Difference between revisions of "PCR"

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<span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 160%"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>[[Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR)]]<br /></strong><br />&nbsp;</font></font><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>PCR의 원리 <br /></strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">중합효소</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">연쇄반응</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> (polymerase chain reaction, PCR)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">특정</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> DNA </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">부위를</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">특이적으로</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">반복</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">합성하여</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">시험관내에서</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">원하는</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> DNA </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">분자를</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">증폭시키는</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">방법으로서</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">아주</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">적은</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">양의</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕">DNA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">를</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">이용하여</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">많은</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">양의</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> DNA </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">합성이</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">가능하므로</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">분자</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">생물학적으로</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">제한효소의</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">발견만큼</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">획기적인</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">것이라고</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">할</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">수</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">있다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕">. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">즉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> genomic DNA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">와</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">같은</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">아주</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">큰</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> DNA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">로부터</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">원하는</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> DNA </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">부분만을</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">선택적으로</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">증폭시킨</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">후</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">일반적으로</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">사용되는</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> agarose gel</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">이나</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> polyacrylamide gel </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">상에서</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">뚜렷하게</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">보이는</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> band</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">로</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">가시화할</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">수가</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">있다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕">. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">중합효소</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">연쇄반응을</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">통하여</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> in vitro</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">상에서</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">특정</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">부위의</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> DNA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">를</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> 105</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">~</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕">108</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">배까지</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">수</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">시간</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">내에</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">증폭시킬</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">수</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">있다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">이렇게</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">증폭된</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> DNA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">는</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">여러</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">실험에</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">이용하며</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">실험</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">결과를</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">토대로</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">의학적인</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">연구에</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">응용할</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">수가</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">있다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕">.</span><br />특히 PCR에 사용하는 DNA 중합효소인 Taq polymerase는 고온의 온천수(72-74℃)에서 서식하는 미생물에서 분리한 것으로 72℃에서 활성이 가장 높으며 95℃ 이상의 고온에서도 매우 안정하여 PCR을 자동화시키는데 결정적인 역할을 하게 되었다. <br />PCR의 원리는 DNA의 양쪽 가닥을 주형으로 하여 원하는 DNA를 증폭시키는 방법으로 전체 DNA로부터 원하는 DNA 특정 부분을 선택적으로 증폭시.<br />DNA polymerase가 DNA합성 시작을 위해서는 외가닥 DNA의 주형이 있어야 하므로, double stand(이중가닥)으로 되어있는 주형을 고온(95℃)에서 denaturation(변성)을 시켜야 한다.<br />변성된 single stand DNA의 양 끝에 상보적으로 결합할 수 있는 작은 DNA 조각(primer)을 넣어주어 낮은 온도(50-65℃)에서 annealing(결합).<br />결합한 후에 72-74 ℃에서 Taq polymerase가 DNA 합성을 한다. 이렇게 'denaturation(변성)-annealing(결합)-extension(신장)'의 cycle이 30회 정도 반복 수행되어 DNA를 증폭킨다. 따라서 이론적으로 한 가닥의 주형으로 30회 cycle을 수행하면 230의 DNA 가닥을 얻을 수 있다. <br /><br /></font></font>
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<p>[[Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR)]]</p>
<p><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">* PCR </span></strong><font face="Times New Roman"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">의</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">원리</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 13pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">
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<p>&nbsp;PCR의 원리 <br />중합효소 연쇄반응 (polymerase chain reaction, PCR)은 특정 DNA 부위를 특이적으로 반복 합성하여 시험관내에서 원하는 DNA 분자를 증폭시키는 방법으로서, 아주 적은 양의DNA를 이용하여 많은 양의 DNA 합성이 가능하므로 분자 생물학적으로 제한효소의 발견만큼 획기적인 것이라고 할 수 있다. 즉 genomic DNA와 같은 아주 큰 DNA로부터 원하는 DNA 부분만을 선택적으로 증폭시킨 후 일반적으로 사용되는 agarose gel이나 polyacrylamide gel 상에서 뚜렷하게 보이는 band로 가시화할 수가 있다. 중합효소 연쇄반응을 통하여 in vitro상에서 특정 부위의 DNA를 105~108배까지 수 시간 내에 증폭시킬 수 있다, 이렇게 증폭된 DNA는 여러 실험에 이용하며, 실험 결과를 토대로 의학적인 연구에 응용할 수가 있다.<br />특히 PCR에 사용하는 DNA 중합효소인 Taq polymerase는 고온의 온천수(72-74℃)에서 서식하는 미생물에서 분리한 것으로 72℃에서 활성이 가장 높으며 95℃ 이상의 고온에서도 매우 안정하여 PCR을 자동화시키는데 결정적인 역할을 하게 되었다. <br />PCR의 원리는 DNA의 양쪽 가닥을 주형으로 하여 원하는 DNA를 증폭시키는 방법으로 전체 DNA로부터 원하는 DNA 특정 부분을 선택적으로 증폭시.<br />DNA polymerase가 DNA합성 시작을 위해서는 외가닥 DNA의 주형이 있어야 하므로, double stand(이중가닥)으로 되어있는 주형을 고온(95℃)에서 denaturation(변성)을 시켜야 한다.<br />변성된 single stand DNA의 양 끝에 상보적으로 결합할 수 있는 작은 DNA 조각(primer)을 넣어주어 낮은 온도(50-65℃)에서 annealing(결합).<br />결합한 후에 72-74 ℃에서 Taq polymerase가 DNA 합성을 한다. 이렇게 'denaturation(변성)-annealing(결합)-extension(신장)'의 cycle이 30회 정도 반복 수행되어 DNA를 증폭킨다. 따라서 이론적으로 한 가닥의 주형으로 30회 cycle을 수행하면 230의 DNA 가닥을 얻을 수 있다. </p>
<p>&nbsp;<font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">중합효소</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">연쇄반응은</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">다음의</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">세</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">단계로</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">이루어진다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">.
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<p><br />* PCR 의 원리 </p>
<p>&nbsp;<font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">1) DNA</span></strong><font face="Times New Roman"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">의</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">변성</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">(denaturation)&nbsp;<br /><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">90</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">℃</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">96</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">℃</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">로</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">가열하여</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> double strand DNA(ds DNA)</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">를</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> single strand DNA(ssDNA)</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">로</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">분리시킨다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">. </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">높은</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">온도일수록</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> ssDNA</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">로</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">잘</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">이행되지만</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> Taq DNA polymerase</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">도</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">온도가</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">아주</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">높은</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">상태에서는</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">활성도가</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">낮아질</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">수</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">있으므로</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">보통</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> 94</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">℃</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">로</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">쓴다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">. Cycle</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">의</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">처음은</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">확실한</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">변성을</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">위하여</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">약</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> 5</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">분간</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">시간을</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">주어야</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">한다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">.&nbsp;</span></font></font></span></strong></font></font>&nbsp;</p>
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<p>&nbsp;중합효소 연쇄반응은 다음의 세 단계로 이루어진다. </p>
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<p>1) DNA의 변성(denaturation) <br />90℃~96℃로 가열하여 double strand DNA(ds DNA)를 single strand DNA(ssDNA)로 분리시킨다. 높은 온도일수록 ssDNA로 잘 이행되지만 Taq DNA polymerase도 온도가 아주 높은 상태에서는 활성도가 낮아질 수 있으므로 보통 94℃로 쓴다. Cycle의 처음은 확실한 변성을 위하여 약 5분간 시간을 주어야 한다.&nbsp; </p>
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<p><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">2) Primer</span></strong><font face="Times New Roman"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">의</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">결합</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">(annealing)&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;<font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;50</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">℃</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">65</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">℃</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">에서</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">진행되며</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">, </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">염기간에</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> G</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">와</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> C</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">는</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">세</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">군데에서</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">수소결합이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">일어나고</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">, A</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">와</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> T</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">는</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">두</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">군데에서</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">결합이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">일어나므로</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> G+C </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">비율에</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">따라</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">결합온도에</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">변화를</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">주어야</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">한다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">. </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">비특이</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> PCR </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">산물이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">형성되는</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">경우</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">결합온도를</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">올려서</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">반응시켜</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">보면</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">비특이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">산물을</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">줄이는데</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">도움이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">되는</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">수가</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">있다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">.&nbsp;</span></font></font></span></strong></font></font>&nbsp;</p>
 
