<p>&nbsp;</p><strongp>Microbiology&nbsp;</strongp><p> ([[미생물학]])is &nbsp;</p><p><strong>Microbiology</strong> is the study of ''[[<em>microorganisms]]''</em>, which are [[unicellular]] or cell-cluster [[microscopic]] organisms. This includes [[eukaryote]]s (with a [[nucleus]]) eukaryotes such as [[fungi]] and [[protists]], and [[prokaryote]]s (without a nucleus) such prokaryotes such as bacteria and certain algaes. Viruses, though not strictly classed as [[bacteria]]living organisms, are also studied<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[[protozoa1]] and [[virus]]es.</psup><p>Although much . Microbiology is now known a broad term which includes many branches like Bacteriology, Virology, Mycology, Parasitology &amp; Others. A person who specializes in the field area of microbiologyMicrobiology is called as &ldquo;Microbiologist&rdquo;</p><p>Although much is now known in the field of microbiology, advances are being made regularly. In actual fact, the The most common estimates suggest that we have studied only about 1% of all of the microbes in any given environment. Thus, despite the fact that over three hundred years have passed since the discovery of microbes , the field of microbiology is clearly in its infancy relative to other biological disciplines such as [[zoology]]zoology, [[botany]] or even [[and entomology]].</p><p>==Types of microbiology==&nbsp;<br /p><h2><span class="mw-headline">History</span>The field of microbiology can be generally divided into several subdiscplines:<br /h2><p>*'''Microbial physiology'''Based on a <a href="http: The study of how the microbial cell functions biochemically//www.perfecttermpapers. Includes the study of microbial growthcom">research paper</a>, microbial [[metabolism]] and microbial cell structurebacteria were first observed by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 using a single-lens microscope of his own design.<br />*'''Microbial genetics''': The study of how genes are organised and regulated name &quot;bacterium&quot; was introduced much later, by Ehrenberg in microbes in relation to their cellular functions. Closely related to 1828, derived from the field of [[molecular biology]]Greek word &beta;&alpha;&kappa;&tau;&eta;&rho;&iota;&omicron;&nu; meaning &quot;small stick&quot;.<br />*'''Medical microbiology''': The study While Antony van Leeuwenhoek is often cited as the first microbiologist, the first recorded microbiological observation, that of the role fruiting bodies of microbes molds, was made earlier in human illness. Includes the study 1665 by Robert Hooke.</p><p>The field of microbial [[pathogenesis]] and [[epidemiology]] and <strong>bacteriology</strong> (later a subdiscipline of microbiology) is related generally considered to the study of disease [[pathology]] have been founded by Ferdinand Cohn (1828-1898), a botanist whose studies on algae and [[immunology]]photosynthetic bacteria led him to describe several bacteria including <em>Bacillus</em> and <em>Beggiatoa</em>. Ferdinand Cohn was also the first to formulate a scheme for the taxonomic classification of bacteria.<br /p>*'''Veterinary microbiology''': The study of the role in microbes in veterinary medicine.<br /p>*'''Environmental microbiology''': The study Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) and Robert Koch (1843-1910) were contemporaries of Cohn&rsquo;s and are often considered to be the function and diversity founders of microbes in their natural environments<strong>medical microbiology</strong>. Pasteur is most famous for his <a href="http://www.realtorrentz. Includes the study of [[microbial ecology]], microbially-mediated [[nutrient cycle | nutrient cycling]], [[geomicrobiology]], microbial diversity and [[bioremediation]]com/cat.php?id=2">series<br /a>*'''Evolutionary microbiology''': The study of experiments designed to disprove the evolution then widely held theory of microbesspontaneous generation, thereby solidifying microbiology&rsquo;s identity as a biological science. Includes the study of bacterial [[systematics]] Pasteur also designed methods for food preservation (pasteurization) and vaccines against several diseases such as anthrax, fowl cholera and [[taxonomy]]rabies.<br />*''Robert Koch is best known for his contributions to the germ theory of disease, proving that specific diseases were caused by specific pathogenic microorganisms. He developed a series of criteria that have become known as the Koch'Industrial microbiology''': The exploitation s postulates. Koch was one of microbes for use in industrial processesthe first scientists to focus on the isolation of bacteria in pure culture resulting in his description of several novel bacteria including <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em>, the causative agent of tuberculosis. Examples include [[industrial fermentation]] and [[wastewater treatment]]. Closely linked to </p><p>While Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch are often considered the founders of microbiology, their work did not accurately reflect the [[biotechnology]] industrytrue diversity of the microbial world because of their exclusive focus on microorganisms having medical relevance. This field also includes [[brewing]], an important application It was not until the work of Martinus Beijerinck (1851-1931) and Sergei Winogradsky (1856-1953), the founders of microbiology.