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<span style="WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: separate; FONT: 16px 'Times New Roman'; WHITE-SPACE: normal; ORPHANS: 2; LETTER-SPACING: normal; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); WORD-SPACING: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19px; FONT-FAMILY: -webkit-sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 13px" class="Apple-style-span"> <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><font color="#000000"><strong>Warburg's hypothesis</strong><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>was postulated by the Nobel laureate<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>Otto Heinrich Warburg<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>in 1924.<sup style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1em; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-WEIGHT: normal" id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></sup><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>He hypothesized that<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>cancer, malignant growth, and<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>tumor<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>growth are caused by the fact that tumor cells mainly generate<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>energy<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(as e.g.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>adenosine triphosphate<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>/ ATP) by non-oxidative breakdown of<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>glucose<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(a process called<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>glycolysis). This is in contrast to &quot;healthy&quot; cells which mainly generate energy from oxidative breakdown of pyruvate. Pyruvate is an end-product of<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>glycolysis, and is<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>oxidized<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>within the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>mitochondria. Hence, according to Warburg, cancer should be interpreted as a<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>mitochondrial<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>dysfunction. Warburg reported a fundamental difference between normal and cancerous cells to be the ratio of glycolysis to respiration; this observation is also known as the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>Warburg effect.</font></p> <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><font color="#000000">It is now known that cancer is caused by<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>mutations<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>in the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>genome<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>cells<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>in a process called<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>malignant transformation, resulting in an uncontrolled growth of cells.<sup style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1em; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-WEIGHT: normal" id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup><sup style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1em; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-WEIGHT: normal" id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></sup><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>The metabolic differences observed by Warburg are now thought to be an adaption of cancer cells to the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>hypoxic<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(oxygen-deficient) conditions inside solid tumors, and therefore not the cause, as he claimed, but an effect of cancer.</font></p> <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><font color="#000000">Warburg articulated his hypothesis in a paper entitled<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><em>The Prime Cause and Prevention of Cancer</em><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>which he presented in lecture at the meeting of the Nobel-Laureates on June 30, 1966 at<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>Lindau, Lake Constance, Germany. In this speech, Warburg presented evidence in support of the claim that<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>anaerobiosis<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>was a primary cause of cancerous cells. Put in his own words, &quot;the prime cause of cancer is the replacement of the respiration of oxygen in normal body cells by a fermentation of sugar.&quot;<sup style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1em; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-WEIGHT: normal" id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><font color="#000000">In recent years, Warburg's hypothesis has re-gained attention due to several discoveries linking impairedmitochondrial<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>function as well as impaired respiration to the growth, division and expansion of tumor cells. In a study by<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>Michael Ristow<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and co-workers,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>colon cancer<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>lines were modified to overexpress<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>frataxin. The results of their work suggest that an increase in oxidative metabolism induced by mitochondrial frataxin may inhibit cancer growth in mammals.<sup style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1em; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-WEIGHT: normal" id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><font color="#000000">Subsequent work has shown that the Warburg effect, indeed, might lead to a promising approach in the treatment of solid tumors. The drug<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>dichloroacetic acid, which promotes respiration and the activity of mitochondria, has been shown to kill cancer cells<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><em>in vitro</em><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and in some animal models.