SNP - Revision history

210.218.222.215 at 06:15, 17 May 2006

2006-05-17T06:15:34Z

210.218.222.215 at 06:14, 17 May 2006

2006-05-17T06:14:39Z

210.218.222.215 at 06:12, 17 May 2006

2006-05-17T06:12:41Z

210.218.222.215 at 06:12, 17 May 2006

2006-05-17T06:12:07Z

210.218.222.215 at 06:11, 17 May 2006

2006-05-17T06:11:35Z

210.218.222.215 at 06:11, 17 May 2006

2006-05-17T06:11:14Z

Yslee at 16:51, 15 February 2006

2006-02-15T16:51:52Z

New page

single nucleotide polymorphism 한개의 염기서열의 차이를 이용하는 것을 말한다.  1번 개체 ACCATG 2번 개체 ACTATG  두 개체간의 염기서열의 차이를 이용하게 된다. 예를 들어 특정 질병에 잘 걸리는 집단과 잘 걸리지 않은 집단간의 유전자 차이를 비교할 떄 유용하게 쓰이게 된다.

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 <p><font size="3"><em><strong><br />Complex phenotypes and genome variation :</strong><br /></em><font color="#ff0000">Risks of major common diseases</font> such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, <br />mental illness, auto-immune states, and diabetes, are expected to be heavily<br />influenced by the patterns of <font color="#ff0000">SNPs one possesses in certain key susceptibility <br />genes yet to be identified.&nbsp;<br /></font></font></p>
 <p><font size="3"><em><strong><br />SNP based association studies :</strong></em><br />If a factor contributes an increased risk for disease occurrence, <font color="#ff0000">then that factor <br />should be found at higher frequency in individuals with that disease</font> compared to <br />non-diseased controls </font></p>
-<p><font size="3"><strong><br /><font size="4">[Reference]<br /></font></strong><br />Brookes AJ, The essence of SNPs, Gene. 1999 Jul 8;234(2):177-86.<br /></font><br /></p>
+<p><font size="3"><strong><br /><font size="4">[Reference]<br /></font></strong><br />Brookes AJ, The essence of SNPs, Gene. 1999 Jul 8;234(2):177-86.<br /><br /><font size="4"><strong>[Database and Tools]<br /></strong></font><a href="http://biocc.ngic.re.kr/Variome/Biowiki/index.php/Databases_and_Tools">http://biocc.ngic.re.kr/Variome/Biowiki/index.php/Databases_and_Tools</a><br /></font><br /></p>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-<p>한개의 염기서열의 차이를 이용하는 것을 말한다.&nbsp;<br /><br />1번&nbsp;개체 AC<strong>C</strong>ATG<br />2번&nbsp;개체&nbsp;AC<strong>T</strong>ATG&nbsp;<br /><br />두&nbsp;개체간의 염기서열의 차이를 이용하게 된다.<br />예를 들어 특정 질병에&nbsp;잘 걸리는 집단과 잘 걸리지 않은 집단간의 유전자 차이를 비교, 질병의 원인을 규명혹은 마커 발견 할&nbsp;때 유용하게 쓰이게 된다.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /><br /><font size="3"><strong>[Definition]</strong><br />SNPs are single base pair positions in genomic DNA at which different <br />sequence alternatives (alleles) exist in normal individuals in some <br />population(s), wherein the least frequent allele has an abundance <br />of 1% or greater.&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
+<p>한개의 염기서열의 차이를 이용하는 것을 말한다.&nbsp;<br /><br />1번&nbsp;개체 AC<strong>C</strong>ATG<br />2번&nbsp;개체&nbsp;AC<strong>T</strong>ATG&nbsp;<br /><br />두&nbsp;개체간의 염기서열의 차이를 이용하게 된다.<br />예를 들어 특정 질병에&nbsp;잘 걸리는 집단과 잘 걸리지 않은 집단간의 유전자 차이를 비교, 질병의 원인을 규명혹은 마커 발견 할&nbsp;때 유용하게 쓰이게 된다.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /><br /><font size="3"><strong><font size="4">[Definition]</font></strong><br />SNPs are single base pair positions in genomic DNA at which different <br />sequence alternatives (alleles) exist in normal individuals in some <br />population(s), wherein the <font color="#ff0000">least frequent allele</font> has an abundance <br />of <font color="#ff0000">1% or greater</font>.&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
-<p><font size="3"><strong><br />[Narrow scope]</strong> <br />Single base insertion/deletion variants (indels) would not <br />formally be considered to be SNPs.&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
+<p><font size="3"><strong><br /><font size="4">[Narrow scope]</font></strong> <br />Single base insertion/deletion variants (indels) would not <br /><font color="#ff0000">formally</font> be considered to be SNPs.&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
-<p><font size="3"><strong><br />[Pronunciation]</strong><br />SNP (pronounced 'S' 'N' 'P' or 'SNiP')&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
+<p><font size="3"><strong><br /><font size="4">[Pronunciation]</font></strong><br />SNP (pronounced 'S' 'N' 'P' or 'SNiP')&nbsp;<br /><br /><br /></font></p>
-<p><font size="3"><strong>[Characteristics of human SNPs]<br /></strong><br />Understand human DNA polymorphism, about 90% of which is <br />single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
+<p><font size="3"><strong><font size="4">[Characteristics of human SNPs]</font><br /></strong><br />Understand human <font color="#ff0000">DNA polymorphism, about 90% </font>of which is <br />single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
