<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><font color="#000000"><strong>Warburg's hypothesis</strong><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>was postulated by the Nobel laureate<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>Otto Heinrich Warburg<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>in 1924.<a sup style="BACKGROUNDLINE-IMAGEHEIGHT: none1em; COLOR: rgb(90,54,150); TEXTFONT-DECORATIONSTYLE: nonenormal; FONT-webkit-background-clipWEIGHT: initial; normal" id="cite_ref-webkit-background-origin: initial0" titleclass="Otto Heinrich Warburgreference" href="http:><span>[<//biopedia.org/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg"span>1<font color="#5a3696"span>Otto Heinrich Warburg]</fontspan></asup><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>in 1924.He hypothesized that<sup stylespan class="LINEApple-HEIGHT: 1em; FONTconverted-STYLE: normal; FONT-WEIGHT: normal" id="cite_ref-0" class="referencespace">&nbsp;<a style/span>cancer, malignant growth, and<span class="BACKGROUNDApple-IMAGE: none; WHITEconverted-SPACE: nowrapspace">&nbsp; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT</span>tumor<span class="Apple-DECORATION: none; converted-webkit-background-clip: initialspace">&nbsp; -webkit-background-origin: initial" href="http:<//biopedia.org/FCKeditor/editor/fckeditor.html?InstanceName=wpTextbox1&amp;Toolbar=Wiki#cite_note-0">span>growth are caused by the fact that tumor cells mainly generate<font colorspan class="#002bb8Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></a></sup>energy<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>He hypothesized that(as e.g.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>adenosine triphosphate<a stylespan class="BACKGROUNDApple-converted-IMAGE: nonespace">&nbsp; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184</span>/ ATP); TEXTby non-DECORATION: none; oxidative breakdown of<span class="Apple-webkitconverted-background-clip: initialspace">&nbsp; </span>glucose<span class="Apple-webkitconverted-background-origin: initialspace" title="Cancer" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Cancer"><font color="#002bb8">cancer>&nbsp;</fontspan></(a>, malignant growth, andprocess called<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>glycolysis). This is in contrast to &quot;healthy&quot; cells which mainly generate energy from oxidative breakdown of pyruvate. Pyruvate is an end-product of<a stylespan class="BACKGROUNDApple-IMAGE: noneconverted-space">&nbsp; COLOR: rgb(0</span>glycolysis,43,184); TEXTand is<span class="Apple-DECORATION: none; converted-webkit-background-clip: initialspace">&nbsp; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Tumor" href="http:<//biopedia.org/wiki/Tumor"span>oxidized<font colorspan class="#002bb8Apple-converted-space">tumor&nbsp;</font></aspan>within the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>growth are caused by the fact that tumor cells mainly generatemitochondria. Hence, according to Warburg, cancer should be interpreted as a<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>mitochondrial<a stylespan class="BACKGROUNDApple-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXTconverted-DECORATION: nonespace">&nbsp; -webkit-background-clip: initial</span>dysfunction. Warburg reported a fundamental difference between normal and cancerous cells to be the ratio of glycolysis to respiration; this observation is also known as the<span class="Apple-webkitconverted-background-origin: initial" title="Energy" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Energyspace">&nbsp;<font color="#002bb8"/span>energyWarburg effect.</font></ap><span classp style="AppleLINE-converted-space">&nbspHEIGHT: 1.5em;</span>(as eMARGIN: 0.g4em 0px 0.5em"><span classfont color="Apple-#000000">It is now known that cancer is caused by<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>mutations<a stylespan class="BACKGROUNDApple-converted-IMAGE: nonespace">&nbsp; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT</span>in the<span class="Apple-converted-DECORATION: nonespace">&nbsp; </span>genome<span class="Apple-webkitconverted-background-clip: initialspace">&nbsp; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Adenosine triphosphate" href="http:<//biopedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate"span>of the<font colorspan class="#002bb8Apple-converted-space">adenosine triphosphate&nbsp;</font></aspan>cells<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>/ ATP) by non-oxidative breakdown ofin a process called<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style=malignant transformation, resulting in an uncontrolled growth of cells.<sup style="BACKGROUNDLINE-IMAGEHEIGHT: none1em; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXTFONT-DECORATIONSTYLE: nonenormal; FONT-webkit-background-clipWEIGHT: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initialnormal" titleid="Glucosecite_ref-1" hrefclass="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Glucosereference"><font color="#002bb8"span>glucose[</fontspan>2</aspan>]</span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</spansup>(a process called<span classsup style="AppleLINE-convertedHEIGHT: 1em; FONT-space">&nbspSTYLE: normal;<FONT-WEIGHT: normal" id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT/sup><span class="Apple-converted-DECORATION: nonespace">&nbsp; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Glycolysis" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis"><font color="#002bb8">glycolysis</fontspan>The metabolic differences observed by Warburg are now thought to be an adaption of cancer cells to the</aspan class="Apple-converted-space">). This is in contrast to &quotnbsp;healthy&quot; cells which mainly generate energy from oxidative breakdown of pyruvate. Pyruvate is an end-product of</span>hypoxic<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND(oxygen-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0deficient) conditions inside solid tumors, and therefore not the cause,43as he claimed,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clipbut an effect of cancer.