</p><pstrong>==Benefits of general microbiology==<br /strong>While microbes are often viewed negatively due (an older term encompassing aspects of microbial physiology, diversity and ecology), that the true breadth of microbiology was revealed. Martinus Beijerinck made two major contributions to their association with many human illnesses, microbes are also responsible for many beneficial processes such as [[industrial fermentation]] (e.g. microbiology: the production discovery of [[alcohol]] viruses and [[dairy products]])the development of enrichment culture techniques. While his work on the Tobacco Mosaic Virus established the basic principles of virology, [[antibiotic]] production and as vehicles it was his development of enrichment culturing that had the most immediate impact on microbiology by allowing for cloning in higher organsisms such as plantsthe cultivation of a wide range of microbes with wildly different physiologies. Scientists have also exploited their knowledge Sergei Winogradsky was the first to develop the concept of microbes chemolithotrophy and to produce biotechnologically important enzymes such as [[Taq polymerase]], [[reporter gene]]s thereby reveal the essential role played by microorganisms in geochemical processes. He was responsible for use in other genetic systems the first isolation and description of both nitrifying and novel molecular biology techniques such as the [[two-hybrid screening|yeast two-hybrid system]]nitrogen-fixing bacteria.<br /p><p><!--These traits allowed Joshua and Esther Lederberg to devise an elegant experiment in [[1951]] demonstrating that adaptive mutations arise from [[preadaptation]] rather than directed mutation. For this purpose, they invented [[replica plating]], which allowed them to transfer numerous [[colony (biologya href="javascript:void(0)|bacterial colonies]] from their specific locations on one agar-filled petri dish to analogous locations on several other petri dishes. After replicating ;/*1283847936614*/">&nbsp;assignment help</a plate of ''E. coli'', they exposed each of the new plates to ></p><p><a [[bacteriophage]] href="javascript:void(also called phage0). They observed that phage-resistant colonies were present at analogous locations on each of the plates, allowing them to conclude that the phage resistance trait had existed in the original colony, which had never been exposed to phage, instead of arising after the bacteria had been exposed to the virus.;/*1283847950571*/">assignment writing</a><br />&nbsp; !-</p><p>.</p><h2><span class="mw- This was on the page before I modified it to read more like a general description headline">Types of the microbiology</span></h2><p>The field of microbiology, but it just didn't seem to make sense with the rest of the page the way I wrote it. I didn't want to just throw it out, but I don't know what to do with it now! Any suggestions?&nbsp; --can be generally divided into several subdisciplines:</p></pul> <pli>==References==<br /strong>*Madigan, M. TMicrobial physiology</strong>: The study of how the microbial cell functions biochemically.Includes the study of microbial growth, Martinko, J. M. &quot;Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 11th Edmicrobial metabolism and microbial cell structure.&quot; (2005) Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.&nbsp; </pli> <pli>== See also ==<br /<strong>* [[Biochemistry]]Microbial genetics<br /strong>* [[Genetics]]: The study of how genes are organised and regulated in microbes in relation to their cellular functions. Closely related to the field of molecular biology.<br /li>* [[Geomicrobiology]] <br />* [[Immunology]]li><br /strong>* [[Medicine]]Medical microbiology<br /strong>* [[Mycology]]: The study of the role of microbes in human illness. Includes the study of microbial pathogenesis and epidemiology and is related to the study of disease pathology and immunology.<br /li>* [[Virology]] </pli><pstrong>* [[Archaea]]Veterinary microbiology<br /strong>* [[Eukaryote]]: The study of the role in microbes in veterinary medicine or animal taxonomy.