<p><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">3) DNA</span></strong><font face="Times New Roman"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">의</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">합성</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">(polymerization)&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;<font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;70</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">℃</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">74</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">℃</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">에서</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">시행하며</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">원하는</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> PCR </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">산물의</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">크기가</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">크거나</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">반응요소의</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">농도가</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">낮을</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">때에는</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">시간을</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">연장시키는</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">것이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">좋다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">. Taq DNA polymerase</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">는</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">보통</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> 1</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">분에</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> 2,000</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">4,000 nucleotides</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">를</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">합성할</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">수</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">있으므로</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">원하는</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> PCR </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">산물의</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">크기</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> 1 kb</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">마다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> 1</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">분</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">정도의</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">시간을</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">배당하면</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">충분히</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">반응이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">일어날</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">수</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">있다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">. Cycle</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">계속되면서</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">효소</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">활성이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">감소할</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">수</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">있고</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> DNA </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">산물은</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">점점</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">많이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">존재하게</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">되므로</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> cycle </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">후반부에는</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">반응시간을</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">조금씩</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">늘려</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">가는</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">것도</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">좋은</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">방법의</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">하나이며</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">, </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">마지막</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> cycle</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">에는</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">시간을</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">충분히</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> (10</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">분</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">) </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">주어</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">효소의</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">활성이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">충분히</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">발휘되도록</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">한다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">.
 