</font></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: initial1.5em; -webkit-background-originMARGIN: initial0.4em 0px 0.5em" title><font color="Glycolysis#000000" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis"><font color="#002bb8">glycolysis</font></>Warburg articulated his hypothesis in a>, and ispaper entitled<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a styleem>The Prime Cause and Prevention of Cancer</em><span class="BACKGROUNDApple-converted-IMAGE: nonespace">&nbsp; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT</span>which he presented in lecture at the meeting of the Nobel-DECORATION: none; Laureates on June 30, 1966 at<span class="Apple-webkitconverted-background-clip: initialspace">&nbsp; -webkit-background-origin: initial" </span>Lindau, Lake Constance, Germany. In this speech, Warburg presented evidence in support of the claim that<span class="mwApple-redirect" title="Oxidized" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Oxidizedconverted-space"><font color="#002bb8">oxidized&nbsp;</font></aspan>anaerobiosis<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>within the<span class="Apple-converted-space">was a primary cause of cancerous cells. Put in his own words, &nbspquot;</span><a style=the prime cause of cancer is the replacement of the respiration of oxygen in normal body cells by a fermentation of sugar.&quot;<sup style="BACKGROUNDLINE-IMAGEHEIGHT: none1em; COLORFONT-STYLE: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATIONnormal; FONT-WEIGHT: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initialnormal" classid="mwcite_ref-redirect3" titleclass="Mitochondriareference" href="http:><span>[</span>4<span>]</biopedia.org/wiki/Mitochondria"span><font color="#002bb8"/sup>mitochondria</font></ap>. Hence, according to Warburg, cancer should be interpreted as a<span class=<p style="AppleLINE-converted-spaceHEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em">&nbsp;</spanfont color="#000000">In recent years, Warburg's hypothesis has re-gained attention due to several discoveries linking impairedmitochondrial<a stylespan class="BACKGROUNDApple-converted-IMAGE: nonespace">&nbsp; COLOR: rgb(0</span>function as well as impaired respiration to the growth,43,184); TEXTdivision and expansion of tumor cells. In a study by<span class="Apple-DECORATION: none; converted-webkit-background-clip: initialspace">&nbsp; -webkit-background-origin: initial" </span>Michael Ristow<span class="mwApple-converted-redirectspace" title="Mitochondrial" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial"><font color="#002bb8">mitochondrial>&nbsp;</font></aspan>and co-workers,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>dysfunction. Warburg reported a fundamental difference between normal and cancerous cells to be the ratio of glycolysis to respiration; this observation is also known as the<colon cancer<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>lines were modified to overexpress<a stylespan class="BACKGROUNDApple-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXTconverted-DECORATION: nonespace">&nbsp; </span>frataxin. The results of their work suggest that an increase in oxidative metabolism induced by mitochondrial frataxin may inhibit cancer growth in mammals.<sup style="LINE-webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-backgroundHEIGHT: 1em; FONT-originSTYLE: initialnormal; FONT-WEIGHT: normal" titleid="Warburg effectcite_ref-4" hrefclass="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Warburg_effectreference"><font color="#002bb8"span>Warburg effect[</fontspan>5<span>]</aspan></sup></font>.</p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em">It is now known that cancer is caused by<span classfont color="Apple-converted-space#000000">&nbsp;</span>Subsequent work has shown that the Warburg effect, indeed, might lead to a promising approach in the treatment of solid tumors. The drug<a stylespan class="BACKGROUNDApple-converted-IMAGE: nonespace">&nbsp; COLOR: rgb(0</span>dichloroacetic acid,43which promotes respiration and the activity of mitochondria,184); TEXThas been shown to kill cancer cells<span class="Apple-DECORATION: none; converted-webkit-background-clip: initialspace">&nbsp; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Mutation" href="http:</span><em>in vitro</biopedia.org/wiki/Mutation"><font color="#002bb8">mutations</font></aem><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and in thesome animal models.<span classsup style="AppleLINE-convertedHEIGHT: 1em; FONT-space">&nbspSTYLE: normal;FONT-WEIGHT: normal" id="cite_ref-bonnet2007_5-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>6<span>]<a style="BACKGROUND/span></sup><span class="Apple-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXTconverted-DECORATION: nonespace">&nbsp; </span>The body often kills damaged cells by<span class="Apple-webkit-backgroundconverted-clip: initialspace">&nbsp; </span>apoptosis, a mechanism of self-webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Genome" href="http://biopediadestruction that involves mitochondria, but this mechanism fails in cancer cells where the mitochondria are shut down. According to one hypothesis, the reactivation of mitochondria in cancer cells might also restart their apoptosis program.org/wiki/Genome"><font color="#002bb8">genome</font></a><span classsup style="AppleLINE-converted-spaceHEIGHT: 1em; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-WEIGHT: normal" id="cite_ref-6" class="reference">&nbsp;<span>[</span>of the7<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;]</span></spansup><a sup style="BACKGROUNDLINE-IMAGEHEIGHT: none1em; COLORFONT-STYLE: rgb(0,43,184)normal; TEXTFONT-DECORATIONWEIGHT: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initialnormal" titleid="Cell (biology)cite_ref-7" hrefclass="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)reference"><font color="#002bb8"span>[</span>8<span>cells]</fontspan></asup><span class="Apple-converted-space"/font>&nbsp;</spanp>in a process called<span class<p style="AppleLINE-converted-spaceHEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em">&nbsp;</spanfont color="#000000"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" titleid="Malignant transformationSee_also" hrefname="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Malignant_transformationSee_also"><font color="#002bb8">malignant transformation</font></a>, resulting in an uncontrolled growth of cells.