<sup style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1em; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-WEIGHT: normal" id="cite_ref-bonnet2007_5-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></sup><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>The body often kills damaged cells by<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>apoptosis, a mechanism of self-destruction that involves mitochondria, but this mechanism fails in cancer cells where the mitochondria are shut down. According to one hypothesis, the reactivation of mitochondria in cancer cells might also restart their apoptosis program.<sup style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1em; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-WEIGHT: normal" id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></sup><sup style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1em; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-WEIGHT: normal" id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></sup></font></p> <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><font color="#000000"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" id="See_also" name="See_also"><font color="#002bb8"></font></a></font></p> <h2 style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.17em; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.6em; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 19px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; PADDING-TOP: 0.5em; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial"><span style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; FONT-SIZE: 13px" class="editsection"><font color="#000000">[edit]</font></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">See also</font></span></h2> <ul style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: square; MARGIN: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; LIST-STYLE-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); PADDING-TOP: 0px"> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em"><font color="#000000">Carcinogen </font></li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em"><font color="#000000">2-Deoxy-D-glucose </font></li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em"><font color="#000000">Ketogenic diet </font></li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em"><font color="#000000">Pyruvic acid </font></li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em"><font color="#000000">Respiration </font></li> </ul> <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><font color="#000000"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" id="References" name="References"><font color="#002bb8"></font></a></font></p> <h2 style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.17em; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.6em; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 19px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; PADDING-TOP: 0.5em; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial"><span style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; FONT-SIZE: 13px" class="editsection"><font color="#000000">[</font><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Edit section: References" href="http://biopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warburg_hypothesis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2"><font color="#000000">edit</font></a><font color="#000000">]</font></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div style="FONT-SIZE: 11px" class="references-small"> <ol style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; LIST-STYLE-IMAGE: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="references"> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em" id="cite_note-0"><strong><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" href="http://biopedia.org/FCKeditor/editor/fckeditor.html?InstanceName=wpTextbox1&amp;Toolbar=Wiki#cite_ref-0"><font color="#000000">^</font></a></strong><font color="#000000"><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>O. Warburg, K. Posener, E. Negelein: Ueber den Stoffwechsel der Tumoren;<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><em>Biochemische Zeitschrift</em>, Vol. 152, pp. 319-344, 1924.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><span style="COLOR: rgb(85,85,85); FONT-SIZE: 0.95em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" class="languageicon">(German)</span>. Reprinted in English in the book<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><em>On metabolism of tumors</em><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>by O. Warburg, Publisher: Constable, London, 1930. </font></li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em" id="cite_note-1"><strong><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" href="http://biopedia.org/FCKeditor/editor/fckeditor.html?InstanceName=wpTextbox1&amp;Toolbar=Wiki#cite_ref-1"><font color="#000000">^</font></a></strong><font color="#000000"><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal; WORD-WRAP: break-word" id="CITEREFBertram_JS2000" class="">Bertram JS (2000). &quot;The molecular biology of cancer&quot;.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><em>Mol. Aspects Med.</em><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><strong>21</strong><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(6): 167&ndash;223.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Digital object identifier" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0098-2997%2800%2900007-8" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0098-2997%2800%2900007-8">10.1016/S0098-2997(00)00007-8</a></span>.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11173079" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11173079">PMID 11173079</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+molecular+biology+of+cancer&amp;rft.jtitle=Mol.+Aspects+Med.&amp;rft.aulast=Bertram+JS&amp;rft.au=Bertram+JS&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=167%E2%80%93223&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0098-2997%2800%2900007-8&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11173079&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Warburg_hypothesis"></span> </font></li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em" id="cite_note-2"><strong><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" href="http://biopedia.org/FCKeditor/editor/fckeditor.html?InstanceName=wpTextbox1&amp;Toolbar=Wiki#cite_ref-2"><font color="#000000">^</font></a></strong><font color="#000000"><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal; WORD-WRAP: break-word" id="CITEREFGrand.C3.A9r_D1998" class="">Grand&eacute;r D (1998). &quot;How do mutated oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes cause cancer?