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Taurine

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~~단사주상정이며 널리 동 식물계 주로 소의 담즙속에 존재하며 강장제로 많이 쓰인다.  ~~

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Taurine, or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is an organic acid. It is also a major constituent of bile and can be found in the lower intestine and in small amounts in the tissues of many animals and in humans as well.[1][2] Taurine is a derivative of the sulfur-containing (sulfhydryl) amino acid, cysteine. Taurine is one of the few known naturally occurring sulfonic acids.

Taurine is named after the Latin taurus, which means bull or ox, as it was first isolated from ox bile in 1827 by German scientists Friedrich Tiedemann and Leopold Gmelin.[3] It is often called an amino acid, even in scientific literature,[4][5][6] but as it lacks a carboxyl group it is not strictly an amino acid.[7] It does contain a sulfonate group and may be called an amino sulfonic acid. Small polypeptides have been identified which contain taurine, but to date no aminoacyl tRNA synthetase has been identified as specifically recognizing taurine and capable of incorporating it onto a tRNA.[8]

<h2>Biosynthesis</h2>

<li id="cite_note-0"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-0">^</a> <cite class="" id="CITEREFBouckenooghe_T.2C_Remacle_C.2C_Reusens_B2006" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Bouckenooghe T, Remacle C, Reusens B (2006). "Is taurine a functional nutrient?". Curr Opin Clin Nutr 9 (6): 728–733.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Is+taurine+a+functional+nutrient%3F&rft.jtitle=Curr+Opin+Clin+Nutr&rft.aulast=Bouckenooghe+T%2C+Remacle+C%2C+Reusens+B&rft.au=Bouckenooghe+T%2C+Remacle+C%2C+Reusens+B&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=728%E2%80%93733&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Taurine">  </li>

