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<h2><span class="mw-headline">Immunotherapy</span></h2>

<p>The use of immune system components to treat a disease or disorder is known as immunotherapy. Immunotherapy is most commonly used in the context of the treatment of cancers together with chemotherapy (drugs) and radiotherapy (radiation). However, immunotherapy is also often used in the immunosuppressed (such as HIV patients) and people suffering from other immune deficiencies or autoimmune diseases.</p>

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<h2><span class="mw-headline">Diagnostic immunology</span></h2>

<p>The specificity of the bond between antibody and antigen has made it an excellent tool in the detection of substances in a variety of diagnostic techniques. Antibodies specific for a desired antigen can be conjugated with a radiolabel, fluorescent label, or color-forming enzyme and are used as a &quot;probe&quot; to detect it.</p>

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<p>A development of complexity of the immune system can be seen from simple phagocytotic protection of single celled organisms, to circulating antimicrobial peptides in insects to lymphoid organs in vertebrates. Of course, like much of evolutionary observation, these physical properties are often seen from the anthropocentric aspect. It should be recognised, that every organism living today has an immune system absolutely capable of protecting it from most forms of harm; those organisms that did not adapt their immune systems to external threats are no longer around to be observed.</p>

<p>Insects and other arthropods, while not possessing true adaptive immunity, show highly evolved systems of innate immunity, and are additionally protected from external injury (and exposure to pathogens) by their chitinous shells.</p>

<h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2>

<ul>

<li><a class="external text" title="http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcimmunol/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcimmunol/">BMC: Immunology</a>- <a title="BioMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioMed_Central">BioMed Central</a>:Immunology is an <a title="Open access journal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_journal">open access journal</a> publishing original peer-reviewed research articles. </li>

<li><a title="Nature Reviews Immunology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Reviews_Immunology">Nature Reviews Immunology</a> (<a class="external text" title="http://www.nature.com/nri/index.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/nri/index.html">journal home</a>) </li>

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