&quot;.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><em>Med. Oncol.</em><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><strong>15</strong><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(1): 20&ndash;6.<a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Digital object identifier" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02787340" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02787340">10.1007/BF02787340</a></span>.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9643526" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9643526">PMID 9643526</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=How+do+mutated+oncogenes+and+tumor+suppressor+genes+cause+cancer%3F&amp;rft.jtitle=Med.+Oncol.&amp;rft.aulast=Grand%C3%A9r+D&amp;rft.au=Grand%C3%A9r+D&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=20%E2%80%936&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF02787340&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9643526&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Warburg_hypothesis"></span> </font></li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em" id="cite_note-3"><strong><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" href="http://biopedia.org/FCKeditor/editor/fckeditor.html?InstanceName=wpTextbox1&amp;Toolbar=Wiki#cite_ref-3"><font color="#000000">^</font></a></strong><font color="#000000"><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal; WORD-WRAP: break-word" id="CITEREFOtto_Heinrich_Warburg" class="">Otto Heinrich Warburg (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1966-06-30"><span class="mw-formatted-date" title="06-30"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="June 30" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/June_30">June 30</a></span>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="1966" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/1966">1966</a></span>).<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><em><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://healingtools.tripod.com/primecause1.html/" rel="nofollow" href="http://healingtools.tripod.com/primecause1.html/">The Prime Cause and Prevention of Cancer</a></em>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Prime+Cause+and+Prevention+of+Cancer&amp;rft.aulast=Otto+Heinrich+Warburg&amp;rft.au=Otto+Heinrich+Warburg&amp;rft.date=%5B%5BJune+30%5D%5D%2C+%5B%5B1966%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhealingtools.tripod.com%2Fprimecause1.html%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Warburg_hypothesis"></span> </font></li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em" id="cite_note-4"><strong><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" href="http://biopedia.org/FCKeditor/editor/fckeditor.html?InstanceName=wpTextbox1&amp;Toolbar=Wiki#cite_ref-4"><font color="#000000">^</font></a></strong><font color="#000000"><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal; WORD-WRAP: break-word" id="CITEREFSchulz_TJ.2C_Thierbach_R.2C_Voigt_A.2C_Drewes_G.2C_Mietzner_B.2C_Steinberg_P.2C_Pfeiffer_AF.2C_Ristow_M." class="">Schulz TJ, Thierbach R, Voigt A, Drewes G, Mietzner B, Steinberg P, Pfeiffer AF, Ristow M. (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2006-01-13"><span class="mw-formatted-date" title="01-13"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="January 13" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/January_13">January 13</a></span>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="2006" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a></span>). &quot;Induction of oxidative metabolism by mitochondrial frataxin inhibits cancer growth: Otto Warburg revisited.&quot;.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><em><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Journal of Biological Chemistry" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Biological_Chemistry">Journal of Biological Chemistry</a></em><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><strong>281</strong><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(2): 977&ndash;981.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Digital object identifier" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M511064200" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M511064200">10.1074/jbc.M511064200</a></span>.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16263703" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16263703">PMID 16263703</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Induction+of+oxidative+metabolism+by+mitochondrial+frataxin+inhibits+cancer+growth%3A+Otto+Warburg+revisited.&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BJournal+of+Biological+Chemistry%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Schulz+TJ%2C+Thierbach+R%2C+Voigt+A%2C+Drewes+G%2C+Mietzner+B%2C+Steinberg+P%2C+Pfeiffer+AF%2C+Ristow+M.&amp;rft.au=Schulz+TJ%2C+Thierbach+R%2C+Voigt+A%2C+Drewes+G%2C+Mietzner+B%2C+Steinberg+P%2C+Pfeiffer+AF%2C+Ristow+M.&amp;rft.date=%5B%5BJanuary+13%5D%5D%2C+%5B%5B2006%5D%5D&amp;rft.volume=281&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=977%E2%80%93981&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1074%2Fjbc.M511064200&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16263703&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Warburg_hypothesis"></span> </font></li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em" id="cite_note-bonnet2007-5"><strong><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" href="http://biopedia.org/FCKeditor/editor/fckeditor.html?InstanceName=wpTextbox1&amp;Toolbar=Wiki#cite_ref-bonnet2007_5-0"><font color="#000000">^</font></a></strong><font color="#000000"><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal; WORD-WRAP: break-word" id="CITEREFBonnet_S.2C_Archer_S.2C_Allalunis-Turner_J.2C_Haromy_A.2C_Beaulieu_C.2C_Thompson_R.2C_Lee_C.2C_Lopaschuk_G.2C_Puttagunta_L.2C_Bonnet_S.2C_Harry_G.2C_Hashimoto_K.2C_Porter_C.2C_Andrade_M.2C_Thebaud_B.2C_Michelakis_E2007" class="">Bonnet S, Archer S, Allalunis-Turner J, Haromy A, Beaulieu C, Thompson R, Lee C, Lopaschuk G, Puttagunta L, Bonnet S, Harry G, Hashimoto K, Porter C, Andrade M, Thebaud B, Michelakis E (2007). &quot;A mitochondria-K+ channel axis is suppressed in cancer and its normalization promotes apoptosis and inhibits cancer growth&quot;.