-<p><font size="3">SNPs could be bi-, tri-, or tetra-allelic polymorphisms. <br />However, in humans, tri-allelic and tetra-allelic SNPs are rare almost <br />to the point of non-existence, and so SNPs are sometimes simply <br />referred to as bi-allelic markers (or di-allelic)&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
+<p><font size="3">SNPs could be bi-, tri-, or tetra-allelic polymorphisms. <br />However, in humans, tri-allelic and tetra-allelic SNPs are rare almost <br />to the point of non-existence, and so SNPs are sometimes simply <br />referred to as <font color="#ff0000">bi-allelic markers</font> (or <font color="#ff0000">di-allelic</font>)&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
-<p><font size="3">The typical frequency with which one observes single base differences in genomic <br />DNA from two equivalent chromosomes is of the order of 1/1000&nbsp;bp = 0.1%&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
+<p><font size="3">The typical frequency with which one observes single base differences in genomic <br />DNA from two equivalent chromosomes is of the order of <font color="#ff0000">1/1000&nbsp;bp = 0.1%</font>&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
-<p><font size="3">cf) non-coding HLA regions show nucleotide diversity levels of 5&ndash;10%&nbsp;<br /><br /></font><font size="3"><strong><br />[Application]<br /></strong><br /><strong><em>Population genetics and linkage disequilibrium</em> :</strong><br />The study of the genetic composition and inter-relationships between <br />populations. The major research tool it uses is DNA polymorphism.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
+<p><font size="3">cf) non-coding HLA regions show nucleotide diversity levels of 5&ndash;10%&nbsp;<br /><br /></font><font size="3"><strong><br /><font size="4">[Application]</font><br /></strong><br /><strong><em>Population genetics and linkage disequilibrium</em> :</strong><br />The study of the genetic composition and <font color="#ff0000">inter-relationships between <br />populations.</font> The major research tool it uses is DNA polymorphism.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
-<p><font size="3"><em><strong><br />Complex phenotypes and genome variation :</strong><br /></em>Risks of major common diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, <br />mental illness, auto-immune states, and diabetes, are expected to be heavily<br />influenced by the patterns of SNPs one possesses in certain key susceptibility <br />genes yet to be identified.&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
+<p><font size="3"><em><strong><br />Complex phenotypes and genome variation :</strong><br /></em><font color="#ff0000">Risks of major common diseases</font> such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, <br />mental illness, auto-immune states, and diabetes, are expected to be heavily<br />influenced by the patterns of <font color="#ff0000">SNPs one possesses in certain key susceptibility <br />genes yet to be identified.&nbsp;<br /></font></font></p>
-<p><font size="3"><em><strong><br />SNP based association studies :</strong></em><br />If a factor contributes an increased risk for disease occurrence, then that factor <br />should be found at higher frequency in individuals with that disease compared to <br />non-diseased controls </font></p>
+<p><font size="3"><em><strong><br />SNP based association studies :</strong></em><br />If a factor contributes an increased risk for disease occurrence, <font color="#ff0000">then that factor <br />should be found at higher frequency in individuals with that disease</font> compared to <br />non-diseased controls </font></p>
-<p><font size="3"><strong><br />[Reference]</strong><br />Brookes AJ, The essence of SNPs, Gene. 1999 Jul 8;234(2):177-86.<br /></font><br /></p>
+<p><font size="3"><strong><br /><font size="4">[Reference]<br /></font></strong><br />Brookes AJ, The essence of SNPs, Gene. 1999 Jul 8;234(2):177-86.<br /></font><br /></p>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 <p>한개의 염기서열의 차이를 이용하는 것을 말한다.&nbsp;<br /><br />1번&nbsp;개체 AC<strong>C</strong>ATG<br />2번&nbsp;개체&nbsp;AC<strong>T</strong>ATG&nbsp;<br /><br />두&nbsp;개체간의 염기서열의 차이를 이용하게 된다.<br />예를 들어 특정 질병에&nbsp;잘 걸리는 집단과 잘 걸리지 않은 집단간의 유전자 차이를 비교, 질병의 원인을 규명혹은 마커 발견 할&nbsp;때 유용하게 쓰이게 된다.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /><br /><font size="3"><strong>[Definition]</strong><br />SNPs are single base pair positions in genomic DNA at which different <br />sequence alternatives (alleles) exist in normal individuals in some <br />population(s), wherein the least frequent allele has an abundance <br />of 1% or greater.&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
-<p><font size="3"><strong>[Narrow scope]</strong> <br />Single base insertion/deletion variants (indels) would not <br />formally be considered to be SNPs.&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