<li id="cite_note-1"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-1">^</a> <cite class="" id="CITEREFBrosnan_J.2C_Brosnan_M2006" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Brosnan J, Brosnan M (2006). "The sulfur-containing amino acids: an overview.". J Nutr 136 (6 Suppl): 1636S–1640S. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16702333" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16702333">PMID 16702333</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+sulfur-containing+amino+acids%3A+an+overview.&rft.jtitle=J+Nutr&rft.aulast=Brosnan+J%2C+Brosnan+M&rft.au=Brosnan+J%2C+Brosnan+M&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=6+Suppl&rft.pages=1636S%E2%80%931640S&rft_id=info:pmid/16702333&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Taurine">  </li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="" id="CITEREFF._Tiedemann.2C_L._Gmelin1827" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">F. Tiedemann, L. Gmelin (1827). "Einige neue Bestandtheile der Galle des Ochsen". Annalen der Physik 85 (2): 326–337. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18270850214" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18270850214~~" rel="nofollow~~">10.1002/andp.18270850214</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Einige+neue+Bestandtheile+der+Galle+des+Ochsen&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik&rft.aulast=F.+Tiedemann%2C+L.+Gmelin&rft.au=F.+Tiedemann%2C+L.+Gmelin&rft.date=1827&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=326%E2%80%93337&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fandp.18270850214&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Taurine">  </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite class="" id="CITEREFStapletonL_O.27Flaherty.2C_HP_Redmond.2C_and_DJ_Bouchier-Hayes1998" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Stapleton, PP; L O'Flaherty, HP Redmond, and DJ Bouchier-Hayes (1998). "<a class="external text" title="http://jpen.aspenjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/22/1/42" rel="nofollow" href="http://jpen.aspenjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/22/1/42~~" rel="nofollow~~">Host defense--a role for the amino acid taurine?</a>". Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 22 (1): 42–48. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F014860719802200142" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F014860719802200142~~" rel="nofollow~~">10.1177/014860719802200142</a>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9437654" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9437654">PMID 9437654</a>. <a class="external free" title="http://jpen.aspenjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/22/1/42" ~~href~~rel="nofollow" href="http://jpen.aspenjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/22/1/42~~" rel="nofollow~~">http://jpen.aspenjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/22/1/42</a>. Retrieved on 2006-08-19.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Host+defense--a+role+for+the+amino+acid+taurine%3F&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Parenteral+and+Enteral+Nutrition&rft.aulast=Stapleton&rft.aufirst=PP&rft.au=Stapleton%2C+PP&rft.au=L+O%27Flaherty%2C+HP+Redmond%2C+and+DJ+Bouchier-Hayes&rft.date=1998&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42%26ndash%3B48&rft_id=info:doi/10.1177%2F014860719802200142&rft_id=info:pmid/9437654&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjpen.aspenjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F22%2F1%2F42&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Taurine">  </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="" id="CITEREFWeissRoger_Klein.2C_Adam_Slivka.2C_and_Maria_Wei1982" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Weiss, Stephen J.; Roger Klein, Adam Slivka, and Maria Wei (1982). "<a class="external text" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=370261" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=370261~~" rel="nofollow~~">Chlorination of Taurine by Human Neutrophils</a>". Journal of Clinical Investigation 70 (3): 598–607. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI110652" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI110652~~" rel="nofollow~~">10.1172/JCI110652</a>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6286728" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6286728">PMID 6286728</a>. <a class="external free" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=370261" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=370261~~" rel="nofollow~~">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=370261</a>. Retrieved on 2006-08-19.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chlorination+of+Taurine+by+Human+Neutrophils&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Investigation&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Stephen+J.&rft.au=Roger+Klein%2C+Adam+Slivka%2C+and+Maria+Wei&rft.date=1982&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=598%26ndash%3B607&rft_id=info:doi/10.1172%2FJCI110652&rft_id=info:pmid/6286728&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Fartid%3D370261&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Taurine">  </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="" id="CITEREFKirkand_Julie_Kirk1993" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Kirk, Kiaran; and Julie Kirk (1993). "Volume-regulatory taurine release from a human heart cancer cell line". FEBS Letters 336 (1): 153–158. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2893%2981630-I" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2893%2981630-I~~" rel="nofollow~~">10.1016/0014-5793(93)81630-I</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Volume-regulatory+taurine+release+from+a+human+heart+cancer+cell+line&rft.jtitle=FEBS+Letters&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=Kiaran&rft.au=Kirk%2C+Kiaran&rft.au=and+Julie+Kirk&rft.date=1993&rft.volume=336&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=153%26ndash%3B158&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2893%2981630-I&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Taurine">  </li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="book" id="CITEREFCarey2006" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Carey, Francis A. (2006) [1987]. Organic Chemistry (6th ed. ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. pp. 1149. <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0072828374">ISBN 0-07-282837-4</a>. "Amino acids are carboxylic acids that contain an amine function."</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organic+Chemistry&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Francis+A.&rft.au=Carey%2C+Francis+A.&rft.date=2006&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1149&rft.edition=6th+ed.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.isbn=0-07-282837-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Taurine">  </li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="" id="CITEREFLahdesmaki1987" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Lahdesmaki, P (1987). "Biosynthesis of taurine peptides in brain cytoplasmic fraction in vitro.". Int J Neuroscience 37 (1-2): 79–84. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.3109%2F00207458708991804" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3109%2F00207458708991804~~" rel="nofollow~~">10.3109/00207458708991804</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Biosynthesis+of+taurine+peptides+in+brain+cytoplasmic+fraction+in+vitro.