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><em>Cancer Cell</em><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><strong>11</strong><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(1): 37&ndash;51.<a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Digital object identifier" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ccr.2006.10.020" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ccr.2006.10.020">10.1016/j.ccr.2006.10.020</a></span>.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17222789" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17222789">PMID 17222789</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+mitochondria-K%2B+channel+axis+is+suppressed+in+cancer+and+its+normalization+promotes+apoptosis+and+inhibits+cancer+growth&amp;rft.jtitle=Cancer+Cell&amp;rft.aulast=Bonnet+S%2C+Archer+S%2C+Allalunis-Turner+J%2C+Haromy+A%2C+Beaulieu+C%2C+Thompson+R%2C+Lee+C%2C+Lopaschuk+G%2C+Puttagunta+L%2C+Bonnet+S%2C+Harry+G%2C+Hashimoto+K%2C+Porter+C%2C+Andrade+M%2C+Thebaud+B%2C+Michelakis+E&amp;rft.au=Bonnet+S%2C+Archer+S%2C+Allalunis-Turner+J%2C+Haromy+A%2C+Beaulieu+C%2C+Thompson+R%2C+Lee+C%2C+Lopaschuk+G%2C+Puttagunta+L%2C+Bonnet+S%2C+Harry+G%2C+Hashimoto+K%2C+Porter+C%2C+Andrade+M%2C+Thebaud+B%2C+Michelakis+E&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=37%E2%80%9351&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.ccr.2006.10.020&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17222789&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Warburg_hypothesis"></span> </font></li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em" id="cite_note-6"><strong><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" href="http://biopedia.org/FCKeditor/editor/fckeditor.html?InstanceName=wpTextbox1&amp;Toolbar=Wiki#cite_ref-6"><font color="#000000">^</font></a></strong><font color="#000000"><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal; WORD-WRAP: break-word" id="CITEREFJerry_Adler" class="news">Jerry Adler (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2007-01-23"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="January 23" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/January_23">23 January</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="2007" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a></span>). &quot;<a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://www.newsweek.com/id/70212" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/70212">A New Way to Fight Cancer?</a>&quot;.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Newsweek" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Newsweek">Newsweek</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=A+New+Way+to+Fight+Cancer%3F&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Jerry+Adler&amp;rft.au=Jerry+Adler&amp;rft.date=%5B%5B23+January%5D%5D+%5B%5B2007%5D%5D&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BNewsweek%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fid%2F70212&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Warburg_hypothesis"></span> </font></li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em" id="cite_note-7"><strong><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" href="http://biopedia.org/FCKeditor/editor/fckeditor.html?InstanceName=wpTextbox1&amp;Toolbar=Wiki#cite_ref-7"><font color="#000000">^</font></a></strong><font color="#000000"><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal; WORD-WRAP: break-word" id="CITEREFPedersen2007" class="">Pedersen, Peter L (2007-02). &quot;The cancer cell's &quot;power plants&quot; as promising therapeutic targets: an overview&quot;.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><em>Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes</em><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><strong>39</strong><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(1): 1&ndash;12.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="International Standard Serial Number" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number">ISSN</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://worldcat.org/issn/0145479" rel="nofollow" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0145479">0145479</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+cancer+cell%27s+%22power+plants%22+as+promising+therapeutic+targets%3A+an+overview&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+bioenergetics+and+biomembranes&amp;rft.aulast=Pedersen&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter+L&amp;rft.au=Pedersen%2C+Peter+L&amp;rft.date=2007-02&amp;rft.volume=39&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1%E2%80%9312&amp;rft.issn=0145479&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Warburg_hypothesis"></span> </font></li> </ol> </div> <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><font color="#000000"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" id="Further_reading" name="Further_reading"></a></font></p> <h2 style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.17em; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.6em; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 19px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; PADDING-TOP: 0.5em; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial"><span style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; FONT-SIZE: 13px" class="editsection"><font color="#000000">[</font><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Edit section: Further reading" href="http://biopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warburg_hypothesis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3"><font color="#000000">edit</font></a><font color="#000000">]</font></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Further reading</font></span></h2> <ul style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: square; MARGIN: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; LIST-STYLE-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); PADDING-TOP: 0px"> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal; WORD-WRAP: break-word" id="CITEREFWarburg_O" class="">Warburg O (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1956-02-24"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="February 24" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/February_24"><font color="#002bb8">24 February</font></a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="1956" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/1956"><font color="#002bb8">1956</font></a></span>). &quot;On the Origin of Cancer Cells&quot;.