<p><strong>Flow cytometry</strong> is a technique for counting, examining, and sorting microscopic particles suspended in a stream of fluid. It allows simultaneous multiparametric analysis of the physical and/or chemical characteristics of single cells flowing through an optical and/or electronic detection apparatus.</p>

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<p>A beam of light (usually laser light) of a single wavelength is directed onto a hydro-dynamically focused stream of fluid. A number of detectors are aimed at the point where the stream passes through the light beam; one in line with the light beam (Forward Scatter or FSC) and several perpendicular to it (Side Scatter (SSC) and one or more fluorescent detectors). Each suspended particle passing through the beam scatters the light in some way, and fluorescent chemicals found in the particle or attached to the particle may be excited into emitting light at a lower frequency than the light source. This combination of scattered and fluorescent light is picked up by the detectors, and by analysing fluctuations in brightness at each detector (one for each fluorescent emission peak) it is then possible to extrapolate various types of information about the physical and chemical structure of each individual particle. FSC correlates with the cell volume and SSC depends on the inner complexity of the particle (i.e. shape of the nucleus, the amount and type of cytoplasmic granules or the membrane roughness). Some flow cytometers on the market have eliminated the need for fluorescence and use only light scatter for measurement. Other flow cytometers form images of each cell's fluorescence, scattered light, and transmitted light.</p>

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<p>Modern flow cytometers are able to analyse several thousand particles every second, in &quot;real time&quot;, and can actively separate and isolate particles having specified properties. A flow cytometer is similar to a microscope, except that instead of producing an image of the cell, flow cytometry offers &quot;high-throughput&quot; (for a large number of cells) automated quantification of set parameters. To analyze solid tissues single-cell suspension must first be prepared.</p>

<p>A flow cytometer has 5 main components:</p>

<p>The data generated by flow-cytometers can be plotted in a single dimension, to produce a histogram, or in two dimensional dot plots or even in three dimensions. The regions on these plots can be sequentially separated, based on fluorescence intensity, by creating a series of subset extractions, termed &quot;gates&quot;. Specific gating protocols exist for diagnostic and clinical purposes especially in relation to haematology. The plots are often made on logarithmic scales. Because different fluorescent dyes' emission spectra overlap [1], signals at the detectors have to be compensated electronically as well as computationally.</p>

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<p>Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) is a specialised type of flow cytometry. It provides a method for sorting a heterogeneous mixture of biological cells into two or more containers, one cell at a time, based upon the specific light scattering and fluorescent characteristics of each cell. It is a useful scientific instrument as it provides fast, objective and quantitative recording of fluorescent signals from individual cells as well as physical separation of cells of particular interest. The acronym FACS is trademarked and owned by Becton Dickinson<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup>. While many immunologists use this term frequently for all types of sorting and non-sorting applications, it is not a generic term for flow cytometry. The first cell sorter was invented by Mack Fulwyler in 1965 using the principle of Coulter volume a relatively difficult technique to use for sorting and one no longer used in modern instruments. The technique was expanded by Len Herzenberg who was responsible for coining the term FACS. Herzenberg won the Kyoto Prize in 2006 for his work in flow cytometry.</p>

<p>The cell suspension is entrained in the center of a narrow, rapidly flowing stream of liquid. The flow is arranged so that there is a large separation between cells relative to their diameter. A vibrating mechanism causes the stream of cells to break into individual droplets. The system is adjusted so that there is a low probability of more than one cell being in a droplet. Just before the stream breaks into droplets the flow passes through a fluorescence measuring station where the fluorescent character of interest of each cell is measured. An electrical charging ring is placed just at the point where the stream breaks into droplets. A charge is placed on the ring based on the immediately prior fluorescence intensity measurement and the opposite charge is trapped on the droplet as it breaks from the stream. The charged droplets then fall through an electrostatic deflection system that diverts droplets into containers based upon their charge. In some systems the charge is applied directly to the stream and the droplet breaking off retains charge of the same sign as the stream. The stream is then returned to neutral after the droplet breaks off.</p>

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<p>The fluorescence labels that can be used, will depend on the lamp or laser used to excite the fluorochromes and on the detectors available:<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup></p>

<dl><dt>Blue Argon Laser (488 nm) </dt></dl>

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<p>This list is very long and constantly expanding.</p>

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<p>The technology has applications in a number of fields, including molecular biology, pathology, immunology, plant biology and marine biology. In the field of molecular biology it is especially useful when used with fluorescence tagged antibodies. These specific antibodies bind to antigens on the target cells and help to give information on specific characteristics of the cells being studied in the cytometer. It has broad application in medicine (especially in transplantation, hematology, tumor immunology and chemotherapy, genetics and sperm sorting in IVF). In marine biology, the auto-fluorescent properties of photosynthetic plankton can be exploited by flow cytometry in order to characterise abundance and community structure. In protein engineering, flow cytometry is used in conjunction with yeast display and bacterial display to identify cell surface-displayed protein variants with desired properties.</p>

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<li>Fluorescence microscopy </li>

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<ul>

<li>Flow Cytometry First Principles by Alice Longobardi Givan ISBN 0471382248 </li>

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<li><a class="external text" title="http://probes.invitrogen.com/resources/education/" rel="nofollow" href="http://probes.invitrogen.com/resources/education/">Tutorials on fluorescence and flow cytometry</a> </li>