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<p><strong>Genetics</strong> (from the <a title="Greek language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"><font color="#0066cc">Greek</font></a> <em>genno</em> <strong>γεννώ</strong> = give birth) is the <a title="Science" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science"><font color="#0066cc">science</font></a> of <a title="Gene" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"><font color="#0066cc">genes</font></a>, <a title="Heredity" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heredity"><font color="#0066cc">heredity</font></a>, and the <a title="Variation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variation"><font color="#0066cc">variation</font></a> of <a title="Organism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism"><font color="#0066cc">organisms</font></a>.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-Hartl_and_Jones_0"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics#_note-Hartl_and_Jones"><font color="#0066cc">[1]</font></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="_ref-0"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics#_note-0"><font color="#0066cc">[2]</font></a></sup> The phenomenon of inheritance has been implicitly utilized in breeding of organisms and selection for desired traits, and the scientific field of genetics seeks to understand the mechanisms of inheritance.</p>
<p>The genetic information of organisms is contained within the chemical structure of <a title="DNA" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"><font color="#0066cc">DNA</font></a> (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules. Individually inherited traits, corresponding to regions in the DNA sequence, are called <a title="Genes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genes"><font color="#0066cc">genes</font></a>. Genes encode the information necessary for synthesizing <a title="Proteins" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteins"><font color="#0066cc">proteins</font></a> -- complex molecules generally responsible for enzymatic reactions, synthesis, communication and structure within a cell. DNA sequence is transcribed into an intermediate molecule called "<a title="Messenger RNA" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA"><font color="#0066cc">messenger RNA</font></a>", and <a title="Ribosomes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomes"><font color="#0066cc">ribosomes</font></a> translate this sequence to form a chain of amino acids to form a <a title="Protein" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"><font color="#0066cc">protein</font></a>. This process is known as the <a title="Central dogma of molecular biology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology"><font color="#0066cc">central dogma of molecular biology</font></a>.</p>
<p>Although genetics plays a large role in determining the appearance and behavior of organisms, it is the interaction of genetics with the environment that determines the ultimate outcome. Thus, while <a title="Twin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin"><font color="#0066cc">identical twins</font></a> have the same DNA and genes, differences in their experiences during development and childhood results in different <a class="extiw" title="wiktionary:personality" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/personality"><font color="#0066cc">personalities</font></a> and <a title="Fingerprint" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerprint"><font color="#0066cc">fingerprints</font></a>.</p> <a id="History" name="History"></a><p> </p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline">History</span></h2>
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