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><em><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Science (journal)" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)"><font color="#002bb8">Science</font></a></em><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><strong>123</strong><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(3191): 309&ndash;14.<a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Digital object identifier" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#002bb8">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.123.3191.309" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.123.3191.309"><font color="#3366bb">10.1126/science.123.3191.309</font></a></span>.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13298683" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13298683"><font color="#3366bb">PMID 13298683</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+Origin+of+Cancer+Cells&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience+%28journal%29%7CScience%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Warburg+O&amp;rft.au=Warburg+O&amp;rft.date=%5B%5B24+February%5D%5D+%5B%5B1956%5D%5D&amp;rft.volume=123&amp;rft.issue=3191&amp;rft.pages=309%E2%80%9314&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.123.3191.309&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/13298683&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Warburg_hypothesis"></span> </li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal; WORD-WRAP: break-word" id="CITEREFRistow_M2006" class="">Ristow M (July 2006). &quot;<a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://www.co-clinicalnutrition.com/pt/re/conutrition/abstract.00075197-200607000-00003.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.co-clinicalnutrition.com/pt/re/conutrition/abstract.00075197-200607000-00003.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Oxidative metabolism in cancer growth</font></a>&quot;.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><em><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(204,34,0); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="new" title="Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. (page does not exist)" href="http://biopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curr_Opin_Clin_Nutr_Metab_Care.&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><font color="#cc2200">Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care.</font></a></em><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><strong>9</strong><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(4): 339&ndash;45.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Digital object identifier" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#002bb8">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F01.mco.0000232892.43921.98" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F01.mco.0000232892.43921.98"><font color="#3366bb">10.1097/01.mco.0000232892.43921.98</font></a></span>.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778561" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778561"><font color="#3366bb">PMID 16778561</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Oxidative+metabolism+in+cancer+growth&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BCurr+Opin+Clin+Nutr+Metab+Care.%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Ristow+M&amp;rft.au=Ristow+M&amp;rft.date=July+2006&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=339%E2%80%9345&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1097%2F01.mco.0000232892.43921.98&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16778561&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.co-clinicalnutrition.com%2Fpt%2Fre%2Fconutrition%2Fabstract.00075197-200607000-00003.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Warburg_hypothesis"></span> </li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal; WORD-WRAP: break-word" id="CITEREFJohn_Hopkins_Medicine" class="press release">John Hopkins Medicine (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2004-10-14"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="October 14" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/October_14"><font color="#002bb8">14 October</font></a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="2004" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/2004"><font color="#002bb8">2004</font></a></span>).<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><em><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://www.hopkinskimmelcancercenter.org/news/details.cfm?documentid=673" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.hopkinskimmelcancercenter.org/news/details.cfm?documentid=673"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Energy Blocker&quot; kills Big Tumors in Rats</font></a></em>. Press release.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%22Energy+Blocker%22+kills+Big+Tumors+in+Rats&amp;rft.aulast=John+Hopkins+Medicine&amp;rft.au=John+Hopkins+Medicine&amp;rft.date=%5B%5B14+October%5D%5D+%5B%5B2004%5D%5D&amp;rft.series=Press+release&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hopkinskimmelcancercenter.org%2Fnews%2Fdetails.cfm%3Fdocumentid%3D673&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Warburg_hypothesis"></span> </li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal; WORD-WRAP: break-word" id="CITEREFGatenby_RA.2C_Gillies_RJ2004" class="">Gatenby RA, Gillies RJ (2004). &quot;<a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 16px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://bode.slu.edu/Glycolysis.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://bode.slu.edu/Glycolysis.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">Why do cancers have high aerobic glycolysis?</font></a>&quot; (reprint).<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><em><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Rev Cancer" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Nat_Rev_Cancer"><font color="#002bb8">Nat Rev Cancer</font></a></em><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><strong>4</strong><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(11): 891&ndash;9.