&rft.jtitle=Int+J+Neuroscience&rft.aulast=Lahdesmaki&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Lahdesmaki%2C+P&rft.date=1987&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1-2&rft.pages=79%26ndash%3B84&rft_id=info:doi/10.3109%2F00207458708991804&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Taurine">  </li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-8">^</a> Urquhart N, Perry TL, Hansen S, Kennedy J. Passage of taurine into adult mammalian brain. Journal of Neurochemistry 1974 May;22(5):871-2. </li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-9">^</a> Tsuji A, Tamai I. Sodium- and chloride-dependent transport of taurine at the blood-brain barrier. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1996;403:385-91. </li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-24">^</a> Zhang M, Izumi I, Kagamimori S, Sokejima S, Yamagami T, Liu Z, Qi B. Role of taurine supplementation to prevent exercise-induced oxidative stress in healthy young men. Amino Acids 2004 Mar;26(2):203-7. Epub 2003 May 9. </li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-25">^</a> Heird W.C. Taurine in neonatal nutrition—revisited. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal. Ed 89. F473-F474 2004 </li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-26">^</a> <cite class="" id="CITEREFMilitanteJ._B._Lombardini2002" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Militante, J. D.; J. B. Lombardini (November 2002). <a class="external text" title="http://endo.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/147/7/3276" rel="nofollow" href="http://endo.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/147/7/3276~~" rel="nofollow~~">Treatment of hypertension with oral taurine: exp0/en.2005-1007</a>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16627576" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16627576">PMID 16627576</a>. <a class="external free" title="http://endo.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/147/7/3276" rel="nofollow" href="http://endo.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/147/7/3276~~" rel="nofollow~~">http://endo.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/147/7/3276</a>. Retrieved on 2006-08-22.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treatment+of+hypertension+with+oral+taurine%3A+exp0%2Fen.2005-1007&rft.aulast=Militante&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft.au=Militante%2C+J.+D.&rft.au=J.+B.+Lombardini&rft.date=November+2002&rft_id=info:pmid/16627576&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fendo.endojournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F147%2F7%2F3276&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Taurine">  </li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-27">^</a> Yanagita T, Han SY, Hu Y, Nagao K, Kitajima H, Murakami S. Taurine reduces the secretion of apolipoprotein B100 and lipids in HepG2 cells. Lipids in Health and Disease 2008 Oct 17;7:38. </li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-28">^</a> Zhang M, Bi LF, Fang JH, Su XL, Da GL, Kuwamori T, Kagamimori S. Beneficial effects of taurine on serum lipids in overweight or obese non-diabetic subjects. Amino Acids. 2004 Jun;26(3):267-71. </li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-29">^</a> Choi MJ, Kim JH, Chang KJ. The effect of dietary taurine supplementation on plasma and liver lipid concentrations and free amino acid concentrations in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2006;583:235-42. </li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a class="external text" title="http://www.peacehealth.org/KBASE/cam/hn-1193009.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.peacehealth.org/KBASE/cam/hn-1193009.htm~~" rel="nofollow~~">Congestive Heart Failure</a>, Healthnotes, Inc, PeaceHealth, January 19, 2007 </li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-31">^</a> Laidlaw S, Shultz T, Cecchino J, Kopple J (1988) "Plasma and urine taurine levels in vegans." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 47, pp. 660-663. </li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-32">^</a> Kirk J and Kirk K. Inhibition of volume-activated I- and taurine efflux from HeLa cells by P-glycoprotein blockers correlates with calmodulin inhibition. J. Biol. Chem, Nov 1994;269:29389–29394. </li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-33">^</a> <cite class="" id="CITEREFKong_WX.2C_Chen_SW.2C_Li_YL.2C_.27.27et_al.27.272006" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Kong WX, Chen SW, Li YL, et al (2006). "Effects of taurine on rat behaviors in three anxiety models". Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 83 (2): 271–6. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pbb.2006.02.007" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pbb.2006.02.007~~" rel="nofollow~~">10.1016/j.pbb.2006.02.007</a>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16540157" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16540157">PMID 16540157</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Effects+of+taurine+on+rat+behaviors+in+three+anxiety+models&rft.jtitle=Pharmacol.+Biochem.+Behav.&rft.aulast=Kong+WX%2C+Chen+SW%2C+Li+YL%2C+%27%27et+al%27%27&rft.au=Kong+WX%2C+Chen+SW%2C+Li+YL%2C+%27%27et+al%27%27&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=271%E2%80%936&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.pbb.2006.02.007&rft_id=info:pmid/16540157&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Taurine">  </li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-34">^</a> Zhang CG, Kim SJ. Taurine induces anti-<a title="Anxiety" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety">anxiety</a> by activating strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor in vivo. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2007;51(4):379-86. Epub 2007 Aug 29. </li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-35">^</a> Chen SW, Kong WX, Zhang YJ, Li YL, Mi XJ, Mu XS. Possible anxiolytic effects of taurine in the mouse elevated plus-maze. Life Sciences 2004 Aug 6;75(12):1503-11. </li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-36">^</a> <cite class="" id="CITEREFU._Warskulat.2C_U._Flogel.2C_C._Jacoby.2C_H.-G._Hartwig.2C_M._Thewissen.2C_M._W._Merx.2C_A._Molojavyi.2C_B._Heller-Stilb.2C_J._Schrader_and_D._Haussinger2004" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">U. Warskulat, U. Flogel, C. Jacoby, H.-G. Hartwig, M. Thewissen, M. W. Merx, A. Molojavyi, B. Heller-Stilb, J. Schrader and D. Haussinger (2004). "Taurine transporter knockout depletes muscle taurine levels and results in severe skeletal muscle impairment but leaves cardiac function uncompromised". <a class="new" title="Faseb J. 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"Taurine reverses neurological and neurovascular deficits in Zucker diabetic fatty rats.". 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<li id="cite_note-41"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-41">^</a> Effect of taurine treatment on insulin secretion and action, and on serum lipid levels in overweight men with a genetic predisposition for type II diabetes mellitus. C. Brøns, C. Spohr, H. Storgaard, J. Dyerberg, A. Vaag. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2004) 58, 1239–1247. </li>

