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Warburg hypothesis

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Warburg's hypothesis was postulated by the Nobel laureate </span~~>Otto Heinrich Warburg~~~~ in 1924.[1]</span~~></font~~> He hypothesized that </span~~>cancer~~~~, malignant growth, and </span~~>tumor~~~~ growth are caused by the fact that tumor cells mainly generate energy<~~font color~~span class="~~#002bb8">energy (as e.g. </span~~>adenosine triphosphate~~~~ / ATP) by non-oxidative breakdown of glucose<~~font color~~span class="~~#002bb8">glucose (a process called </span~~>glycolysis~~~~). This is in contrast to "healthy" cells which mainly generate energy from oxidative breakdown of pyruvate. Pyruvate is an end-product of glycolysis, and is<~~font color="#002bb8">glycolysis, and is<span~~ span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span~~>oxidized~~~~ within the ~~mitochondria~~mitochondria. Hence, according to Warburg, cancer should be interpreted as a </span~~>mitochondrial~~~~ dysfunction. Warburg reported a fundamental difference between normal and cancerous cells to be the ratio of glycolysis to respiration; this observation is also known as the Warburg effect.Warburg effect.<~~>It is now known that cancer is caused by mutations<~~font color~~span class="~~#002bb8"~~Apple-converted-space">~~mutations~~ </~~font~~span>in the ~~in the~~genome ~~genome~~of the ~~of the cells~~cells in a process called </span~~>malignant transformation~~~~, resulting in an uncontrolled growth of cells.[2]</span~~></font~~>~~[~~[3]</span~~></font~~> The metabolic differences observed by Warburg are now thought to be an adaption of cancer cells to the </span~~>hypoxic~~~~ (oxygen-deficient) conditions inside solid tumors, and therefore not the cause, as he claimed, but an effect of cancer.~~Warburg~~ Warburg articulated his hypothesis in a paper entitled The Prime Cause and Prevention of Cancer which he presented in lecture at the meeting of the Nobel-Laureates on June 30, 1966 at </span~~>Lindau~~~~, Lake Constance, Germany. In this speech, Warburg presented evidence in support of the claim that anaerobiosis<~~font color~~span class="~~#002bb8">anaerobiosis was a primary cause of cancerous cells. Put in his own words, "the prime cause of cancer is the replacement of the respiration of oxygen in normal body cells by a fermentation of sugar."[4]</~~font~~sup></~~sup~~font>In In recent years, Warburg's hypothesis has re-gained attention due to several discoveries linking ~~impairedmitochondrial~~impairedmitochondrial function as well as impaired respiration to the growth, division and expansion of tumor cells. In a study by Michael Ristow<~~font color~~span class="~~#002bb8">Michael Ristow and co-workers, </span~~>colon cancer~~~~ lines were modified to overexpress ~~frataxin. The results~~ frataxin. The results of their work suggest that an increase in oxidative metabolism induced by mitochondrial frataxin may inhibit cancer growth in mammals.[5]</~~font~~sup></~~sup~~font>~~Subsequent work has~~ Subsequent work has shown that the Warburg effect, indeed, might lead to a promising approach in the treatment of solid tumors. The drug </span~~>dichloroacetic acid~~~~, which promotes respiration and the activity of mitochondria, has been shown to kill cancer cells in vitro and in some animal models.[6]</span~~></font~~> The body often kills damaged cells by </span~~>apoptosis~~~~, a mechanism of self-destruction that involves mitochondria, but this mechanism fails in cancer cells where the mitochondria are shut down. According to one hypothesis, the reactivation of mitochondria in cancer cells might also restart their apoptosis program.[7]</span~~></font~~>~~[~~[8]</~~font~~sup></~~sup~~font><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" id="See_also" name="See_also"></a><h2 style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.17em; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.6em; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 19px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; PADDING-TOP: 0.5em; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial">[[edit]]See also</h2>

<li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em">Carcinogen </li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em">2-Deoxy-D-glucose </li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em">Ketogenic diet </li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em">Pyruvic acid </li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em">Respiration </li>

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<a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" id="References" name="References"></a><h2 style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.17em; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.6em; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 19px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; PADDING-TOP: 0.5em; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial">[<a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Edit section: References" href="http://biopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warburg_hypothesis&action=edit&section=2">edit</a>]References</h2>

~~<li style="MARGIN-~~ <li style="MARGIN-

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<a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" id="Further_reading" name="Further_reading"></a><h2 style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.17em; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.6em; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 19px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; PADDING-TOP: 0.5em; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial">[<a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Edit section: Further reading" href="http://biopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warburg_hypothesis&action=edit&section=3">edit</a>]Further reading</h2>

<li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal; WORD-WRAP: break-word" id="CITEREFWarburg_O" class="">Warburg O (<a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="February 24" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/February_24">24 February</a> <a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="1956" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/1956">1956</a>). "On the Origin of Cancer Cells". <a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Science (journal)" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)">Science</a> 123 (3191): 309–14.<a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Digital object identifier" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.123.3191.309" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.123.3191.309">10.1126/science.123.3191.309</a>. <a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13298683" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13298683">PMID 13298683</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+the+Origin+of+Cancer+Cells&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience+%28journal%29%7CScience%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Warburg+O&rft.au=Warburg+O&rft.date=%5B%5B24+February%5D%5D+%5B%5B1956%5D%5D&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=3191&rft.pages=309%E2%80%9314&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.123.3191.309&rft_id=info:pmid/13298683&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Warburg_hypothesis"> </li>

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