<p>&nbsp;<font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">위</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">과정이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">계속</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">반복하여</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">진행되면서</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">(</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">보통</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> 25</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">35</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">회</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">) </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">원하는</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> DNA </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">부분을</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">증폭시키는</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">것이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">중합효소</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">연쇄반응의</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">원리이다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">.&nbsp;<br /><br />&nbsp;<font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>2. PCR에 필요한 재료 <br /></strong>- 주형 DNA: 증폭 대상이 되는 DNA . <br />-&nbsp;primer: DNA 중합효소가 DNA 합성을 개시하게 하는 짧은 외가닥 DNA. 증폭할 부분을 결정. <br />- dNTPs (dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP): DNA를 합성하는 재료가 되는&nbsp;뉴클레오티드 염기. <br />- [[Taq polymerase]]: 열에 특별히 강한 DNA 합성효소.&nbsp;<br /></font></font></span></font></font><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><br />※</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> PCR </span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">반응</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">각</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">성분에</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">대해</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">고려할</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">점</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">
 
<p>&nbsp;<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><font size="3">&nbsp;1. Template DNA
 
<p>&nbsp;<font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">선택하여</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">증폭하고자</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">하는</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> target DNA </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">단편을</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">가리키는</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">용어로서</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">세포내의</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> chromosomal DNA</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">나</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">전염성</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">병원체의</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> DNA </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">또는</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> RNA</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">로부터</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">제조한</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> complementary DNA (cDNA), plasmid DNA </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">등을</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">쓸</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">수</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">있다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">. </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">불순물이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">섞여</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">있으면</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">반응을</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">억제할</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">수</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">있으므로</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">가능한</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">한</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">정제하여</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">사용하는</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">것이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">좋으며</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">, </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">정제가</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">안</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">된</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">경우에는</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">양이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">적을</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">때</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">반응이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">충분히</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">일어나지</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">않고</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">양이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">많으면</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">비특이적</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">반응이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">일어나므로</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">주의해야</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">한다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">.
 
<p>&nbsp;<font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Chromosomal DNA</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">인</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">경우</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> 1 </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">㎍</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">이내</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">, plasmid DNA</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">의</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">경우</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> 100 pg</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">100 ng </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">정도를</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">일반적으로</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">사용하지만</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">사용하고자</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">하는</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> DNA </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">내에</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">증폭하고자</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">하는</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> target DNA</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">의</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> copy </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">수에</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">따라</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">달라질</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">수</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">있다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">. </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">전기영동</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">상에서</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">비특이</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> DNA</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">가</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">나타나거나</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">끌린</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">모양이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">나타나면</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">맨</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">먼저</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> template DNA</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">양을</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">줄이는</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">것을</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">시도하는</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">것이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">좋다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">.&nbsp;<br /></span></font></font></p>
 