+<p><font size="3"><strong><br />[Narrow scope]</strong> <br />Single base insertion/deletion variants (indels) would not <br />formally be considered to be SNPs.&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
-<p><font size="3"><strong>[Pronunciation]</strong><br />SNP (pronounced 'S' 'N' 'P' or 'SNiP')&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
+<p><font size="3"><strong><br />[Pronunciation]</strong><br />SNP (pronounced 'S' 'N' 'P' or 'SNiP')&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
-<p><font size="3"><strong>[Characteristics of human SNPs]<br /></strong>Understand human DNA polymorphism, about 90% of which is <br />single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
+<p><font size="3"><strong>[Characteristics of human SNPs]<br /></strong><br />Understand human DNA polymorphism, about 90% of which is <br />single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
 <p><font size="3">SNPs could be bi-, tri-, or tetra-allelic polymorphisms. <br />However, in humans, tri-allelic and tetra-allelic SNPs are rare almost <br />to the point of non-existence, and so SNPs are sometimes simply <br />referred to as bi-allelic markers (or di-allelic)&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
 <p><font size="3">The typical frequency with which one observes single base differences in genomic <br />DNA from two equivalent chromosomes is of the order of 1/1000&nbsp;bp = 0.1%&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
-<p><font size="3">cf) non-coding HLA regions show nucleotide diversity levels of 5&ndash;10%&nbsp;<br /><br /><br /></font><font size="3"><strong>[Application]<br /></strong><br /><strong><em>Population genetics and linkage disequilibrium</em> :</strong><br />The study of the genetic composition and inter-relationships between <br />populations. The major research tool it uses is DNA polymorphism.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
+<p><font size="3">cf) non-coding HLA regions show nucleotide diversity levels of 5&ndash;10%&nbsp;<br /><br /></font><font size="3"><strong><br />[Application]<br /></strong><br /><strong><em>Population genetics and linkage disequilibrium</em> :</strong><br />The study of the genetic composition and inter-relationships between <br />populations. The major research tool it uses is DNA polymorphism.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
-<p><font size="3"><em><strong>Complex phenotypes and genome variation :</strong><br /></em>Risks of major common diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, <br />mental illness, auto-immune states, and diabetes, are expected to be heavily<br />influenced by the patterns of SNPs one possesses in certain key susceptibility <br />genes yet to be identified.&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
+<p><font size="3"><em><strong><br />Complex phenotypes and genome variation :</strong><br /></em>Risks of major common diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, <br />mental illness, auto-immune states, and diabetes, are expected to be heavily<br />influenced by the patterns of SNPs one possesses in certain key susceptibility <br />genes yet to be identified.&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
-<p><font size="3"><em><strong>SNP based association studies :</strong></em><br />If a factor contributes an increased risk for disease occurrence, then that factor <br />should be found at higher frequency in individuals with that disease compared to <br />non-diseased controls </font></p>
+<p><font size="3"><em><strong><br />SNP based association studies :</strong></em><br />If a factor contributes an increased risk for disease occurrence, then that factor <br />should be found at higher frequency in individuals with that disease compared to <br />non-diseased controls </font></p>
-<p><font size="3"><strong>[Reference]</strong><br />Brookes AJ, The essence of SNPs, Gene. 1999 Jul 8;234(2):177-86.<br /></font><br /></p>
+<p><font size="3"><strong><br />[Reference]</strong><br />Brookes AJ, The essence of SNPs, Gene. 1999 Jul 8;234(2):177-86.<br /></font><br /></p>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-<p>한개의 염기서열의 차이를 이용하는 것을 말한다.&nbsp;<br /><br />1번&nbsp;개체 AC<strong>C</strong>ATG<br />2번&nbsp;개체&nbsp;AC<strong>T</strong>ATG&nbsp;<br /><br />두&nbsp;개체간의 염기서열의 차이를 이용하게 된다.<br />예를 들어 특정 질병에&nbsp;잘 걸리는 집단과 잘 걸리지 않은 집단간의 유전자 차이를 비교, 질병의 원인을 규명혹은 마커 발견 할&nbsp;때 유용하게 쓰이게 된다.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /><br /><font size="3"><strong>[Definition]</strong><br />SNPs are single base pair positions in genomic DNA at which different <br />sequence alternatives (alleles) exist in normal individuals in some <br />population(s), wherein the least frequent allele has an abundance <br />of 1% or greater. </font></p>
