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<p><font color="#000000"><strong>Retinopathy</strong> is a general term that refers to some form of non-inflammatory damage to the retina of the eye. Frequently, retinopathy is an ocular manifestation of systemic disease.<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from December 2008"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup></font></p>
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<h2><span id="Pathophysiology" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Pathophysiology</font></span></h2>
<p><font color="#000000">Causes of retinopathy are varied:</font></p>
<ul>
<li><font color="#000000">diabetes - diabetic retinopathy<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2008"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> </font></li>
<li><font color="#000000">arterial hypertension - hypertensive retinopathy<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2008"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> </font></li>
<li><font color="#000000">prematurity of the newborn - retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2008"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> </font></li>
<li><font color="#000000">sickle cell anemia<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2008"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> </font></li>
<li><font color="#000000">genetic retinopathy<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2008"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> </font></li>
<li><font color="#000000">ciliopathy<sup id="cite_ref-badano2006_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup> </font></li>
<li><font color="#000000">direct sunlight exposure - solar retinopathy<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2008"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> </font></li>
<li><font color="#000000">medicinal products - drug-related retinopathy<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2008"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> </font></li>
<li><font color="#000000">retinal vein or artery occlusion<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2008"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> </font></li>
</ul>
<p><font color="#000000">Many types of retinopathy are progressive and may result in blindness or severe vision loss or impairment, particularly if the macula becomes affected.<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2008"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup></font></p>
<p><font color="#000000">Retinopathy is diagnosed by an optometrist or an ophthalmologist during ophthalmoscopy. Treatment depends on the cause of the disease.</font></p>
<h3><span id="Relation_of_genetic_retinopathies_to_other_rare_genetic_disorders" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Relation of genetic retinopathies to other rare genetic disorders</font></span></h3>
<p><font color="#000000">Recent findings in genetic research have suggested that a large number of genetic disorders, both genetic syndromes and genetic diseases, that were not previously identified in the medical literature as related, may be, in fact, highly related in the genotypical root cause of the widely-varying, phenotypically-observed disorders. Thus, some genetically-caused retinopathies are the result of one or more underlying ciliopathies, an emerging new class of human genetic disorders. Other known ciliopathies include primary ciliary dyskinesia, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, polycystic kidney and liver disease, nephronophthisis, Alstrom syndrome, and Meckel-Gruber syndrome.<sup id="cite_ref-badano2006_0-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup>.</font></p>
<p><font color="#000000">The protein siah-I is the carrier of the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, or GADPH. The enzyme moves from its cytosolic environment to the cell's nucleus to create energy, where cell death occurs. A high glucose environment induces this cell death typically for people with diabetes.</font></p>
<h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2>
<div class="references-small">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-badano2006-0"><font color="#000000">^ <sup><em><strong><font size="2">a</font></strong></em></sup> <sup><em><strong><font size="2">b</font></strong></em></sup> <span class="citation Journal">Badano JL, Mitsuma N, Beales PL, Katsanis N (2006). "The ciliopathies: an emerging class of human genetic disorders". <em>Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet</em> <strong>7</strong>: 125–48. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1146/annurev.genom.7.080505.115610</span>. PMID 16722803<span class="printonly">. http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.genom.7.080505.115610</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+ciliopathies%3A+an+emerging+class+of+human+genetic+disorders&rft.jtitle=Annu+Rev+Genomics+Hum+Genet&rft.aulast=Badano+JL%2C+Mitsuma+N%2C+Beales+PL%2C+Katsanis+N&rft.au=Badano+JL%2C+Mitsuma+N%2C+Beales+PL%2C+Katsanis+N&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=125%E2%80%9348&rft_id=info:doi/10.1146%2Fannurev.genom.7.080505.115610&rft_id=info:pmid/16722803&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farjournals.annualreviews.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.genom.7.080505.115610&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Retinopathy"><span style="DISPLAY: none"> </span></span> </font></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">See also</font></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><font color="#000000">List of eye diseases and disorders </font></li>
<li><font color="#000000">List of systemic diseases with ocular manifestations </font></li>
</ul>
<h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">External links</font></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.eyetalk.co.uk" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Eyetalk - Forum for Retinal Screeners</font></a> </li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.hhmi.org/bulletin/sept2005/features/cilia.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">The Importance of Being Cilia</font></a> Accessible article at <a title="Howard Hughes Medical Institute" href="/wiki/Howard_Hughes_Medical_Institute"><font color="#002bb8">Howard Hughes Medical Institute</font></a> on the importance and extensive use of <a class="mw-redirect" title="Cilia" href="/wiki/Cilia"><font color="#002bb8">cilia</font></a> and <a title="Basal body" href="/wiki/Basal_body"><font color="#002bb8">basal bodies</font></a> in many organ systems of human physiology, including for transfer of retinal nutrients. </li>