 
<p>&nbsp;</p>
 
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><font size="3">&nbsp;2. Primer&nbsp;<br /></font></span><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Template DNA </span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">가운데</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">선택적으로</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">증폭시키고자</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">하는</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> <span lang="EN-US">target DNA </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">단편의</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">양쪽</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">끝에서</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">안쪽으로</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">약</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> 20 bp </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">내외의</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">염기서열에</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">대응하는</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> oligonucleotide</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">를</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> DNA </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">합성기로</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">합성하여</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">이용한다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">. G+C </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">비율이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">반정도</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">되게</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">디자인하는</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">것이</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> primer</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">와</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> template </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">간의</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">결합력을</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">강하게</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">유지하는데</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">도움이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">되며</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> G+C </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">함량이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">많을</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">경우에는</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> annealing </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">온도를</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">높이면</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">되지만</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">, </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">무엇보다도</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">양쪽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> primer</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">의</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> annealing </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">온도를</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">비슷하게</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">만들어야</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">한다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">. </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">또한</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">양쪽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> primer</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">가</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">서로</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">상보적인</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">염기</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">결합이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">일어나지</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">않도록</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">하고</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">가능하면</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">반응산물</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">내에</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">있는</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> DNA </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">염기서열을</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">분석하여</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">비특이</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> DNA</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">가</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">생성되지</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">않도록</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">고안해야</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">한다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">. Primer</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">의</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">디자인이</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> PCR </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">반응의</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">성공</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">유무의</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> 90%</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">를</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">차지한다고</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">할</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">수</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">있기</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">때문에</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">합성하기</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">전에</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">신중히</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">고려해야</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">할</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">것이다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">. Primer </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">합성은</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">염기서열을</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">적어</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">바이오니아</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">등의</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">회사에</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">의뢰하면</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">주문에</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">따라서</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">정제도</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">해준다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">. </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">가능하면</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> PAGE </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">정제된</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> primer</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">를</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">쓰도록</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">한다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">. Primer</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">의</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">양은</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> 0.1</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">0.5 &mu;M</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">로</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">시행한다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">.