+<p>한개의 염기서열의 차이를 이용하는 것을 말한다.&nbsp;<br /><br />1번&nbsp;개체 AC<strong>C</strong>ATG<br />2번&nbsp;개체&nbsp;AC<strong>T</strong>ATG&nbsp;<br /><br />두&nbsp;개체간의 염기서열의 차이를 이용하게 된다.<br />예를 들어 특정 질병에&nbsp;잘 걸리는 집단과 잘 걸리지 않은 집단간의 유전자 차이를 비교, 질병의 원인을 규명혹은 마커 발견 할&nbsp;때 유용하게 쓰이게 된다.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /><br /><font size="3"><strong>[Definition]</strong><br />SNPs are single base pair positions in genomic DNA at which different <br />sequence alternatives (alleles) exist in normal individuals in some <br />population(s), wherein the least frequent allele has an abundance <br />of 1% or greater.&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
-<p><font size="3"><strong>[Narrow scope]</strong> <br />Single base insertion/deletion variants (indels) would not <br />formally be considered to be SNPs. </font></p>
+<p><font size="3"><strong>[Narrow scope]</strong> <br />Single base insertion/deletion variants (indels) would not <br />formally be considered to be SNPs.&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
-<p><font size="3"><strong>[Pronunciation]</strong><br />SNP (pronounced 'S' 'N' 'P' or 'SNiP') </font></p>
+<p><font size="3"><strong>[Pronunciation]</strong><br />SNP (pronounced 'S' 'N' 'P' or 'SNiP')&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
-<p><font size="3"><strong>[Characteristics of human SNPs]<br /></strong>Understand human DNA polymorphism, about 90% of which is <br />single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) </font></p>
+<p><font size="3"><strong>[Characteristics of human SNPs]<br /></strong>Understand human DNA polymorphism, about 90% of which is <br />single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
-<p><font size="3">SNPs could be bi-, tri-, or tetra-allelic polymorphisms. <br />However, in humans, tri-allelic and tetra-allelic SNPs are rare almost <br />to the point of non-existence, and so SNPs are sometimes simply <br />referred to as bi-allelic markers (or di-allelic) </font></p>
+<p><font size="3">SNPs could be bi-, tri-, or tetra-allelic polymorphisms. <br />However, in humans, tri-allelic and tetra-allelic SNPs are rare almost <br />to the point of non-existence, and so SNPs are sometimes simply <br />referred to as bi-allelic markers (or di-allelic)&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
-<p><font size="3">The typical frequency with which one observes single base differences in genomic <br />DNA from two equivalent chromosomes is of the order of 1/1000&nbsp;bp = 0.1% </font></p>
+<p><font size="3">The typical frequency with which one observes single base differences in genomic <br />DNA from two equivalent chromosomes is of the order of 1/1000&nbsp;bp = 0.1%&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
-<p><font size="3">cf) non-coding HLA regions show nucleotide diversity levels of 5&ndash;10%&nbsp;<br /><br /></font><font size="3"><strong>[Application]<br /></strong><br /><em>Population genetics and linkage disequilibrium</em> :<br />The study of the genetic composition and inter-relationships between <br />populations. The major research tool it uses is DNA polymorphism.&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></p>
+<p><font size="3">cf) non-coding HLA regions show nucleotide diversity levels of 5&ndash;10%&nbsp;<br /><br /><br /></font><font size="3"><strong>[Application]<br /></strong><br /><strong><em>Population genetics and linkage disequilibrium</em> :</strong><br />The study of the genetic composition and inter-relationships between <br />populations. The major research tool it uses is DNA polymorphism.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
-<p><font size="3"><em>Complex phenotypes and genome variation :<br /></em>Risks of major common diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, <br />mental illness, auto-immune states, and diabetes, are expected to be heavily<br />influenced by the patterns of SNPs one possesses in certain key susceptibility <br />genes yet to be identified. </font></p>
+<p><font size="3"><em><strong>Complex phenotypes and genome variation :</strong><br /></em>Risks of major common diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, <br />mental illness, auto-immune states, and diabetes, are expected to be heavily<br />influenced by the patterns of SNPs one possesses in certain key susceptibility <br />genes yet to be identified.&nbsp;<br /></font></p>
-<p><font size="3"><em>SNP based association studies :</em><br />If a factor contributes an increased risk for disease occurrence, then that factor <br />should be found at higher frequency in individuals with that disease compared to <br />non-diseased controls </font></p>
+<p><font size="3"><em><strong>SNP based association studies :</strong></em><br />If a factor contributes an increased risk for disease occurrence, then that factor <br />should be found at higher frequency in individuals with that disease compared to <br />non-diseased controls </font></p>
 <p><font size="3"><strong>[Reference]</strong><br />Brookes AJ, The essence of SNPs, Gene. 1999 Jul 8;234(2):177-86.<br /></font><br /></p>

