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<p>'''Microbiology''' is the study of ''[[ </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><strong>Microbiology</strong> is the study of <em>microorganisms]]''</em>, which are [[unicellular]] or cell-cluster [[microscopic]] organisms. This includes [[eukaryote]]s (with a [[nucleus]]) eukaryotes such as [[fungi]] and [[protists]]protists, and [[prokaryote]]s (without a nucleus) prokaryotes such as [[bacteria]], [[protozoa]] and [[virus]]escertain algaes.</pViruses, though not strictly classed as living organisms, are also studied<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]<p/sup>Although much . Microbiology is now known in the field of microbiologya broad term which includes many branches like Bacteriology, Virology, Mycology, advances are being made regularlyParasitology & Others. In actual fact, A person who specializes in the most common estimates suggest that we have studied only about 1% area of all of the microbes Microbiology is called as “Microbiologist”</p><p>Although much is now known in any given environment. Thus, despite the fact field of microbiology, advances are being made regularly. The most common estimates suggest that over three hundred years we have passed since studied only about 1% of all of the discovery of microbes the in any given environment. Thus, despite the fact that over three hundred years have passed since the discovery of microbes, the field of microbiology is clearly in its infancy relative to other biological disciplines such as [[zoology]], [[botany]] or even [[and entomology]].</p><p> </p><h2><span class==Types of microbiology=="mw-headline">History<br /span>The field of microbiology can be generally divided into several subdiscplines</h2><p>Based on a <a href="http://www.perfecttermpapers.com">research paper<br /a>*'''Microbial physiology''': The study , bacteria were first observed by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 using a single-lens microscope of how the microbial cell functions biochemicallyhis own design. Includes the study of microbial growthThe name "bacterium" was introduced much later, by Ehrenberg in 1828, microbial [[metabolism]] and microbial cell structure.<br />*'''Microbial genetics''': The study derived from the Greek word βακτηριον meaning "small stick". While Antony van Leeuwenhoek is often cited as the first microbiologist, the first recorded microbiological observation, that of the fruiting bodies of how genes are organised and regulated in microbes molds, was made earlier in relation to their cellular functions1665 by Robert Hooke. Closely related to the </p><p>The field of [[molecular biology]].<br strong>bacteriology</strong>*'''Medical (later a subdiscipline of microbiology''': The study of the role of microbes in human illness. Includes the study of microbial [[pathogenesis]] ) is generally considered to have been founded by Ferdinand Cohn (1828-1898), a botanist whose studies on algae and photosynthetic bacteria led him to describe several bacteria including <em>Bacillus</em> and [[epidemiology]] and is related <em>Beggiatoa</em>. Ferdinand Cohn was also the first to formulate a scheme for the study taxonomic classification of disease [[pathology]] and [[immunology]]bacteria.<br /p>*'''Veterinary microbiology''': The study <p>Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) and Robert Koch (1843-1910) were contemporaries of Cohn’s and are often considered to be the role in microbes in veterinary medicine.founders of <strong>medical microbiology<br /strong>*'''Environmental microbiology'''. Pasteur is most famous for his <a href="http: The study of the function and diversity of microbes in their natural environments//www. Includes realtorrentz.com/cat.php?id=2">series</a> of experiments designed to disprove the study then widely held theory of [[microbial ecology]]spontaneous generation, microbially-mediated [[nutrient cycle | nutrient cycling]]thereby solidifying microbiology’s identity as a biological science. Pasteur also designed methods for food preservation (pasteurization) and vaccines against several diseases such as anthrax, [[geomicrobiology]], microbial diversity fowl cholera and [[bioremediation]]rabies.<br />*'''Evolutionary microbiology''': The study of Robert Koch is best known for his contributions to the evolution germ theory of microbesdisease, proving that specific diseases were caused by specific pathogenic microorganisms. Includes He developed a series of criteria that have become known as the Koch's postulates. Koch was one of the first scientists to focus on the study isolation of bacterial [[systematics]] and [[taxonomy]].bacteria in pure culture resulting in his description of several novel bacteria including <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<br /em>*'''Industrial microbiology''': The exploitation , the causative agent of microbes for use in industrial processestuberculosis. Examples include [[industrial fermentation]] </p><p>While Louis Pasteur and [[wastewater treatment]]. Closely linked to Robert Koch are often considered the [[biotechnology]] industryfounders of microbiology, their work did not accurately reflect the true diversity of the microbial world because of their exclusive focus on microorganisms having medical relevance. This field also includes [[brewing]], an important application It was not until the work of Martinus Beijerinck (1851-1931) and Sergei Winogradsky (1856-1953), the founders of microbiology.