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<p>Estrogens are used as part of some oral contraceptives, in estrogen replacement therapy of postmenopausal women, and in hormone therapy for transsexual women.</p>
<p>Like all steroid hormones, estrogens readily diffuse across the cell membrane; inside the cell, they interact with estrogen receptors.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline">Types of estrogen</span></h2>
<p>The three major naturally occurring estrogens in women are estradiol, estriol, and estrone. In the body these are all produced from androgens through actions of enzymes.</p>
<div class="references-small">
<ol class="references">
<li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Nussey and Whitehead: <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=endocrin.TOC&depth=10" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=endocrin.TOC&depth=10" rel="nofollow">Endocrinology, an integrated approach</a></em>, Taylor and Francis 2001 </li>
<li id="_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen#_ref-1">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Fang H, Tong W, Shi L, Blair R, Perkins R, Branham W, Hass B, Xie Q, Dial S, Moland C, Sheehan D (2001). "Structure-activity relationships for a large diverse set of natural, synthetic, and environmental estrogens.". <em>Chem Res Toxicol</em> <strong>14</strong> (3): 280-94. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11258977" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11258977">PMID 11258977</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004%26rft_val_fmt%3Dinfo%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.atitle=Structure-activity+relationships+for+a+large+diverse+set+of+natural%2C+synthetic%2C+and+environmental+estrogens.&rft.title=Chem+Res+Toxicol&rft.jtitle=Chem+Res+Toxicol&rft.date=2001&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.au=Fang+H%2C+Tong+W%2C+Shi+L%2C+Blair+R%2C+Perkins+R%2C+Branham+W%2C+Hass+B%2C+Xie+Q%2C+Dial+S%2C+Moland+C%2C+Sheehan+D&rft.pages=280-94"> </span> </li>
<li id="_note-2"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen#_ref-2">^</a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://www.scienceblog.com/community/older/1997/B/199701564.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.scienceblog.com/community/older/1997/B/199701564.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.scienceblog.com/community/older/1997/B/199701564.html</a> </li> <li id="_note-3"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen#_ref-3">^</a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc97/12_6_97/fob1.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc97/12_6_97/fob1.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc97/12_6_97/fob1.htm</a> </li> <li id="_note-4"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen#_ref-4">^</a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://www.phimr.monash.edu.au/news/media_releases/estrogen_vital_for_male_sex_drive.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.phimr.monash.edu.au/news/media_releases/estrogen_vital_for_male_sex_drive.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.phimr.monash.edu.au/news/media_releases/estrogen_vital_for_male_sex_drive.htm</a> - 20k </li> <li id="_note-5"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen#_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a class="external free" title="http://www.breastcancer.org/tre_sys_hrt_idx.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.breastcancer.org/tre_sys_hrt_idx.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.breastcancer.org/tre_sys_hrt_idx.html</a> </li>
<li id="_note-6"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen#_ref-6">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Warnock JK, Swanson SG, Borel RW, Zipfel LM, Brennan JJ. (2005). "Combined esterified estrogens and methyltestosterone versus esterified estrogens alone in the treatment of loss of sexual interest in surgically menopausal women". <em>Menopause</em> <strong>12</strong> (4): 374-84. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16037752" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16037752">PMID 16037752</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004%26rft_val_fmt%3Dinfo%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.atitle=Combined+esterified+estrogens+and+methyltestosterone+versus+esterified+estrogens+alone+in+the+treatment+of+loss+of+sexual+interest+in+surgically+menopausal+women&rft.title=Menopause&rft.jtitle=Menopause&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.au=Warnock+JK%2C+Swanson+SG%2C+Borel+RW%2C+Zipfel+LM%2C+Brennan+JJ.&rft.pages=374-84"> </span> </li>
<li id="_note-7"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen#_ref-7">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Massaro D, Massaro GD (2004). "Estrogen regulates pulmonary alveolar formation, loss, and regeneration in mice". <em>American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology</em> <strong>287</strong> (6): L1154-9. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15298854" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15298854">PMID 15298854</a> url=<a class="external free" title="http://ajplung.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/287/6/L1154" rel="nofollow" href="http://ajplung.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/287/6/L1154" rel="nofollow">http://ajplung.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/287/6/L1154</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004%26rft_val_fmt%3Dinfo%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.atitle=Estrogen+regulates+pulmonary+alveolar+formation%2C+loss%2C+and+regeneration+in+mice&rft.title=American+Journal+of+Physiology.