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 <p><font size="3">SNPs could be bi-, tri-, or tetra-allelic polymorphisms. <br />However, in humans, tri-allelic and tetra-allelic SNPs are rare almost <br />to the point of non-existence, and so SNPs are sometimes simply <br />referred to as bi-allelic markers (or di-allelic) </font></p>
 <p><font size="3">The typical frequency with which one observes single base differences in genomic <br />DNA from two equivalent chromosomes is of the order of 1/1000&nbsp;bp = 0.1% </font></p>
-<p><font size="3">cf) non-coding HLA regions show nucleotide diversity levels of 5&ndash;10%&nbsp;<br /><br /></font><font size="3"><strong>[Application]<br /></strong><br />Population genetics and linkage disequilibrium :<br />The study of the genetic composition and inter-relationships between <br />populations. The major research tool it uses is DNA polymorphism.&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></p>
+<p><font size="3">cf) non-coding HLA regions show nucleotide diversity levels of 5&ndash;10%&nbsp;<br /><br /></font><font size="3"><strong>[Application]<br /></strong><br /><em>Population genetics and linkage disequilibrium</em> :<br />The study of the genetic composition and inter-relationships between <br />populations. The major research tool it uses is DNA polymorphism.&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></p>
-<p><font size="3">Complex phenotypes and genome variation :<br />Risks of major common diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, <br />mental illness, auto-immune states, and diabetes, are expected to be heavily<br />influenced by the patterns of SNPs one possesses in certain key susceptibility <br />genes yet to be identified. </font></p>
+<p><font size="3"><em>Complex phenotypes and genome variation :<br /></em>Risks of major common diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, <br />mental illness, auto-immune states, and diabetes, are expected to be heavily<br />influenced by the patterns of SNPs one possesses in certain key susceptibility <br />genes yet to be identified. </font></p>
-<p><font size="3">SNP based association studies :<br />If a factor contributes an increased risk for disease occurrence, then that factor <br />should be found at higher frequency in individuals with that disease compared to <br />non-diseased controls </font></p>
+<p><font size="3"><em>SNP based association studies :</em><br />If a factor contributes an increased risk for disease occurrence, then that factor <br />should be found at higher frequency in individuals with that disease compared to <br />non-diseased controls </font></p>
 <p><font size="3"><strong>[Reference]</strong><br />Brookes AJ, The essence of SNPs, Gene. 1999 Jul 8;234(2):177-86.<br /></font><br /></p>