&nbsp;<br /></span></font></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><font size="3"><br />&nbsp;3. dNTP (deoxynucleotide triphosphate)&nbsp;<br /></font></span><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">시약</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">상에서</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> dATP, dCTP, dGTP</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">와</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> dTTP(</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">각각</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> 100 mM stock)</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">을</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">구입한</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">후</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">혼합하여</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">사용한다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">. </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">양은</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> target DNA</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">의</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">길이에</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">따라</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">다를</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">수</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">있으나</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">각각</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> 20</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">200 &mu;M </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">정도를</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">사용한다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">.&nbsp;<br /><br /></span></font></font><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">4. 10x PCR </span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">완충용액</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">(buffer)&nbsp;<br /><br /></span></font></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><font size="3">&nbsp;5. Taq DNA polymerase<br /></font></span><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Taq</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">는</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">온천에서</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">사는</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> Thermus aquaticus</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">라는</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">균주에서</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">따온</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">이름이다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">. </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">균의</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">활동</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">적정온도는</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> 70&deg;C</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">74&deg;C</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">이며</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> 95&deg;C</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">에서</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> 40</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">분이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">지나도</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> 50% </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">정도의</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">활성은</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">남아</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">있다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">. </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">효소가</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">발견되기</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">전에는</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> Klenow </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">효소를</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">이용하여</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">매</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> cycle</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">마다</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">효소를</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">첨가해</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">주면서</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">반응을</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">시켜야만</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">했다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">.&nbsp;<br /></span></font></font><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">DNA </span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">합성의</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">오차율은</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> 1.1X10-4 bp</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">로</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> DNA polymerase I</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">의</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">오차율</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> (1.0X10-5)</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">보다</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">높는데</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">이는</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> Taq DNA polymerase</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">가</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">잘못</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">들어간</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> nucleotide</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">를</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">삭제하고</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">다시</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">합성하는</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> proofreading </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">기능</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> (3'&rarr;5' exonuclease activity)</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">없기</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">때문이다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">. </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">따라서</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> PCR </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">산물에서</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">유전자의</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">변이가</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">발견되더라도</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">반드시</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">확인과정을</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">거쳐야</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">한다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">.