<br /li>* [[Prokaryote]] </pli><pstrong>* [[List_of_publications_in_biology#Microbiology|Important publications in microbiology]]</p><pEnvironmental microbiology</strong>==External links==<br />* [http://www.GIDEONonline.com/tutorial/microbiology.htm GIDEON Microbiology tutorial]<br />* [http://www.zytologie-online.net/ Microbiology The study of the Cell (Ger)]<br />* [http://wwwfunction and diversity of microbes in their natural environments. Includes the study of microbial ecology, microbially-mediated nutrient cycling, geomicrobiology, microbial diversity and bioremediation. Characterisation of key bacterial habitats such as the rhizosphere and phyllosphere.bact.wisc.edu/Microtextbook Online Microbiology textbook]<br a href="http://www.all-auto.ro/piese-auto" rel="dofollow" title="piese auto ieftine">* [<img hspace="2" border="0" vspace="2" src="http://www.natureall-auto.comro/images/piese auto" alt="piese auto ieftine" /nrmicro></index.html Nature Review: Microbiology]a></li> <li><strong>Evolutionary microbiology<br /strong>* [http://wwwThe study of the evolution of microbes.textbookofbacteriologyIncludes the study of bacterial systematics and taxonomy.net</li> <li><strong>Industrial microbiology</ Bacteriology textbookstrong>: The exploitation of microbes for use in industrial processes. Examples include industrial fermentation and wastewater treatment. Closely linked to the biotechnology industry. This field also includes brewing, an important <a href="http://www.btscene.com/cat/id/5/">application</a> of microbiology.</li> <li><strong>Aeromicrobiology</strong>: The study of airborne microorganisms.</li> <li><strong>Food Microbiology</strong>: The study of microorganisms causing food spoilage.</li> <li><strong>Pharmaceutical microbiology</strong>: the study of microorganisms causing pharmaceutical contamination and spoillage.</li></ul><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;"><img height="200" width="300" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Samadams2.jpg/300px-Samadams2.jpg" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Samadams2.jpg" alt="Fermenting tanks with yeast being used to brew beer" class="thumbimage" /><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><img height="11" width="15" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" /></div>Fermenting tanks with yeast being used to brew beer</div></div></div><p>&nbsp;</p><h2><span class="mw-headline">Benefits of microbiology</span></h2><p>While microbes are often viewed negatively due to their association with many human illnesses, microbes are also responsible for many beneficial processes such as industrial fermentation (e.g. the production of alcohol and dairy products), antibiotic production and as vehicles for cloning in higher organisms such as plants. Scientists have also exploited their knowledge of microbes to produce biotechnologically important enzymes such as Taq polymerase, reporter genes for use in other genetic systems and novel molecular biology techniques such as the yeast two-hybrid system.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2><ol class="references"> <li id="_note-0"><strong>^</strong> Are Viruses Alive? by George Rice, Montana State University [1]</li></ol><p>&nbsp;</p><h2><span class="mw-headline">Further resources</span></h2><ul> <li><cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;">Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth &amp; K. Lee Lerner (eds) (2006). <em>Medicine, health, and bioethics&nbsp;: essential primary sources</em>, 1st ed., Thomson Gale. ISBN 1414406231.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Medicine%2C+health%2C+and+bioethics+%3A+essential+primary+sources&amp;rft.au=Lerner%2C+Brenda+Wilmoth+%26+K.+Lee+Lerner+%28eds%29&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=1st+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Thomson+Gale" class="Z3988">&nbsp;</span></li> <li><cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;">Madigan, Michael; Martinko, John (editors) (2006). <em>Brock Biology of Microorganisms</em>, 11th ed., Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-144329-1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Brock+Biology+of+Microorganisms&amp;rft.au=Madigan%2C+Michael%3B+Martinko%2C+John+%28editors%29&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=11th+ed.&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall" class="Z3988">&nbsp;</span></li> <li><cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;">Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). <em>Sherris Medical Microbiology</em>, 4th ed., McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sherris+Medical+Microbiology&amp;rft.au=Ryan+KJ%3B+Ray+CG+%28editors%29&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.edition=4th+ed.