />*[http://www.plantsci.cam.ac.uk/teaching/content.html Why study Plants? Dept of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge]<br />*[http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/ Botany Photo of the Day]<br />*[[David Attenborough]] - [[The Private Life of Plants]]<br />===[[Flora (plants)|Flora]] and other plant [[catalog|catalogues]] or [[database|databases]]===<br />* [http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/www-vl/ The Virtual Library of Botany]<br />* [http://wikisource.org/wiki/NVC-National_Vegetation_Classification%2C_UK_representative_plant_species List of major natural Plant Species in the UK, described in the National Vegetation Classification]<br />* [http://www.kulak.ac.be/bioweb/ High quality pictures of plants and information about them] from Catholic University of Leuven<br />* [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/QK1xC981/ Curtis's Botanical Magazine], 1790-1856 <br />* [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/QK488xE4/ The Trees Of Great Britain and Ireland], by Henry John Elwes & Augustine Henry, 1906-1913 <br />* [http://www.pflanzen-portal.com Botanik-Datenbank] (ger.)</p>
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<p>{{Biology-footer}}<br />[[Category:Botany|*]]</p>
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