</pstrong><p>==Benefits of general microbiology==<br /strong>While microbes are often viewed negatively due to their association with many human illnesses(an older term encompassing aspects of microbial physiology, diversity and ecology), microbes are also responsible for many beneficial processes such as [[industrial fermentation]] (e.g. that the true breadth of microbiology was revealed. Martinus Beijerinck made two major contributions to microbiology: the production discovery of [[alcohol]] viruses and [[dairy products]])the development of enrichment culture techniques. While his work on the Tobacco Mosaic Virus established the basic principles of virology, [[antibiotic]] production and as vehicles it was his development of enrichment culturing that had the most immediate impact on microbiology by allowing for cloning in higher organsisms such as plantsthe cultivation of a wide range of microbes with wildly different physiologies. Scientists have also exploited their knowledge Sergei Winogradsky was the first to develop the concept of microbes chemolithotrophy and to produce biotechnologically important enzymes such as [[Taq polymerase]], [[reporter gene]]s thereby reveal the essential role played by microorganisms in geochemical processes. He was responsible for use in other genetic systems the first isolation and description of both nitrifying and novel molecular biology techniques such as the [[twonitrogen-hybrid screening|yeast two-hybrid system]]fixing bacteria.<br /p><p><!--These traits allowed Joshua and Esther Lederberg to devise an elegant experiment in [[1951]] demonstrating that adaptive mutations arise from [[preadaptation]] rather than directed mutation. For this purpose, they invented [[replica plating]], which allowed them to transfer numerous [[colony (biologya href="javascript:void(0)|bacterial colonies]] from their specific locations on one agar-filled petri dish to analogous locations on several other petri dishes. After replicating ;/*1283847936614*/"> assignment help</a plate of ''E. coli'', they exposed each of the new plates to ></p><p><a [[bacteriophage]] href="javascript:void(also called phage0). They observed that phage-resistant colonies were present at analogous locations on each of the plates, allowing them to conclude that the phage resistance trait had existed in the original colony, which had never been exposed to phage, instead of arising after the bacteria had been exposed to the virus.;/*1283847950571*/">assignment writing</a><br /> !</p><p>.</p><h2><span class="mw-- This was on the page before I modified it to read more like a general description of the field headline">Types of microbiology, but it just didn't seem to make sense with the rest of the page the way I wrote it. I didn't want to just throw it out, but I don't know what to do with it now! Any suggestions? --</span></ph2><p>==References==The field of microbiology can be generally divided into several subdisciplines:<br /p><ul>*Madigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M. "Brock Biology <li><strong>Microbial physiology</strong>: The study of Microorganisms, 11th Edhow the microbial cell functions biochemically." (2005) Pearson Prentice HallIncludes the study of microbial growth, Upper Saddle River, NJmicrobial metabolism and microbial cell structure. </pli> <pli>== See also ==<br />* [[Biochemistry]]strong>Microbial genetics<br /strong>* [[Genetics]]<br /: The study of how genes are organised and regulated in microbes in relation to their cellular functions. Closely related to the field of molecular biology.</li>* [[Geomicrobiology]] <br /li>* [[Immunology]]<br /strong>* [[Medicine]]Medical microbiology<br /strong>* [[Mycology]]<br : The study of the role of microbes in human illness. Includes the study of microbial pathogenesis and epidemiology and is related to the study of disease pathology and immunology.</li> <li>* [[Virology]]</pstrong>Veterinary microbiology<p/strong>* [[Archaea]]: The study of the role in microbes in veterinary medicine or animal taxonomy.<br /li>* [[Eukaryote]] <br /li>* [[Prokaryote]]</pstrong>Environmental microbiology<p/strong>* [[List_of_publications_in_biology#Microbiology|Important publications : The study of the function and diversity of microbes in microbiology]]</p><p>their natural environments. Includes the study of microbial ecology, microbially-mediated nutrient cycling, geomicrobiology, microbial diversity and bioremediation. Characterisation of key bacterial habitats such as the rhizosphere and phyllosphere.<a href==External links==<br "http://www.all-auto.ro/piese-auto" rel="dofollow" title="piese auto ieftine">* [<img hspace="2" border="0" vspace="2" src="http://www.GIDEONonlineall-auto.comro/images/tutorialpiese auto" alt="piese auto ieftine" /microbiology.htm GIDEON Microbiology tutorial]><br /a>* [http:<//www.zytologie-online.net/ Microbiology of the Cell (Ger)]li> <li><strong>Evolutionary microbiology<br /strong>* [http://wwwThe study of the evolution of microbes.bactIncludes the study of bacterial systematics and taxonomy.wisc.edu</Microtextbook Online Microbiology textbook]li> <br /li><strong>Industrial microbiology</strong>* [http:The exploitation of microbes for use in industrial processes. Examples include industrial fermentation and wastewater treatment. Closely linked to the biotechnology industry. This field also includes brewing, an important <a href="http:///www.nature.com/nrmicro/index.html Nature Review: Microbiology]www.btscene.com/cat/id/5/">application</a> of microbiology.</li> <li><strong>Aeromicrobiology</strong>: The study of airborne microorganisms.</li> <li><strong>Food Microbiology</strong>: The study of microorganisms causing food spoilage.</li> <li><strong>Pharmaceutical microbiology</strong>: the study of microorganisms causing pharmaceutical contamination and spoillage.