Difference between revisions of "PCR"

From Opengenome.net
Line 1: Line 1:
<span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 160%"><strong><font size="3">[[Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR)]]<br /></font></strong><br />&nbsp;<strong>PCR의 원리 <br /></strong>Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)은 1983년 Mullis와 Faloona가 처음으로 개발하였다. 시험관에서의 DNA 증폭 방법으로, PCR은 DNA 중합효소에 의한 DNA 복제 특징을 이용한 것으로 유전자를 분석하고 연구하는데 있어서 가장 큰 문제점은 복잡한 전체 genome중에 연구하고자 하는 유전자가 희귀한데, PCR은 특정 DNA Sequence의 copy수를 기하급수적으로 증폭시키는 것이 가능하다. 따라서&nbsp;유전자 클로닝을 포함한 분자유전학, 의학생물학, 집단유전학등 생명과학의 전 분야에 혁신을 일으킬 수 있었다.<br />특히 PCR에 사용하는 DNA 중합효소인 Taq polymerase는 고온의 온천수(72-74℃)에서 서식하는 미생물에서 분리한 것으로 72℃에서 활성이 가장 높으며 95℃ 이상의 고온에서도 매우 안정하여 PCR을 자동화시키는데 결정적인 역할을 하게 되었다. <br />PCR의 원리는 DNA의 양쪽 가닥을 주형으로 하여 원하는 DNA를 증폭시키는 방법으로 전체 DNA로부터 원하는 DNA 특정 부분을 선택적으로 증폭시.<br />DNA polymerase가 DNA합성 시작을 위해서는 외가닥 DNA의 주형이 있어야 하므로, double stand(이중가닥)으로 되어있는 주형을 고온(95℃)에서 denaturation(변성)을 시켜야 한다.<br />변성된 single stand DNA의 양 끝에 상보적으로 결합할 수 있는 작은 DNA 조각(primer)을 넣어주어 낮은 온도(50-65℃)에서 annealing(결합).<br />결합한 후에 72-74 ℃에서 Taq polymerase가 DNA 합성을 한다. 이렇게 'denaturation(변성)-annealing(결합)-extension(신장)'의 cycle이 30회 정도 반복 수행되어 DNA를 증폭킨다. 따라서 이론적으로 한 가닥의 주형으로 30회 cycle을 수행하면 230의 DNA 가닥을 얻을 수 있다. <br /><br />- 변성과정 <br />보통 94&sim;95℃에서 20&sim;60초 정도의 온도와 시간을 사용하지만 필요 이상의 변성 온도가 높거나 길다면 Taq polymerase의 활성을 감소시킬 수 있다. <br /><br />- 결합과정 <br />Annealing 온도는 실험 경험적으로 정하게 되는데, 일반적으로 사용하는 한 쌍의 primer 간의 Tm 값의 차이는 5℃ 이하로 디자인하고 상보적인 결합에 의한 primer dimer가 형성되지 않도록 설계해야 한다. <br /><br />- 진행과정 <br />Taq polymerase의 경우 72℃에서 1초당 약 60개의 염기를 중합시키기 때문에 1 kb까지는 45초 정도면 충분하지만, cycle이 진행됨에 따라 조금씩 extension time을&nbsp;늘릴&nbsp;수 있다. <br /><br /><strong>2. PCR에 필요한 재료 <br /></strong>- 주형 DNA: 증폭 대상이 되는 DNA . <br />-&nbsp;primer: DNA 중합효소가 DNA 합성을 개시하게 하는 짧은 외가닥 DNA. 증폭할 부분을 결정. <br />- dNTPs (dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP): DNA를 합성하는 재료가 되는&nbsp;뉴클레오티드 염기. <br />- [[Taq polymerase]]: 열에 특별히 강한 DNA 합성효소. <br /><br /><strong>3. PCR의 응용분야 <br /></strong>- 유전자 지도의 작성, Human [[Genome]] Project(인간 유전체 연구)에서 염기 서열 분석시 사용을 한다. <br />- 멸종된 과거 생물이나 현존 생물의 상호 유연관계를 규명하는 유전적 구성을 분석하는 진화 생물학이용에 이용이 가능하다. <br />- 친자확인, 범인 식별 등 [[Genetic Finger Printing]](유전적 지문 채취)을 이용한 법의학 분야에 활용이 가능하다. <br />- [[돌연변이]]분석, [[유전병]]진단, [[cDNA]] 합성 등에 이용에 쓰일 수 있다. <br />- 세포로부터 한 특정 DNA 조각을 직접 클로닝하는데 쓰일 수 있다.&nbsp;<br />- 바이러스나 각종 병원균 검출 초기식별에 사용이 가능하다. <br /></span>
+
<span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 160%"><strong><font size="3">[[Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR)]]<br /></font></strong><br />&nbsp;<strong>PCR의 원리 <br /></strong>Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)은 1983년 Mullis와 Faloona가 처음으로 개발하였다. 시험관에서의 DNA 증폭 방법으로, PCR은 DNA 중합효소에 의한 DNA 복제 특징을 이용한 것으로 유전자를 분석하고 연구하는데 있어서 가장 큰 문제점은 복잡한 전체 genome중에 연구하고자 하는 유전자가 희귀한데, PCR은 특정 DNA Sequence의 copy수를 기하급수적으로 증폭시키는 것이 가능하다. 따라서&nbsp;유전자 클로닝을 포함한 분자유전학, 의학생물학, 집단유전학등 생명과학의 전 분야에 혁신을 일으킬 수 있었다.<br /><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">중합효소</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">연쇄반응</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> (polymerase chain reaction, PCR)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">은</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">특정</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> DNA </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">부위를</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">특이적으로</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">반복</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">합성하여</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">시험관내에서</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">원하는</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> DNA </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">분자를</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">증폭시키는</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">방법으로서</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">아주</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">적은</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">양의</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕">DNA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">를</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">이용하여</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">많은</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">양의</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> DNA </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">합성이</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">가능하므로</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">분자</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">생물학적으로</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">제한효소의</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">발견만큼</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">획기적인</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">것이라고</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">할</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">수</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">있다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕">. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">즉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> genomic DNA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">와</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">같은</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">아주</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">큰</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> DNA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">로부터</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">원하는</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> DNA </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">부분만을</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">선택적으로</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">증폭시킨</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">후</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">일반적으로</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">사용되는</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> agarose gel</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">이나</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> polyacrylamide gel </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">상에서</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">뚜렷하게</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">보이는</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> band</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">로</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">가시화할</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">수가</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">있다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕">. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">중합효소</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">연쇄반응을</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">통하여</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> in vitro</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">상에서</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">특정</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">부위의</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> DNA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">를</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> 105</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">~</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕">108</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">배까지</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">수</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">시간</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">내에</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">증폭시킬</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">수</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">있다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">이렇게</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">증폭된</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> DNA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">는</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">여러</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">실험에</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">이용하며</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">실험</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">결과를</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">토대로</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">의학적인</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">연구에</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">응용할</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">수가</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 바탕; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">있다</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 바탕">.</span><br />특히 PCR에 사용하는 DNA 중합효소인 Taq polymerase는 고온의 온천수(72-74℃)에서 서식하는 미생물에서 분리한 것으로 72℃에서 활성이 가장 높으며 95℃ 이상의 고온에서도 매우 안정하여 PCR을 자동화시키는데 결정적인 역할을 하게 되었다. <br />PCR의 원리는 DNA의 양쪽 가닥을 주형으로 하여 원하는 DNA를 증폭시키는 방법으로 전체 DNA로부터 원하는 DNA 특정 부분을 선택적으로 증폭시.<br />DNA polymerase가 DNA합성 시작을 위해서는 외가닥 DNA의 주형이 있어야 하므로, double stand(이중가닥)으로 되어있는 주형을 고온(95℃)에서 denaturation(변성)을 시켜야 한다.<br />변성된 single stand DNA의 양 끝에 상보적으로 결합할 수 있는 작은 DNA 조각(primer)을 넣어주어 낮은 온도(50-65℃)에서 annealing(결합).<br />결합한 후에 72-74 ℃에서 Taq polymerase가 DNA 합성을 한다. 이렇게 'denaturation(변성)-annealing(결합)-extension(신장)'의 cycle이 30회 정도 반복 수행되어 DNA를 증폭킨다. 따라서 이론적으로 한 가닥의 주형으로 30회 cycle을 수행하면 230의 DNA 가닥을 얻을 수 있다. <br /><br />- 변성과정 <br />보통 94&sim;95℃에서 20&sim;60초 정도의 온도와 시간을 사용하지만 필요 이상의 변성 온도가 높거나 길다면 Taq polymerase의 활성을 감소시킬 수 있다. <br /><br />- 결합과정 <br />Annealing 온도는 실험 경험적으로 정하게 되는데, 일반적으로 사용하는 한 쌍의 primer 간의 Tm 값의 차이는 5℃ 이하로 디자인하고 상보적인 결합에 의한 primer dimer가 형성되지 않도록 설계해야 한다. <br /><br />- 진행과정 <br />Taq polymerase의 경우 72℃에서 1초당 약 60개의 염기를 중합시키기 때문에 1 kb까지는 45초 정도면 충분하지만, cycle이 진행됨에 따라 조금씩 extension time을&nbsp;늘릴&nbsp;수 있다. <br /><br /><strong>2. PCR에 필요한 재료 <br /></strong>- 주형 DNA: 증폭 대상이 되는 DNA . <br />-&nbsp;primer: DNA 중합효소가 DNA 합성을 개시하게 하는 짧은 외가닥 DNA. 증폭할 부분을 결정. <br />- dNTPs (dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP): DNA를 합성하는 재료가 되는&nbsp;뉴클레오티드 염기. <br />- [[Taq polymerase]]: 열에 특별히 강한 DNA 합성효소. <br /><br /><strong>3. PCR의 응용분야 <br /></strong>- 유전자 지도의 작성, Human [[Genome]] Project(인간 유전체 연구)에서 염기 서열 분석시 사용을 한다. <br />- 멸종된 과거 생물이나 현존 생물의 상호 유연관계를 규명하는 유전적 구성을 분석하는 진화 생물학이용에 이용이 가능하다. <br />- 친자확인, 범인 식별 등 [[Genetic Finger Printing]](유전적 지문 채취)을 이용한 법의학 분야에 활용이 가능하다. <br />- [[돌연변이]]분석, [[유전병]]진단, [[cDNA]] 합성 등에 이용에 쓰일 수 있다. <br />- 세포로부터 한 특정 DNA 조각을 직접 클로닝하는데 쓰일 수 있다.&nbsp;<br />- 바이러스나 각종 병원균 검출 초기식별에 사용이 가능하다. <br /></span>