&amp;rft.pub=McGraw+Hill" class="Z3988">&nbsp;</span></li></ul><p>&nbsp;</p><h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2><div><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" width="100%" style="background-color: transparent; table-layout: fixed;"> <tbody> <tr valign="top"> <td> <div style="margin-right: 20px;"> <ul> <li>Biochemistry</li> <li>Biotechnology</li> <li>Genetics</li> <li>Geomicrobiology</li> <li>Immunology</li> <li>Medicine</li> </ul> </div> </td> <td> <div style="margin-right: 20px;"> <ul> <li>Mycology</li> <li>Virology</li> <li>Archaea</li> <li>Eukaryote</li> <li>Prokaryote</li> <li>Important publications in microbiology</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table></div><p>&nbsp;</p><h2><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2><a rel="dofollow" href="http://www.auto-my.ro/dezmembrari-auto" title="dezmembrari auto"><img src="http://www.all-auto.ro/img/a%20auto" alt="dezmembrari auto" vspace="2" border="0" hspace="2"></a><div class="infobox sisterproject"><div style="float: left;"><div class="floatnone">&nbsp;</div></div><div style="margin-left: 60px;">At <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiversity" title="Wikiversity"><font color="#0066cc">Wikiversity</font></a> you can learn more and teach others about <strong>Microbiology</strong> at:<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Topic:Microbiology" title="v:Topic:Microbiology" class="extiw"><font color="#0066cc">The Department of Microbiology</font></a></div></div></div><ul> <li><a rel="dofollow" href="http://www.auto-my.com/auto-sales" title="auto sales online"><img src="http://www.all-auto.ro/img/a%20auto" alt="auto sales online" vspace="2" border="0" hspace="2"></a><a href="http://www.microbiologytext.com/index.php?module=Book&amp;func=toc&amp;book_id=4" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.microbiologytext.com/index.php?module=Book&amp;func=toc&amp;book_id=4" class="external text"><font color="#0066cc">Online Microbiology textbook</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Reviews_Microbiology" title="Nature Reviews Microbiology"><font color="#0066cc">Nature Reviews Microbiology</font></a> (<a href="http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/index.html" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/index.html" class="external text"><font color="#0066cc">journal home</font></a>)</li> <li><a href="http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/" class="external text"><font color="#0066cc">Bacteriology textbook</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://www.ebiologynews.com/c/microbiology/" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.ebiologynews.com/c/microbiology/" class="external text"><font color="#0066cc">Microbiology News</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://www.asm.org/" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.asm.org/" class="external text"><font color="#0066cc">American Society for Microbiology</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://www.socgenmicrobiol.org.uk/" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.socgenmicrobiol.org.uk/" class="external text"><font color="#0066cc">Society for General Microbiology</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://fond-merieux.org/" rel="nofollow" title="http://fond-merieux.org/" class="external text"><font color="#0066cc">Fondation M&eacute;rieux</font></a><a rel="dofollow" href="http://www.miere-bucovina.ro/propolis" title="tinctura de propolis"><img src="http://www.all-auto.ro/img/a%20auto" alt="tinctura de propolis" vspace="2" border="0" hspace="2"></a></li> <li><a href="http://www.raulcuerobiotech.com/" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.raulcuerobiotech.com/" class="external text"><font color="#0066cc">Microbiology and IGem</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/book/welcome.htm" rel="nofollow" title="http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/book/welcome.htm" class="external text"><font color="#0066cc">Online Microbiology textbok</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://microbiologybytes.wordpress.com/" rel="nofollow" title="http://microbiologybytes.wordpress.com/" class="external text"><font color="#0066cc">MicrobiologyBytes</font></a> The latest news about microbiology in a form that everyone can understand</li> <li><a href="http://www.horizonpress.com/blogger/" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/blogger/" class="external text"><font color="#0066cc">Microbiology Blog</font></a> Microbiology news and views</li> <li><a href="http://www.horizonpress.com/gateway/micro.html" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.horizonpress.com/gateway/micro.html" class="external text"><font color="#0066cc">Molecular Microbiology</font></a></li> <li><a href="http://www.eolabs.com/" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.eolabs.com/" class="external text"><font color="#0066cc">E &amp; O Laboratories</font></a> Manufacturers of Microbiological Culture Media</li></ul><p><br /><br /><font size="3">[[Introduction to microbiology]]<br /><br />[[Bacterial species]]</font></p><a rel="dofollow" href="http://www.auto-tip.ro/vanzari-auto" title="vanzari auto"><img src="http://www.all-auto.ro/img/a%20auto" alt="vanzari auto" vspace="2" border="0" hspace="2"></a><p><font size="5"><span style="text-align: justify; line-height: 21px; font-family: '바탕'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 13px;"><font size="4"><font size="3"><font face="Arial">[[Bioversity]]<br /><br />[[Avian Flu-HOT ISSUE]]<br /></font><br /></font></font></span></font></p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong><hr /><br /><br /><br /></strong></p>