&nbsp;</span></font></font><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">한번의</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">반응에</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">사용하는</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">효소의</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">양은</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">보통</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> 0.5-5 unit </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">정도인데</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">양이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">너무</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">많으면</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">비특이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">적인</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> DNA</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">가</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">형성될</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">가능성이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">많고</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">, </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">너무</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">적으면</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">증폭</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">산물이</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">부족하게</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">되므로</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">최적</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">조건을</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">찾도록</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">노력해야</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">한다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">.&nbsp;</span></font></font>&nbsp;</p>
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<p>2) Primer의 결합(annealing) <br />&nbsp; 50℃~65℃에서 진행되며, 염기간에 G와 C는 세 군데에서 수소결합이 일어나고, A와 T는 두 군데에서 결합이 일어나므로 G+C 비율에 따라 결합온도에 변화를 주어야 한다. 비특이 PCR 산물이 형성되는 경우 결합온도를 올려서 반응시켜 보면 비특이 산물을 줄이는데 도움이 되는 수가 있다.&nbsp; </p>
</span></font></font></p>
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<p>3) DNA의 합성(polymerization) <br />&nbsp; 70℃~74℃에서 시행하며 원하는 PCR 산물의 크기가 크거나 반응요소의 농도가 낮을 때에는 시간을 연장시키는 것이 좋다. Taq DNA polymerase는 보통 1분에 2,000~4,000 nucleotides를 합성할 수 있으므로 원하는 PCR 산물의 크기 1 kb마다 1분 정도의 시간을 배당하면 충분히 반응이 일어날 수 있다. Cycle이 계속되면서 효소 활성이 감소할 수 있고 DNA 산물은 점점 많이 존재하게 되므로 cycle 후반부에는 반응시간을 조금씩 늘려 가는 것도 좋은 방법의 하나이며, 마지막 cycle에는 시간을 충분히 (10분) 주어 효소의 활성이 충분히 발휘되도록 한다. </p>
</font></span></p>
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<p>&nbsp; 위 과정이 계속 반복하여 진행되면서(보통 25~35회) 원하는 DNA 부분을 증폭시키는 것이 중합효소 연쇄반응의 원리이다. </p>
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<p>&nbsp;2. PCR에 필요한 재료 <br />- 주형 DNA: 증폭 대상이 되는 DNA . <br />- primer: DNA 중합효소가 DNA 합성을 개시하게 하는 짧은 외가닥 DNA. 증폭할 부분을 결정. <br />- dNTPs (dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP): DNA를 합성하는 재료가 되는 뉴클레오티드 염기. <br />- [[Taq polymerase]]: 열에 특별히 강한 DNA 합성효소. </p>
</span></font></font></span></strong></font></font></p>
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<p>※ PCR 반응 각 성분에 대해 고려할 점 </p>
<br /><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><strong>3. PCR의 응용분야 <br /></strong>- 유전자 지도의 작성, Human [[Genome]] Project(인간 유전체 연구)에서 염기 서열 분석시 사용을 한다. <br />- 멸종된 과거 생물이나 현존 생물의 상호 유연관계를 규명하는 유전적 구성을 분석하는 진화 생물학이용에 이용이 가능하다. <br />- 친자확인, 범인 식별 등 [[Genetic Finger Printing]](유전적 지문 채취)을 이용한 법의학 분야에 활용이 가능하다. <br />- [[돌연변이]]분석, [[유전병]]진단, [[cDNA]] 합성 등에 이용에 쓰일 수 있다. <br />- 세포로부터 한 특정 DNA 조각을 직접 클로닝하는데 쓰일 수 있다.&nbsp;<br />- 바이러스나 각종 병원균 검출 초기식별에 사용이 가능하다. <br /></font></font></span>
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<p>&nbsp; 1. Template DNA </p>
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<p>&nbsp;선택하여 증폭하고자 하는 target DNA 단편을 가리키는 용어로서 세포내의 chromosomal DNA나 전염성 병원체의 DNA 또는 RNA로부터 제조한 complementary DNA (cDNA), plasmid DNA 등을 쓸 수 있다. 불순물이 섞여 있으면 반응을 억제할 수 있으므로 가능한 한 정제하여 사용하는 것이 좋으며, 정제가 안 된 경우에는 양이 적을 때 반응이 충분히 일어나지 않고 양이 많으면 비특이적 반응이 일어나므로 주의해야 한다. </p>
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<p>&nbsp;Chromosomal DNA인 경우 1 ㎍ 이내, plasmid DNA의 경우 100 pg~100 ng 정도를 일반적으로 사용하지만 사용하고자 하는 DNA 내에 증폭하고자 하는 target DNA의 copy 수에 따라 달라질 수 있다. 전기영동 상에서 비특이 DNA가 나타나거나 끌린 모양이 나타나면 맨 먼저 template DNA양을 줄이는 것을 시도하는 것이 좋다. </p>
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<p><br />&nbsp;</p>
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<p>&nbsp;2. Primer <br />Template DNA 가운데 선택적으로 증폭시키고자 하는 target DNA 단편의 양쪽 끝에서 안쪽으로 약 20 bp 내외의 염기서열에 대응하는 oligonucleotide를 DNA 합성기로 합성하여 이용한다. G+C 비율이 반정도 되게 디자인하는 것이 primer와 template 간의 결합력을 강하게 유지하는데 도움이 되며 G+C 함량이 많을 경우에는 annealing 온도를 높이면 되지만, 무엇보다도 양쪽 primer의 annealing 온도를 비슷하게 만들어야 한다. 또한 양쪽 primer가 서로 상보적인 염기 결합이 일어나지 않도록 하고 가능하면 반응산물 내에 있는 DNA 염기서열을 분석하여 비특이 DNA가 생성되지 않도록 고안해야 한다. Primer의 디자인이 PCR 반응의 성공 유무의 90%를 차지한다고 할 수 있기 때문에 합성하기 전에 신중히 고려해야 할 것이다. Primer 합성은 염기서열을 적어 바이오니아 등의 회사에 의뢰하면 주문에 따라서 정제도 해준다. 가능하면 PAGE 정제된 primer를 쓰도록 한다. Primer의 양은 0.1~0.5 &mu;M로 시행한다. </p>
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<p>&nbsp;3. dNTP (deoxynucleotide triphosphate) <br />시약 상에서 dATP, dCTP, dGTP와 dTTP(각각 100 mM stock)을 구입한 후 혼합하여 사용한다. 양은 target DNA의 길이에 따라 다를 수 있으나 각각 20~200 &mu;M 정도를 사용한다. </p>
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<p>4. 10x PCR 완충용액(buffer) </p>
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<p>&nbsp;5. Taq DNA polymerase<br />Taq는 온천에서 사는 Thermus aquaticus라는 균주에서 따온 이름이다. 이 균의 활동 적정온도는 70&deg;C~74&deg;C이며 95&deg;C에서 40분이 지나도 50% 정도의 활성은 남아 있다. 이 효소가 발견되기 전에는 Klenow 효소를 이용하여 매 cycle마다 효소를 첨가해 주면서 반응을 시켜야만 했다. <br />DNA 합성의 오차율은 1.1X10-4 bp로 DNA polymerase I의 오차율 (1.0X10-5)보다 높는데 이는 Taq DNA polymerase가 잘못 들어간 nucleotide를 삭제하고 다시 합성하는 proofreading 기능 (3'&rarr;5' exonuclease activity)이 없기 때문이다. 따라서 PCR 산물에서 유전자의 변이가 발견되더라도 반드시 확인과정을 거쳐야 한다. 한번의 반응에 사용하는 효소의 양은 보통 0.5-5 unit 정도인데 양이 너무 많으면 비특이 적인 DNA가 형성될 가능성이 많고, 너무 적으면 증폭 산물이 부족하게 되므로 최적 조건을 찾도록 노력해야 한다.&nbsp; </p>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
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<p><br />3. PCR의 응용분야 <br />- 유전자 지도의 작성, Human [[Genome]] Project(인간 유전체 연구)에서 염기 서열 분석시 사용을 한다. <br />- 멸종된 과거 생물이나 현존 생물의 상호 유연관계를 규명하는 유전적 구성을 분석하는 진화 생물학이용에 이용이 가능하다. <br />- 친자확인, 범인 식별 등 [[Genetic Finger Printing]](유전적 지문 채취)을 이용한 법의학 분야에 활용이 가능하다. <br />- [[돌연변이]]분석, [[유전병]]진단, [[cDNA]] 합성 등에 이용에 쓰일 수 있다. <br />- 세포로부터 한 특정 DNA 조각을 직접 클로닝하는데 쓰일 수 있다. <br />- 바이러스나 각종 병원균 검출 초기식별에 사용이 가능하다. <br /></p>