<sup /font></p><h2 style="LINEBACKGROUND-HEIGHTIMAGE: 1emnone; FONTBORDER-STYLEBOTTOM: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.17em; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.6em; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: normal19px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal" id="cite_ref; PADDING-TOP: 0.5em; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-1" class="referenceorigin: initial"><a span style="BACKGROUND-IMAGEFLOAT: noneright; WHITEMARGIN-SPACELEFT: nowrap5px; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXTFONT-DECORATIONSIZE: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial13px" hrefclass="http://biopedia.org/FCKeditor/editor/fckeditor.html?InstanceName=wpTextbox1&amp;Toolbar=Wiki#cite_note-1editsection"><font color="#002bb8000000"><span>[edit]</spanfont>2</span>]</spanclass="mw-headline"></font></a></sup><sup style=color="LINE-HEIGHT: 1em; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-WEIGHT: normal" id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; WHITE-SPACE: nowrap; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" href="http://biopedia.org/FCKeditor/editor/fckeditor.html?InstanceName=wpTextbox1&amp;Toolbar=Wiki#cite_note-2"><font color="#002bb8"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></font></a></sup><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>The metabolic differences observed by Warburg are now thought to be an adaption of cancer cells to the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Hypoxia (medical)" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)"><font color="#002bb8">hypoxic</font></a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(oxygen-deficient) conditions inside solid tumors, and therefore not the cause, as he claimed, but an effect of cancer.</p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em">Warburg articulated his hypothesis in a paper entitled<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><em>The Prime Cause and Prevention of Cancer</em><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>which he presented in lecture at the meeting of the Nobel-Laureates on June 30, 1966 at<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Lindau" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Lindau"><font color="#002bb8">Lindau</font></a>, Lake Constance, Germany. In this speech, Warburg presented evidence in support of the claim that<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Fermentation (biochemistry)" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(biochemistry)"><font color="#002bb8">anaerobiosis</font></a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>was a primary cause of cancerous cells. Put in his own words, &quot;the prime cause of cancer is the replacement of the respiration of oxygen in normal body cells by a fermentation of sugar.&quot;<sup style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1em; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-WEIGHT: normal" id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; WHITE-SPACE: nowrap; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" href="http://biopedia.org/FCKeditor/editor/fckeditor.html?InstanceName=wpTextbox1&amp;Toolbar=Wiki#cite_note-3"><font color="#002bb8"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></font></a></sup></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em">In recent years, Warburg's hypothesis has re-gained attention due to several discoveries linking impaired<a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondrial" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial"><font color="#002bb8">mitochondrial</font></a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>function as well as impaired respiration to the growth, division and expansion of tumor cells. In a study by<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Michael Ristow" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ristow"><font color="#002bb8">Michael Ristow</font></a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and co-workers,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon cancer" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Colon_cancer"><font color="#002bb8">colon cancer</font></a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>lines were modified to overexpress<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Frataxin" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Frataxin"><font color="#002bb8">frataxin</font></a>. The results of their work suggest that an increase in oxidative metabolism induced by mitochondrial frataxin may inhibit cancer growth in mammals.<sup style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1em; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-WEIGHT: normal" id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; WHITE-SPACE: nowrap; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" href="http://biopedia.org/FCKeditor/editor/fckeditor.html?InstanceName=wpTextbox1&amp;Toolbar=Wiki#cite_note-4"><font color="#002bb8"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></font></a></sup></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em">Subsequent work has shown that the Warburg effect, indeed, might lead to a promising approach in the treatment of solid tumors. The drug<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Dichloroacetic acid" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid"><font color="#002bb8">dichloroacetic acid</font></a>, which promotes respiration and the activity of mitochondria, has been shown to kill cancer cells<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><em>in vitro</em><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and in some animal models.