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:11, 17 May 2006
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	~~single nucleotide polymorphism~~<~~br /><br /~~>한개의 염기서열의 차이를 이용하는 것을 말한다. <br /><br />1번 개체 AC<strong>C</strong>ATG<br />2번 개체 AC<strong>T</strong>ATG <br /><br />두 개체간의 염기서열의 차이를 이용하게 된다.~~<br />~~<br />예를 들어 특정 질병에 잘 걸리는 집단과 잘 걸리지 않은 집단간의 유전자 차이를 ~~비교할 떄~~ 유용하게 쓰이게 된다.	+	<p>한개의 염기서열의 차이를 이용하는 것을 말한다. <br /><br />1번 개체 AC<strong>C</strong>ATG<br />2번 개체 AC<strong>T</strong>ATG <br /><br />두 개체간의 염기서열의 차이를 이용하게 된다.<br />예를 들어 특정 질병에 잘 걸리는 집단과 잘 걸리지 않은 집단간의 유전자 차이를 비교, 질병의 원인을 규명혹은 마커 발견 할 때 유용하게 쓰이게 된다.  <br /><br /><font size="3"><strong>[Definition]</strong><br />SNPs are single base pair positions in genomic DNA at which different <br />sequence alternatives (alleles) exist in normal individuals in some <br />population(s), wherein the least frequent allele has an abundance <br />of 1% or greater. </font></p>
		+	<p><font size="3"><strong>[Narrow scope]</strong> <br />Single base insertion/deletion variants (indels) would not <br />formally be considered to be SNPs. </font></p>
		+	<p><font size="3"><strong>[Pronunciation]</strong><br />SNP (pronounced 'S' 'N' 'P' or 'SNiP') </font></p>
		+	<p><font size="3"><strong>[Characteristics of human SNPs]<br /></strong>Understand human DNA polymorphism, about 90% of which is <br />single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) </font></p>
		+	<p><font size="3">SNPs could be bi-, tri-, or tetra-allelic polymorphisms. <br />However, in humans, tri-allelic and tetra-allelic SNPs are rare almost <br />to the point of non-existence, and so SNPs are sometimes simply <br />referred to as bi-allelic markers (or di-allelic) </font></p>
		+	<p><font size="3">The typical frequency with which one observes single base differences in genomic <br />DNA from two equivalent chromosomes is of the order of 1/1000 bp = 0.1% </font></p>
		+	<p><font size="3">cf) non-coding HLA regions show nucleotide diversity levels of 5–10% <br /><br /></font><font size="3"><strong>[Application]<br /></strong><br />Population genetics and linkage disequilibrium :<br />The study of the genetic composition and inter-relationships between <br />populations. The major research tool it uses is DNA polymorphism.   </font></p>
		+	<p><font size="3">Complex phenotypes and genome variation :<br />Risks of major common diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, <br />mental illness, auto-immune states, and diabetes, are expected to be heavily<br />influenced by the patterns of SNPs one possesses in certain key susceptibility <br />genes yet to be identified. </font></p>
		+	<p><font size="3">SNP based association studies :<br />If a factor contributes an increased risk for disease occurrence, then that factor <br />should be found at higher frequency in individuals with that disease compared to <br />non-diseased controls </font></p>
		+	<p><font size="3"><strong>[Reference]</strong><br />Brookes AJ, The essence of SNPs, Gene. 1999 Jul 8;234(2):177-86.<br /></font><br /></p>