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Digital object identifier" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#002bb8">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrc1478" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrc1478"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/nrc1478</font></a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Why+do+cancers+have+high+aerobic+glycolysis%3F&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BNat+Rev+Cancer%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Gatenby+RA%2C+Gillies+RJ&amp;rft.au=Gatenby+RA%2C+Gillies+RJ&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=891%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnrc1478&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbode.slu.edu%2FGlycolysis.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Warburg_hypothesis"></span> </li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal; WORD-WRAP: break-word" id="CITEREFPelicano_H.2C_Martin_DS.2C_Xu_RH.2C_Huang_P2006" class="">Pelicano H, Martin DS, Xu RH, Huang P (2006). &quot;Glycolysis inhibition for anticancer treatment&quot;.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><em><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(204,34,0); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="new" title="Oncogene (journal) (page does not exist)" href="http://biopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oncogene_(journal)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><font color="#cc2200">Oncogene</font></a></em><strong>25</strong><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(34): 4633&ndash;46.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Digital object identifier" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#002bb8">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1209597" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1209597"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/sj.onc.1209597</font></a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Glycolysis+inhibition+for+anticancer+treatment&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BOncogene+%28journal%29%7COncogene%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Pelicano+H%2C+Martin+DS%2C+Xu+RH%2C+Huang+P&amp;rft.au=Pelicano+H%2C+Martin+DS%2C+Xu+RH%2C+Huang+P&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=34&amp;rft.pages=4633%E2%80%9346&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1209597&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Warburg_hypothesis"></span> </li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal; WORD-WRAP: break-word" id="CITEREFWeinhouse_S1976" class="">Weinhouse S (1976). &quot;The Warburg hypothesis fifty years later&quot;.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><em><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(204,34,0); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="new" title="Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology (page does not exist)" href="http://biopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Cancer_Research_and_Clinical_Oncology&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><font color="#cc2200">Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology</font></a></em><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><strong>87</strong><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(2): 115&ndash;26.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Digital object identifier" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#002bb8">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00284370" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00284370"><font color="#3366bb">10.1007/BF00284370</font></a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Warburg+hypothesis+fifty+years+later&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BJournal+of+Cancer+Research+and+Clinical+Oncology%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Weinhouse+S&amp;rft.au=Weinhouse+S&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.volume=87&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=115%E2%80%9326&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF00284370&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Warburg_hypothesis"></span> </li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal; WORD-WRAP: break-word" id="CITEREFGarber_K2004" class="">Garber K (2004). &quot;Energy Boost: The Warburg Effect Returns in a New Theory of Cancer&quot;.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><em><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(204,34,0); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="new" title="Journal of the National Cancer Institute (page does not exist)" href="http://biopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_the_National_Cancer_Institute&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><font color="#cc2200">Journal of the National Cancer Institute</font></a></em><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><strong>96</strong><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(24): 1805&ndash;6.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Digital object identifier" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#002bb8">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjnci%2F96.24.1805" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjnci%2F96.24.1805"><font color="#3366bb">10.1093/jnci/96.24.1805</font></a></span>.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15601632" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15601632"><font color="#3366bb">PMID 15601632</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Energy+Boost%3A+The+Warburg+Effect+Returns+in+a+New+Theory+of+Cancer&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BJournal+of+the+National+Cancer+Institute%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Garber+K&amp;rft.au=Garber+K&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=96&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.pages=1805%E2%80%936&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fjnci%2F96.24.1805&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15601632&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Warburg_hypothesis"></span> </li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal; WORD-WRAP: break-word" id="CITEREFSeyfried_TN.2C_Mukherjee_P2005" class="">Seyfried TN, Mukherjee P (Oct 2005). &quot;<a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://www.nutritionandmetabolism.com/content/2/1/30" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nutritionandmetabolism.com/content/2/1/30"><font color="#3366bb">Targeting energy metabolism in brain cancer: review and hypothesis</font></a>&quot;.