</li></ul><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;"><img height="200" width="300" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Samadams2.jpg/300px-Samadams2.jpg" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Samadams2.jpg" alt="Fermenting tanks with yeast being used to brew beer" class="thumbimage" /><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><img height="11" width="15" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" /></div>Fermenting tanks with yeast being used to brew beer</div></div></div><p> </p><h2><span class="mw-headline">Benefits of microbiology</span></h2><p>While microbes are often viewed negatively due to their association with many human illnesses, microbes are also responsible for many beneficial processes such as industrial fermentation (e.g. the production of alcohol and dairy products), antibiotic production and as vehicles for cloning in higher organisms such as plants. Scientists have also exploited their knowledge of microbes to produce biotechnologically important enzymes such as Taq polymerase, reporter genes for use in other genetic systems and novel molecular biology techniques such as the yeast two-hybrid system.</p><p> </p><h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2><ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong>^</strong> Are Viruses Alive? by George Rice, Montana State University [1]</li></ol><p> </p><h2><span class="mw-headline">Further resources</span></h2><ul> <li><cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;">Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth & K. Lee Lerner (eds) (2006). <em>Medicine, health, and bioethics : essential primary sources</em>, 1st ed., Thomson Gale. ISBN 1414406231.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medicine%2C+health%2C+and+bioethics+%3A+essential+primary+sources&rft.au=Lerner%2C+Brenda+Wilmoth+%26+K.+Lee+Lerner+%28eds%29&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=1st+ed.&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale" class="Z3988"> </span></li> <li><cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;">Madigan, Michael; Martinko, John (editors) (2006). <em>Brock Biology of Microorganisms</em>, 11th ed., Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-144329-1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brock+Biology+of+Microorganisms&rft.au=Madigan%2C+Michael%3B+Martinko%2C+John+%28editors%29&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=11th+ed.&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall" class="Z3988"> </span></li> <li><cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;">Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). <em>Sherris Medical Microbiology</em>, 4th ed., McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherris+Medical+Microbiology&rft.au=Ryan+KJ%3B+Ray+CG+%28editors%29&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=4th+ed.&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill" class="Z3988"> </span></li></ul><p> </p><h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2><div><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" width="100%" style="background-color: transparent; table-layout: fixed;"> <tbody> <tr valign="top"> <td> <div style="margin-right: 20px;"> <ul> <li>Biochemistry</li> <li>Biotechnology</li> <li>Genetics</li> <li>Geomicrobiology</li> <li>Immunology</li> <li>Medicine</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td> <div style="margin-right: 20px;"> <ul> <li>Mycology</li> <li>Virology</li> <li>Archaea</li> <li>Eukaryote</li> <li>Prokaryote</li> <li>Important publications in microbiology</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table></div><p> </p><h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2><a rel="dofollow" href="http://www.auto-my.ro/dezmembrari-auto" title="dezmembrari auto"><img src="http://www.all-auto.ro/img/a%20auto" alt="dezmembrari auto" vspace="2" border="0" hspace="2"></a><div class="infobox sisterproject"><div style="float: left;"><div class="floatnone"> </div></div><div style="margin-left: 60px;">At <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiversity" title="Wikiversity"><font color="#0066cc">Wikiversity</font></a> you can learn more and teach others about <strong>Microbiology</strong> at:<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Topic:Microbiology" title="v:Topic:Microbiology" class="extiw"><font color="#0066cc">The Department of Microbiology</font></a></div></div></div><ul> <li><a rel="dofollow" href="http://www.auto-my.com/auto-sales" title="auto sales online"><img src="http://www.all-auto.ro/img/a%20auto" alt="auto sales online" vspace="2" border="0" hspace="2"></a><a 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class="external text"><font color="#0066cc">E & O Laboratories</font></a> Manufacturers of Microbiological Culture Media</li></ul><p><br /><br /><font size="3">[[Introduction to microbiology]]<br /><br />[[Bacterial species]]</font></p><a rel="dofollow" href="http://www.auto-tip.ro/vanzari-auto" title="vanzari auto"><img src="http://www.all-auto.ro/img/a%20auto" alt="vanzari auto" vspace="2" border="0" hspace="2"></a><p><font size="5"><span style="text-align: justify; line-height: 21px; font-family: '๋ฐํ'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 13px;"><font size="4"><font size="3"><font face="Arial">[[Bioversity]]<br /><br />[[Avian Flu-HOT ISSUE]]<br /></font><br /></font></font></span></font></p><p> </p><p> </p><p><strong><hr /><br /><br /><br /><br /strong>* [http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/ Bacteriology textbook]</p>