Revision as of 22:32, 8 March 2006

Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR)

 PCR의 원리
Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)은 1983년 Mullis와 Faloona가 처음으로 개발하였다. 시험관에서의 DNA 증폭 방법으로, PCR은 DNA 중합효소에 의한 DNA 복제 특징을 이용한 것으로 유전자를 분석하고 연구하는데 있어서 가장 큰 문제점은 복잡한 전체 genome중에 연구하고자 하는 유전자가 희귀한데, PCR은 특정 DNA Sequence의 copy수를 기하급수적으로 증폭시키는 것이 가능하다. 따라서 유전자 클로닝을 포함한 분자유전학, 의학생물학, 집단유전학등 생명과학의 전 분야에 혁신을 일으킬 수 있었다.
중합효소 연쇄반응 (polymerase chain reaction, PCR) 특정 DNA 부위를 특이적으로 반복 합성하여 시험관내에서 원하는 DNA 분자를 증폭시키는 방법으로서, 아주 적은 양의DNA 이용하여 많은 양의 DNA 합성이 가능하므로 분자 생물학적으로 제한효소의 발견만큼 획기적인 것이라고 있다. genomic DNA 같은 아주 DNA로부터 원하는 DNA 부분만을 선택적으로 증폭시킨 일반적으로 사용되는 agarose gel이나 polyacrylamide gel 상에서 뚜렷하게 보이는 band 가시화할 수가 있다. 중합효소 연쇄반응을 통하여 in vitro상에서 특정 부위의 DNA 105108배까지 시간 내에 증폭시킬 있다, 이렇게 증폭된 DNA 여러 실험에 이용하며, 실험 결과를 토대로 의학적인 연구에 응용할 수가 있다.
특히 PCR에 사용하는 DNA 중합효소인 Taq polymerase는 고온의 온천수(72-74℃)에서 서식하는 미생물에서 분리한 것으로 72℃에서 활성이 가장 높으며 95℃ 이상의 고온에서도 매우 안정하여 PCR을 자동화시키는데 결정적인 역할을 하게 되었다.
PCR의 원리는 DNA의 양쪽 가닥을 주형으로 하여 원하는 DNA를 증폭시키는 방법으로 전체 DNA로부터 원하는 DNA 특정 부분을 선택적으로 증폭시.
DNA polymerase가 DNA합성 시작을 위해서는 외가닥 DNA의 주형이 있어야 하므로, double stand(이중가닥)으로 되어있는 주형을 고온(95℃)에서 denaturation(변성)을 시켜야 한다.
변성된 single stand DNA의 양 끝에 상보적으로 결합할 수 있는 작은 DNA 조각(primer)을 넣어주어 낮은 온도(50-65℃)에서 annealing(결합).
결합한 후에 72-74 ℃에서 Taq polymerase가 DNA 합성을 한다. 이렇게 'denaturation(변성)-annealing(결합)-extension(신장)'의 cycle이 30회 정도 반복 수행되어 DNA를 증폭킨다. 따라서 이론적으로 한 가닥의 주형으로 30회 cycle을 수행하면 230의 DNA 가닥을 얻을 수 있다.

- 변성과정
보통 94∼95℃에서 20∼60초 정도의 온도와 시간을 사용하지만 필요 이상의 변성 온도가 높거나 길다면 Taq polymerase의 활성을 감소시킬 수 있다.

- 결합과정
Annealing 온도는 실험 경험적으로 정하게 되는데, 일반적으로 사용하는 한 쌍의 primer 간의 Tm 값의 차이는 5℃ 이하로 디자인하고 상보적인 결합에 의한 primer dimer가 형성되지 않도록 설계해야 한다.

- 진행과정
Taq polymerase의 경우 72℃에서 1초당 약 60개의 염기를 중합시키기 때문에 1 kb까지는 45초 정도면 충분하지만, cycle이 진행됨에 따라 조금씩 extension time을 늘릴 수 있다.

2. PCR에 필요한 재료
- 주형 DNA: 증폭 대상이 되는 DNA .
- primer: DNA 중합효소가 DNA 합성을 개시하게 하는 짧은 외가닥 DNA. 증폭할 부분을 결정.
- dNTPs (dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP): DNA를 합성하는 재료가 되는 뉴클레오티드 염기.
- Taq polymerase: 열에 특별히 강한 DNA 합성효소.

3. PCR의 응용분야
- 유전자 지도의 작성, Human Genome Project(인간 유전체 연구)에서 염기 서열 분석시 사용을 한다.
- 멸종된 과거 생물이나 현존 생물의 상호 유연관계를 규명하는 유전적 구성을 분석하는 진화 생물학이용에 이용이 가능하다.
- 친자확인, 범인 식별 등 Genetic Finger Printing(유전적 지문 채취)을 이용한 법의학 분야에 활용이 가능하다.
- 돌연변이분석, 유전병진단, cDNA 합성 등에 이용에 쓰일 수 있다.
- 세포로부터 한 특정 DNA 조각을 직접 클로닝하는데 쓰일 수 있다. 
- 바이러스나 각종 병원균 검출 초기식별에 사용이 가능하다.