+Lung+Cellular+and+Molecular+Physiology&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physiology.+Lung+Cellular+and+Molecular+Physiology&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=287&rft.issue=6&rft.au=Massaro+D%2C+Massaro+GD&rft.pages=L1154-9"> </span> </li> <li id="_note-8"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen#_ref-8">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.nih.gov/PHTindex.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nih.gov/PHTindex.htm" rel="nofollow">Menopausal Hormone Therapy Information</a> - <a title="NIH" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIH">NIH</a> </li> <li id="_note-9"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen#_ref-9">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16396517&query_hl=55&itool=pubmed_docsum" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16396517&query_hl=55&itool=pubmed_docsum" rel="nofollow">Effects of transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on cardiovascular risk factors (Treat Endocrinol.)</a> - <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16396517" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16396517">PMID 16396517</a> </li> <li id="_note-10"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen#_ref-10">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.breastcancer.org/tre_sys_hrt_idx.htmlHormonal" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.breastcancer.org/tre_sys_hrt_idx.htmlHormonal" rel="nofollow">Therapy</a> - breastcancer.org </li> <li id="_note-11"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen#_ref-11">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Kurzer, Mindy S. (2002). "<a class="external text" title="http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/132/3/570S" rel="nofollow" href="http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/132/3/570S" rel="nofollow">Hormonal Effects of Soy in Premenopausal Women and Men</a>". <em>J. Nutr.</em> <strong>132</strong> (3): 570-573. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11880595" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11880595">PMID 11880595</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="March 27" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_27">03-27</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004%26rft_val_fmt%3Dinfo%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.atitle=Hormonal+Effects+of+Soy+in+Premenopausal+Women+and+Men&rft.title=J.+Nutr.&rft.jtitle=J.+Nutr.&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=3&rft.aulast=Kurzer&rft.aufirst=Mindy+S.&rft.pages=570-573&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjn.nutrition.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F132%2F3%2F570S"> </span> </li> <li id="_note-12"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen#_ref-12">^</a></strong> Joyce M. Lee and Joel D. Howell. <a class="external text" title="http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/160/10/1035" rel="nofollow" href="http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/160/10/1035" rel="nofollow">Tall Girls: The Social Shaping of a Medical Therapy</a> <em>Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine</em>, Vol. 160 No. 10, October 2006. </li> <li id="_note-13"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen#_ref-13">^</a></strong> Daniel F. Gunther and Douglas S. Diekema. <a class="external text" title="http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/160/10/1013" rel="nofollow" href="http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/160/10/1013" rel="nofollow">Attenuating Growth in Children With Profound Developmental Disability</a>. <em>Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine</em>, Vol. 160 No. 10, October 2006. </li> <li id="_note-14"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen#_ref-14">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15046698&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15046698&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow">The evolving role of estrogen therapy in prostate cancer (Clin. Prostate Cancer.)</a> <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15046698" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15046698">PMID 15046698</a> </li> <li id="_note-15"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen#_ref-15">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://ki.se/ki/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=130&a=22684&l=en&newsdep=130" rel="nofollow" href="http://ki.se/ki/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=130&a=22684&l=en&newsdep=130" rel="nofollow">Bulimia May Result from Hormonal Imbalance</a> </li> <li id="_note-16"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen#_ref-16">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Hsieh, Ya-Ching; Huang-Ping Yu et. al (2007-04-01). "<a class="external text" title="http://ajp.amjpathol.org/cgi/content/abstract/170/4/1210" rel="nofollow" href="http://ajp.amjpathol.org/cgi/content/abstract/170/4/1210" rel="nofollow">G Protein-Coupled Receptor 30-Dependent Protein Kinase A Pathway Is Critical in Nongenomic Effects of Estrogen in Attenuating Liver Injury after Trauma-Hemorrhage</a>". <em>Am. J. Pathol.</em> <strong>170</strong>: 1210-1218. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">DOI</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.2353/ajpath.2007.060883" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2353/ajpath.2007.060883" rel="nofollow">10.2353/ajpath.2007.060883</a>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17392161" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17392161">PMID 17392161</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="April 3" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_3">04-03</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004%26rft_val_fmt%3Dinfo%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.atitle=G+Protein-Coupled+Receptor+30-Dependent+Protein+Kinase+A+Pathway+Is+Critical+in+Nongenomic+Effects+of+Estrogen+in+Attenuating+Liver+Injury+after+Trauma-Hemorrhage&rft.title=Am.