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><em>Nutr Metab (Lond)</em><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><strong>2</strong>: 30.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Digital object identifier" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#002bb8">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1743-7075-2-30" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1743-7075-2-30"><font color="#3366bb">10.1186/1743-7075-2-30</font></a></span>.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16242042" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16242042"><font color="#3366bb">PMID 16242042</font></a>.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="PubMed Central" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central"><font color="#002bb8">PMC</font></a>:<a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1276814" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=1276814"><font color="#3366bb">1276814</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Targeting+energy+metabolism+in+brain+cancer%3A+review+and+hypothesis&amp;rft.jtitle=Nutr+Metab+%28Lond%29&amp;rft.aulast=Seyfried+TN%2C+Mukherjee+P&amp;rft.au=Seyfried+TN%2C+Mukherjee+P&amp;rft.date=Oct+2005&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.pages=30&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2F1743-7075-2-30&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16242042&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nutritionandmetabolism.com%2Fcontent%2F2%2F1%2F30&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Warburg_hypothesis"></span> </li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal; WORD-WRAP: break-word" id="CITEREFPedersen_PL2007" class="">Pedersen PL (Jun 2007). &quot;<a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:17879147" rel="nofollow" href="http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:17879147"><font color="#3366bb">Warburg, me and Hexokinase 2: Multiple discoveries of key molecular events underlying one of cancers' most common phenotypes, the &quot;Warburg Effect&quot;, i.e., elevated glycolysis in the presence of oxygen</font></a>&quot;.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><em>J Bioenerg Biomembr.</em><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><strong>39</strong><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(3): 211&ndash;22.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Digital object identifier" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#002bb8">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10863-007-9094-x" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10863-007-9094-x"><font color="#3366bb">10.1007/s10863-007-9094-x</font></a></span>.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17879147" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17879147"><font color="#3366bb">PMID 17879147</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Warburg%2C+me+and+Hexokinase+2%3A+Multiple+discoveries+of+key+molecular+events+underlying+one+of+cancers%27+most+common+phenotypes%2C+the+%22Warburg+Effect%22%2C+i.e.%2C+elevated+glycolysis+in+the+presence+of+oxygen&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bioenerg+Biomembr.&amp;rft.aulast=Pedersen+PL&amp;rft.au=Pedersen+PL&amp;rft.date=Jun+2007&amp;rft.volume=39&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=211%E2%80%9322&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs10863-007-9094-x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17879147&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.bioinfo.pl%2Fpmid%3A17879147&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Warburg_hypothesis"></span> </li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://acs.confex.com/acs/norm07/techprogram/P44814.HTM" rel="nofollow" href="http://acs.confex.com/acs/norm07/techprogram/P44814.HTM"><font color="#3366bb">Glycolytic enzyme inhibitors as novel anti-cancer drugs</font></a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(<a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="mw-redirect" title="3-bromopyruvate" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/3-bromopyruvate"><font color="#002bb8">3-bromopyruvate</font></a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(3BP) and<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodoacetate" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Iodoacetate"><font color="#002bb8">iodoacetate</font></a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(IAA)), James C.K. Lai et al., Idaho State, June 2007 </li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1662484,00.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1662484,00.html"><font color="#3366bb">Can a High-Fat Diet Beat Cancer?</font></a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>by Richard Friebe, Time magazine, Monday, Sep. 17, 2007, </li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal; WORD-WRAP: break-word" id="CITEREFMoreno-S.C3.A1nchez_R.2C_Rodr.C3.ADguez-Enr.C3.ADquez_S.2C_Mar.C3.ADn-Hern.C3.A1ndez_A.2C_Saavedra_E2007" class="">Moreno-S&aacute;nchez R, Rodr&iacute;guez-Enr&iacute;quez S, Mar&iacute;n-Hern&aacute;ndez A, Saavedra E (Mar 2007). &quot;Energy metabolism in tumor cells&quot;.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><em>Febs J.</em><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><strong>274</strong><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(6): 1393&ndash;418.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Digital object identifier" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#002bb8">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1742-4658.2007.05686.x" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1742-4658.2007.05686.x"><font color="#3366bb">10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05686.x</font></a></span>.