</ul>
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<h2><span id="Pathophysiology" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Pathophysiology</font></span></h2>
<p><font color="#000000">Causes of retinopathy are varied:</font></p>
<ul>
<li><font color="#000000">diabetes - diabetic retinopathy<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2008"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> </font></li>
<li><font color="#000000">arterial hypertension - hypertensive retinopathy<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2008"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> </font></li>
<li><font color="#000000">prematurity of the newborn - retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2008"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> </font></li>
<li><font color="#000000">sickle cell anemia<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2008"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> </font></li>
<li><font color="#000000">genetic retinopathy<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2008"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> </font></li>
<li><font color="#000000">ciliopathy<sup id="cite_ref-badano2006_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup> </font></li>
<li><font color="#000000">direct sunlight exposure - solar retinopathy<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2008"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> </font></li>
<li><font color="#000000">medicinal products - drug-related retinopathy<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2008"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> </font></li>
<li><font color="#000000">retinal vein or artery occlusion<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2008"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> </font></li>
</ul>
<p><font color="#000000">Many types of retinopathy are progressive and may result in blindness or severe vision loss or impairment, particularly if the macula becomes affected.<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2008"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup></font></p>
<p><font color="#000000">Retinopathy is diagnosed by an optometrist or an ophthalmologist during ophthalmoscopy. Treatment depends on the cause of the disease.</font></p>
<h3><span id="Relation_of_genetic_retinopathies_to_other_rare_genetic_disorders" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Relation of genetic retinopathies to other rare genetic disorders</font></span></h3>
<p><font color="#000000">Recent findings in genetic research have suggested that a large number of genetic disorders, both genetic syndromes and genetic diseases, that were not previously identified in the medical literature as related, may be, in fact, highly related in the genotypical root cause of the widely-varying, phenotypically-observed disorders. Thus, some genetically-caused retinopathies are the result of one or more underlying ciliopathies, an emerging new class of human genetic disorders. Other known ciliopathies include primary ciliary dyskinesia, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, polycystic kidney and liver disease, nephronophthisis, Alstrom syndrome, and Meckel-Gruber syndrome.<sup id="cite_ref-badano2006_0-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup>.</font></p>
<p><font color="#000000">The protein siah-I is the carrier of the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, or GADPH. The enzyme moves from its cytosolic environment to the cell's nucleus to create energy, where cell death occurs. A high glucose environment induces this cell death typically for people with diabetes.</font></p>
<h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2>
<div class="references-small">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-badano2006-0"><font color="#000000">^ <sup><em><strong><font size="2">a</font></strong></em></sup> <sup><em><strong><font size="2">b</font></strong></em></sup> <span class="citation Journal">Badano JL, Mitsuma N, Beales PL, Katsanis N (2006). "The ciliopathies: an emerging class of human genetic disorders". <em>Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet</em> <strong>7</strong>: 125–48. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1146/annurev.genom.7.080505.115610</span>. PMID 16722803<span class="printonly">. http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.genom.7.080505.115610</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+ciliopathies%3A+an+emerging+class+of+human+genetic+disorders&rft.jtitle=Annu+Rev+Genomics+Hum+Genet&rft.aulast=Badano+JL%2C+Mitsuma+N%2C+Beales+PL%2C+Katsanis+N&rft.au=Badano+JL%2C+Mitsuma+N%2C+Beales+PL%2C+Katsanis+N&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=125%E2%80%9348&rft_id=info:doi/10.1146%2Fannurev.genom.7.080505.115610&rft_id=info:pmid/16722803&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farjournals.annualreviews.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.genom.7.080505.115610&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Retinopathy"><span style="DISPLAY: none"> </span></span> </font></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">See also</font></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><font color="#000000">List of eye diseases and disorders </font></li>
<li><font color="#000000">List of systemic diseases with ocular manifestations </font></li>
</ul>
<h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">External links</font></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.eyetalk.co.uk" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Eyetalk - Forum for Retinal Screeners</font></a> </li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.hhmi.org/bulletin/sept2005/features/cilia.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">The Importance of Being Cilia</font></a> Accessible article at <a title="Howard Hughes Medical Institute" href="/wiki/Howard_Hughes_Medical_Institute"><font color="#002bb8">Howard Hughes Medical Institute</font></a> on the importance and extensive use of <a class="mw-redirect" title="Cilia" href="/wiki/Cilia"><font color="#002bb8">cilia</font></a> and <a title="Basal body" href="/wiki/Basal_body"><font color="#002bb8">basal bodies</font></a> in many organ systems of human physiology, including for transfer of retinal nutrients. </li>
</ul>