+J.+Pathol.&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Pathol.&rft.date=2007-04-01&rft.volume=170&rft.aulast=Hsieh&rft.aufirst=Ya-Ching&rft.pages=1210-1218&rft_id=info:doi/10.2353%2Fajpath.2007.060883&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajp.amjpathol.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F170%2F4%2F1210"> </span> </li> <li id="_note-fdanewlabel"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen#_ref-fdanewlabel_0">^</a></strong> FDA (2003, Jan 8). <a class="external text" title="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2003/NEW00863.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2003/NEW00863.html" rel="nofollow">FDA Approves New Labels for Estrogen and Estrogen with Progestin Therapies for Postmenopausal Women Following Review of Women's Health Initiative Data</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a>-<a title="October 26" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_26">10-26</a>. </li> <li id="_note-Times"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen#_ref-Times_0">^</a></strong> Kolata, Gina (2003, Jan 9). <a class="external text" title="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9C00E0DD103EF93AA35752C0A9659C8B63" rel="nofollow" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9C00E0DD103EF93AA35752C0A9659C8B63" rel="nofollow">F.D.A. Orders Warning on All Estrogen Labels</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved on <a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a>-<a title="October 26" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_26">10-26</a>. </li> <li id="_note-Medline"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen#_ref-Medline_0">^</a></strong> NLM (2006, Apr 1). <a class="external text" title="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682922.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682922.html" rel="nofollow">IMPORTANT WARNING</a>. <em>Drug Information: Estrogen</em>. MedlinePlus. Retrieved on <a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a>-<a title="October 26" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_26">10-26</a>. </li> <li id="_note-17"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen#_ref-17">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/17/science/17puberty.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/17/science/17puberty.html" rel="nofollow">Preschool Puberty, and a Search for the Causes</a>, <em><a title="The New York Times" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times">The New York Times</a></em>, 17 October 2006. </li> <li id="_note-18"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen#_ref-18">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.nobreastcyst.com/shampoo.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nobreastcyst.com/shampoo.html" rel="nofollow">Shampoos Contain Large Clinical Doses of Estrogen that Will Cause Breast Cysts</a>, <em>New Scientist</em>, April 03, 2002 </li>
<li id="_note-19"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen#_ref-19">^</a></strong> Su-Ting <em>et al.</em> Hormone-Containing Hair Product Use in Prepubertal Children. <em>Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine</em>, vol 156, p. 85. January 2002. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11772198" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11772198">PMID 11772198</a> </li>
<li id="_note-FDA_cosmetics">^ <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen#_ref-FDA_cosmetics_0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a> <a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen#_ref-FDA_cosmetics_1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a> FDA (1995, Feb). <a class="external text" title="http://www.fda.gov/ora/inspect_ref/igs/cosmet.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.fda.gov/ora/inspect_ref/igs/cosmet.html" rel="nofollow">Products containing estrogenic hormones, placental extract or vitamins</a>. <em>Guide to Inspections of Cosmetic Product Manufacturers</em>. Retrieved on <a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a>-<a title="October 24" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_24">10-24</a>. </li> <li id="_note-20"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen#_ref-20">^</a></strong> Rothenberg, Carla J. (2005-04-25). <a class="external text" title="http://leda.law.harvard.edu/leda/data/711/Rothenberg05.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://leda.law.harvard.edu/leda/data/711/Rothenberg05.pdf" rel="nofollow">The Rise and Fall of Estrogen Therapy: The History of HRT</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a>-<a title="October 27" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_27">10-27</a>. </li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline">External links and further reading</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a title="MedlinePlus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus DrugInfo</a> <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682922.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682922.html" rel="nofollow">medmaster-a682922</a></em> </li> <li>Nussey and Whitehead: <em><a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=endocrin.TOC&depth=10" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=endocrin.TOC&depth=10" rel="nofollow">Endocrinology, an integrated approach</a></em>, Taylor and Francis 2001. Free online textbook. </li>
</ul>
<p><br />