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17302740" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17302740"><font color="#3366bb">PMID 17302740</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Energy+metabolism+in+tumor+cells&amp;rft.jtitle=Febs+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Moreno-S%C3%A1nchez+R%2C+Rodr%C3%ADguez-Enr%C3%ADquez+S%2C+Mar%C3%ADn-Hern%C3%A1ndez+A%2C+Saavedra+E&amp;rft.au=Moreno-S%C3%A1nchez+R%2C+Rodr%C3%ADguez-Enr%C3%ADquez+S%2C+Mar%C3%ADn-Hern%C3%A1ndez+A%2C+Saavedra+E&amp;rft.date=Mar+2007&amp;rft.volume=274&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1393%E2%80%93418&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1742-4658.2007.05686.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17302740&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Warburg_hypothesis"></span> </li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal; WORD-WRAP: break-word" id="CITEREFPedersen_PL2007" class="">Pedersen PL (Feb 2007). &quot;The cancer cell's &quot;power plants&quot; as promising therapeutic targets: an overview&quot;.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><em>J Bioenerg Biomembr.</em><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><strong>39</strong><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(1): 1&ndash;12.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Digital object identifier" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#002bb8">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10863-007-9070-5" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10863-007-9070-5"><font color="#3366bb">10.1007/s10863-007-9070-5</font></a></span>.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17404823" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17404823"><font color="#3366bb">PMID 17404823</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+cancer+cell%27s+%22power+plants%22+as+promising+therapeutic+targets%3A+an+overview&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bioenerg+Biomembr.&amp;rft.aulast=Pedersen+PL&amp;rft.au=Pedersen+PL&amp;rft.date=Feb+2007&amp;rft.volume=39&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1%E2%80%9312&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs10863-007-9070-5&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17404823&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Warburg_hypothesis"></span> </li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal; WORD-WRAP: break-word" id="CITEREFAft_RL.2C_Zhang_FW.2C_Gius_D2002" class="">Aft RL, Zhang FW, Gius D (Sep 2002). &quot;<a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v87/n7/abs/6600547a.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v87/n7/abs/6600547a.html"><font color="#3366bb">Evaluation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose as a chemotherapeutic agent: mechanism of cell death</font></a>&quot;.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><em>Br J Cancer</em><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><strong>87</strong><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(7): 805&ndash;12.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Digital object identifier" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#002bb8">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bjc.6600547" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bjc.6600547"><font color="#3366bb">10.1038/sj.bjc.6600547</font></a></span>.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12232767" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12232767"><font color="#3366bb">PMID 12232767</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+2-deoxy-D-glucose+as+a+chemotherapeutic+agent%3A+mechanism+of+cell+death&amp;rft.jtitle=Br+J+Cancer&amp;rft.aulast=Aft+RL%2C+Zhang+FW%2C+Gius+D&amp;rft.au=Aft+RL%2C+Zhang+FW%2C+Gius+D&amp;rft.date=Sep+2002&amp;rft.volume=87&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=805%E2%80%9312&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fsj.bjc.6600547&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12232767&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fbjc%2Fjournal%2Fv87%2Fn7%2Fabs%2F6600547a.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Warburg_hypothesis"></span> </li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&amp;IDX=US6670330" rel="nofollow" href="http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&amp;IDX=US6670330"><font color="#3366bb">US&nbsp;patent&nbsp;6670330</font></a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>Cancer chemotherapy with 2-deoxy-D-glucose </li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1671684,00.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1671684,00.html"><font color="#3366bb">Can Ancient Herbs Treat Cancer?</font></a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>Time magazine, October 15, 2007 (describes the drug trial of BZL101, a compound from the Scutellaria Barbata herb that prevents cancerous cells from undergoing<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Glycolysis" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis"><font color="#002bb8">glycolysis</font></a>). </li> <li style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal; WORD-WRAP: break-word" id="CITEREFIsidoro_A.2C_Casado_E.2C_Redondo_A.2C_.27.27et_al..27.272005" class="">Isidoro A, Casado E, Redondo A,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><em>et al.</em><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(Dec 2005). &quot;Breast carcinomas fulfill the Warburg hypothesis and provide metabolic markers of cancer prognosis&quot;.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><em>Carcinogenesis</em><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><strong>26</strong><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(12): 2095&ndash;104.<a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; COLOR: rgb(0,43,184); TEXT-DECORATION: none; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" title="Digital object identifier" href="http://biopedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#002bb8">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fcarcin%2Fbgi188" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fcarcin%2Fbgi188"><font color="#3366bb">10.1093/carcin/bgi188</font></a></span>.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 13px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 100% 50%; COLOR: rgb(51,102,187); TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial" class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16033770" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16033770"><font color="#3366bb">PMID 16033770</font></a>.</cite> </li> </ul> </span></span>

Return to Warburg hypothesis.