<sup style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1em; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-WEIGHT: normal" id="cite_ref-bonnet2007_5-0" class="reference"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; WHITE-SPACE: nowrap; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" href="http://biopedia.org/FCKeditor/editor/fckeditor.html?InstanceName=wpTextbox1&amp;Toolbar=Wiki#cite_note-bonnet2007-5"><font color="#002bb8"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></font></a></sup><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>The body often kills damaged cells by<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Apoptosis" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis"><font color="#002bb8">apoptosis</font></a>, a mechanism of self-destruction that involves mitochondria, but this mechanism fails in cancer cells where the mitochondria are shut down. According to one hypothesis, the reactivation of mitochondria in cancer cells might also restart their apoptosis program.<sup style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1em; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-WEIGHT: normal" id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; WHITE-SPACE: nowrap; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" href="http://biopedia.org/FCKeditor/editor/fckeditor.html?InstanceName=wpTextbox1&amp;Toolbar=Wiki#cite_note-6"><font color="#002bb8"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></font></a></sup><sup style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1em; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-WEIGHT: normal" id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; WHITE-SPACE: nowrap; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" href="http://biopedia.org/FCKeditor/editor/fckeditor.html?InstanceName=wpTextbox1&amp;Toolbar=Wiki#cite_note-7"><font color="#002bb8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></a></sup></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" id="See_also" name="See_also"><font color="#002bb8"></font></a></p><h2 style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.17em; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.6em; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 19px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; PADDING-TOP: 0.5em; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial"><span style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; FONT-SIZE: 13px" class="editsection#000000">[<a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Edit section: See also" href="http://biopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warburg_hypothesis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1"><font color="#002bb8">edit</font></a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2>

<li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Carcinogen" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Carcinogen"><font color="#002bb8000000">Carcinogen</font></a></li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="2-Deoxy-D-glucose" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/2-Deoxy-D-glucose"><font color="#002bb8000000">2-Deoxy-D-glucose</font></a></li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Ketogenic diet" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet"><font color="#002bb8000000">Ketogenic diet</font></a></li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Pyruvic acid" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Pyruvic_acid"><font color="#002bb8000000">Pyruvic acid</font></a></li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Respiration" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Respiration"><font color="#002bb8000000">Respiration</font></a></li>

<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><font color="#000000"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" id="References" name="References"><font color="#002bb8"></font></a></font></p><h2 style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.17em; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.6em; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 19px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; PADDING-TOP: 0.5em; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial"><span style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; FONT-SIZE: 13px" class="editsection"><font color="#000000">[</font><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Edit section: References" href="http://biopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warburg_hypothesis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2"><font color="#002bb8000000">edit</font></a><font color="#000000">]</font></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2>

<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><font color="#000000"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" id="Further_reading" name="Further_reading"></a></font></p><h2 style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.17em; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.6em; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 19px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; PADDING-TOP: 0.5em; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial"><span style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; FONT-SIZE: 13px" class="editsection"><font color="#000000">[</font><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Edit section: Further reading" href="http://biopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warburg_hypothesis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3"><font color="#002bb8000000">edit</font></a><font color="#000000">]</font></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Further reading</font></span></h2>