Revision as of 15:52, 9 March 2006

Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR)

 PCR의 원리
중합효소 연쇄반응 (polymerase chain reaction, PCR)은 특정 DNA 부위를 특이적으로 반복 합성하여 시험관내에서 원하는 DNA 분자를 증폭시키는 방법으로서, 아주 적은 양의DNA를 이용하여 많은 양의 DNA 합성이 가능하므로 분자 생물학적으로 제한효소의 발견만큼 획기적인 것이라고 할 수 있다. 즉 genomic DNA와 같은 아주 큰 DNA로부터 원하는 DNA 부분만을 선택적으로 증폭시킨 후 일반적으로 사용되는 agarose gel이나 polyacrylamide gel 상에서 뚜렷하게 보이는 band로 가시화할 수가 있다. 중합효소 연쇄반응을 통하여 in vitro상에서 특정 부위의 DNA를 105~108배까지 수 시간 내에 증폭시킬 수 있다, 이렇게 증폭된 DNA는 여러 실험에 이용하며, 실험 결과를 토대로 의학적인 연구에 응용할 수가 있다.
특히 PCR에 사용하는 DNA 중합효소인 Taq polymerase는 고온의 온천수(72-74℃)에서 서식하는 미생물에서 분리한 것으로 72℃에서 활성이 가장 높으며 95℃ 이상의 고온에서도 매우 안정하여 PCR을 자동화시키는데 결정적인 역할을 하게 되었다.
PCR의 원리는 DNA의 양쪽 가닥을 주형으로 하여 원하는 DNA를 증폭시키는 방법으로 전체 DNA로부터 원하는 DNA 특정 부분을 선택적으로 증폭시.
DNA polymerase가 DNA합성 시작을 위해서는 외가닥 DNA의 주형이 있어야 하므로, double stand(이중가닥)으로 되어있는 주형을 고온(95℃)에서 denaturation(변성)을 시켜야 한다.
변성된 single stand DNA의 양 끝에 상보적으로 결합할 수 있는 작은 DNA 조각(primer)을 넣어주어 낮은 온도(50-65℃)에서 annealing(결합).
결합한 후에 72-74 ℃에서 Taq polymerase가 DNA 합성을 한다. 이렇게 'denaturation(변성)-annealing(결합)-extension(신장)'의 cycle이 30회 정도 반복 수행되어 DNA를 증폭킨다. 따라서 이론적으로 한 가닥의 주형으로 30회 cycle을 수행하면 230의 DNA 가닥을 얻을 수 있다.


* PCR 의 원리

 중합효소 연쇄반응은 다음의 세 단계로 이루어진다.

1) DNA의 변성(denaturation)
90℃~96℃로 가열하여 double strand DNA(ds DNA)를 single strand DNA(ssDNA)로 분리시킨다. 높은 온도일수록 ssDNA로 잘 이행되지만 Taq DNA polymerase도 온도가 아주 높은 상태에서는 활성도가 낮아질 수 있으므로 보통 94℃로 쓴다. Cycle의 처음은 확실한 변성을 위하여 약 5분간 시간을 주어야 한다. 

 

2) Primer의 결합(annealing)
  50℃~65℃에서 진행되며, 염기간에 G와 C는 세 군데에서 수소결합이 일어나고, A와 T는 두 군데에서 결합이 일어나므로 G+C 비율에 따라 결합온도에 변화를 주어야 한다. 비특이 PCR 산물이 형성되는 경우 결합온도를 올려서 반응시켜 보면 비특이 산물을 줄이는데 도움이 되는 수가 있다. 

3) DNA의 합성(polymerization)
  70℃~74℃에서 시행하며 원하는 PCR 산물의 크기가 크거나 반응요소의 농도가 낮을 때에는 시간을 연장시키는 것이 좋다. Taq DNA polymerase는 보통 1분에 2,000~4,000 nucleotides를 합성할 수 있으므로 원하는 PCR 산물의 크기 1 kb마다 1분 정도의 시간을 배당하면 충분히 반응이 일어날 수 있다. Cycle이 계속되면서 효소 활성이 감소할 수 있고 DNA 산물은 점점 많이 존재하게 되므로 cycle 후반부에는 반응시간을 조금씩 늘려 가는 것도 좋은 방법의 하나이며, 마지막 cycle에는 시간을 충분히 (10분) 주어 효소의 활성이 충분히 발휘되도록 한다.

  위 과정이 계속 반복하여 진행되면서(보통 25~35회) 원하는 DNA 부분을 증폭시키는 것이 중합효소 연쇄반응의 원리이다.

 2. PCR에 필요한 재료
- 주형 DNA: 증폭 대상이 되는 DNA .
- primer: DNA 중합효소가 DNA 합성을 개시하게 하는 짧은 외가닥 DNA. 증폭할 부분을 결정.
- dNTPs (dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP): DNA를 합성하는 재료가 되는 뉴클레오티드 염기.
- Taq polymerase: 열에 특별히 강한 DNA 합성효소.

※ PCR 반응 각 성분에 대해 고려할 점

  1. Template DNA

 선택하여 증폭하고자 하는 target DNA 단편을 가리키는 용어로서 세포내의 chromosomal DNA나 전염성 병원체의 DNA 또는 RNA로부터 제조한 complementary DNA (cDNA), plasmid DNA 등을 쓸 수 있다. 불순물이 섞여 있으면 반응을 억제할 수 있으므로 가능한 한 정제하여 사용하는 것이 좋으며, 정제가 안 된 경우에는 양이 적을 때 반응이 충분히 일어나지 않고 양이 많으면 비특이적 반응이 일어나므로 주의해야 한다.