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<li id="cite_note-43"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-43">^</a> Verzola D, Bertolotto MB, Villaggio B, Ottonello L, Dallegri F, Frumento G, Berruti V, Gandolfo MT, Garibotto G, Deferran G. Taurine prevents apoptosis induced by high ambient glucose in human tubule renal cells. Journal of investigative medicine: the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research. 2002 Nov;50(6):443-51. </li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-44">^</a> Effects of taurine on advanced glycosylation end products and expression of TGF-β in renal cortex of, TsingHua, 2005, <a class="external free" title="http://www.shvoong.com/medicine-and-health/1599878-effects-taurine-advanced-glycosylation-end/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.shvoong.com/medicine-and-health/1599878-effects-taurine-advanced-glycosylation-end/~~" rel="nofollow~~">http://www.shvoong.com/medicine-and-health/1599878-effects-taurine-advanced-glycosylation-end/</a> </li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-45">^</a> Huang JS, Chuang LY, Guh JY, Yang YL, Hsu MS. Effect of taurine on advanced glycation end products-induced hypertrophy in renal tubular epithelial cells. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2008 Sep 12. </li>

<li id="cite_note-46"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-46">^</a> Collin C, Gautier B, Gaillard O, Hallegot P, Chabane S, Bastien P, Peyron M, Bouleau M, Thibaut S, Pruche F, Duranton A, Bernard BA. Protective effects of taurine on human hair follicle grown in vitro(1). International Journal of Cosmetic Science 2006 Aug;28(4):289-98. </li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-47">^</a> Janeke G, Siefken W, Carstensen S, Springmann G, Bleck O, Steinhart H, Höger P, Wittern KP, Wenck H, Stäb F, Sauermann G, Schreiner V, Doering T. Role of taurine accumulation in keratinocyte hydration. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2003 Aug;121(2):354-61. </li>

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(page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faseb_J.&action=edit&redlink=1">Faseb J.</a>: 03–0496fje. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.03-0496fje" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.03-0496fje~~" rel="nofollow~~">10.1096/fj.03-0496fje</a>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14734644" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14734644">PMID 14734644</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Taurine+transporter+knockout+depletes+muscle+taurine+levels+and+results+in+severe+skeletal+muscle+impairment+but+leaves+cardiac+function+uncompromised&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BFaseb+J.%5D%5D&rft.aulast=U.+Warskulat%2C+U.+Flogel%2C+C.+Jacoby%2C+H.-G.+Hartwig%2C+M.+Thewissen%2C+M.+W.+Merx%2C+A.+Molojavyi%2C+B.+Heller-Stilb%2C+J.+Schrader+and+D.+Haussinger&rft.au=U.+Warskulat%2C+U.+Flogel%2C+C.+Jacoby%2C+H.-G.+Hartwig%2C+M.+Thewissen%2C+M.+W.+Merx%2C+A.+Molojavyi%2C+B.+Heller-Stilb%2C+J.+Schrader+and+D.+Haussinger&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=03%E2%80%930496fje&rft_id=info:doi/10.1096%2Ffj.03-0496fje&rft_id=info:pmid/14734644&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Taurine">  </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-58">^</a> M. D. J. Kerai, Catherine J. Waterfield, S. H. Kenyon, D. S. Asker, J. A. Timbrell <a class="external text" title="http://www.springerlink.com/content/m4467644l7738uw7/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/m4467644l7738uw7/~~" rel="nofollow~~">Taurine: Protective properties against ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis and lipid peroxidation during chronic ethanol consumption in rats</a> Amino Acids Volume 15, Numbers 1-2 / March, 1998 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine#cite_ref-59">^</a> <cite class="news" id="CITEREFMcCall2005" style="FONT-STYLE: normal">McCall, Becky (2005-12-28). <a class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4563760.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4563760.stm~~" rel="nofollow~~">"The ultimate hangover cure?"</a>. bbc.co.uk. <a class="external free" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4563760.stm" rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4563760.stm~~" rel="nofollow~~">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4563760.stm</a>. Retrieved on 2008-09-01.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+ultimate+hangover+cure%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=McCall&rft.aufirst=Becky&rft.au=McCall%2C+Becky&rft.date=2005-12-28&rft.pub=bbc.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fmagazine%2F4563760.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Taurine">  </li>

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