 Chromosomal DNA인 경우 1 ㎍ 이내, plasmid DNA의 경우 100 pg~100 ng 정도를 일반적으로 사용하지만 사용하고자 하는 DNA 내에 증폭하고자 하는 target DNA의 copy 수에 따라 달라질 수 있다. 전기영동 상에서 비특이 DNA가 나타나거나 끌린 모양이 나타나면 맨 먼저 template DNA양을 줄이는 것을 시도하는 것이 좋다.


 

 2. Primer
Template DNA 가운데 선택적으로 증폭시키고자 하는 target DNA 단편의 양쪽 끝에서 안쪽으로 약 20 bp 내외의 염기서열에 대응하는 oligonucleotide를 DNA 합성기로 합성하여 이용한다. G+C 비율이 반정도 되게 디자인하는 것이 primer와 template 간의 결합력을 강하게 유지하는데 도움이 되며 G+C 함량이 많을 경우에는 annealing 온도를 높이면 되지만, 무엇보다도 양쪽 primer의 annealing 온도를 비슷하게 만들어야 한다. 또한 양쪽 primer가 서로 상보적인 염기 결합이 일어나지 않도록 하고 가능하면 반응산물 내에 있는 DNA 염기서열을 분석하여 비특이 DNA가 생성되지 않도록 고안해야 한다. Primer의 디자인이 PCR 반응의 성공 유무의 90%를 차지한다고 할 수 있기 때문에 합성하기 전에 신중히 고려해야 할 것이다. Primer 합성은 염기서열을 적어 바이오니아 등의 회사에 의뢰하면 주문에 따라서 정제도 해준다. 가능하면 PAGE 정제된 primer를 쓰도록 한다. Primer의 양은 0.1~0.5 μM로 시행한다.

 3. dNTP (deoxynucleotide triphosphate)
시약 상에서 dATP, dCTP, dGTP와 dTTP(각각 100 mM stock)을 구입한 후 혼합하여 사용한다. 양은 target DNA의 길이에 따라 다를 수 있으나 각각 20~200 μM 정도를 사용한다.

4. 10x PCR 완충용액(buffer)

 5. Taq DNA polymerase
Taq는 온천에서 사는 Thermus aquaticus라는 균주에서 따온 이름이다. 이 균의 활동 적정온도는 70°C~74°C이며 95°C에서 40분이 지나도 50% 정도의 활성은 남아 있다. 이 효소가 발견되기 전에는 Klenow 효소를 이용하여 매 cycle마다 효소를 첨가해 주면서 반응을 시켜야만 했다.
DNA 합성의 오차율은 1.1X10-4 bp로 DNA polymerase I의 오차율 (1.0X10-5)보다 높는데 이는 Taq DNA polymerase가 잘못 들어간 nucleotide를 삭제하고 다시 합성하는 proofreading 기능 (3'→5' exonuclease activity)이 없기 때문이다. 따라서 PCR 산물에서 유전자의 변이가 발견되더라도 반드시 확인과정을 거쳐야 한다. 한번의 반응에 사용하는 효소의 양은 보통 0.5-5 unit 정도인데 양이 너무 많으면 비특이 적인 DNA가 형성될 가능성이 많고, 너무 적으면 증폭 산물이 부족하게 되므로 최적 조건을 찾도록 노력해야 한다. 

 

 


3. PCR의 응용분야
- 유전자 지도의 작성, Human Genome Project(인간 유전체 연구)에서 염기 서열 분석시 사용을 한다.
- 멸종된 과거 생물이나 현존 생물의 상호 유연관계를 규명하는 유전적 구성을 분석하는 진화 생물학이용에 이용이 가능하다.
- 친자확인, 범인 식별 등 Genetic Finger Printing(유전적 지문 채취)을 이용한 법의학 분야에 활용이 가능하다.
- 돌연변이분석, 유전병진단, cDNA 합성 등에 이용에 쓰일 수 있다.
- 세포로부터 한 특정 DNA 조각을 직접 클로닝하는데 쓰일 수 있다.
- 바이러스나 각종 병원균 검출 초기식별에 사용이 가능하다.