View source for Probiotics

<p><strong>Probiotics</strong> are dietary supplements of live microorganisms thought to be healthy for the host organism. According to the currently adopted definition by FAO/WHO, probiotics are: &quot;Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host&quot;.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO.2FWHO_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup> Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and bifidobacteria are the most common types of microbes used as probiotics; but also certain yeasts and bacilli are available.</p>
<p>At first, probiotics were thought to beneficially affect the host by improving its intestinal microbial balance, thus inhibiting pathogens and toxin producing bacteria. Today specific health effects are being investigated and documented including alleviation of chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases <sup id="cite_ref-Mach_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></sup>, prevention and treatment of pathogen-induced diarrhea <sup id="cite_ref-Yan_2-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></font></sup>, urogenital infections <sup id="cite_ref-Reid_3-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></font></sup>, and atopic diseases<sup id="cite_ref-Vanderhoof_4-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></font></sup>.</p>

<h2><span id="History_of_probiotics" class="mw-headline">History of probiotics</span></h2>
<p>Probiotics, which means, &quot;for life,&quot; have been used for centuries as natural components in health-promoting foods.<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from January 2009"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> The original observation of the positive role played by certain bacteria was first introduced by Russian scientist and Nobel laureate Eli Metchnikoff, who in the beginning of the 20th century suggested that it would be possible to modify the gut flora and to replace harmful microbes by useful microbes.<sup id="cite_ref-Metchnikoff_5-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></font></sup> Metchnikoff, at that time a professor at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, produced the notion that the aging process results from the activity of putrefactive (proteolytic) microbes producing toxic substances in the large bowel. Proteolytic bacteria such as clostridia, which are part of the normal gut flora, produce toxic substances including phenols, indols and ammonia from the digestion of proteins. According to Metchnikoff these compounds were responsible for what he called &quot;intestinal auto-intoxication&quot;, which caused the physical changes associated with old age. It was at that time known that milk fermented with lactic-acid bacteria inhibits the growth of proteolytic bacteria because of the low pH produced by the fermentation of lactose. Metchnikoff had also observed that certain rural populations in Europe, for example in Bulgaria and the Russian Steppes who lived largely on milk fermented by lactic-acid bacteria were exceptionally long lived. Based on these facts, Metchnikoff proposed that consumption of fermented milk would &quot;seed&quot; the intestine with harmless lactic-acid bacteria and decrease the intestinal pH and that this would suppress the growth of proteolytic bacteria. Metchnikoff himself introduced in his diet sour milk fermented with the bacteria he called &quot;Bulgarian Bacillus&quot; and found his health benefited. Friends in Paris soon followed his example and physicians began prescribing the sour milk diet for their patients.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaughan_6-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></font></sup></p>
<p>Henry Tissier, also from the Pasteur Institute, was the first to isolate a <em>Bifidobacterium</em>. He isolated the bacterium from a breast-fed infant and named it Bacillus bifidus communis.<sup id="cite_ref-Tissier_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></sup> This bacterium was later renamed <em>Bifidobacterium bifidum</em>. Tissier showed that bifidobacteria are predominant in the gut flora of breast-fed babies, and he recommended administration of bifidobacteria to infants suffering from diarrhea. The mechanism claimed was that bifidobacteria would displace the proteolytic bacteria that cause the disease.</p>
<p>German professor Alfred Nissle, in 1917, isolated a strain of <em>Escherichia coli</em> from the faeces of a World War I soldier who did not develop enterocolitis during a severe outbreak of shigellosis.<sup id="cite_ref-Nissle1918_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></font></sup> In those days, antibiotics were not yet discovered, and Nissle used the strain with considerable success in acute cases of infectious intestinal diseases (salmonellosis and shigellosis). <em>Escherichia coli</em> Nissle 1917 is still in use and is one of the few examples of a non-LAB probiotic.</p>
<p>In 1920, Rettger demonstrated that Metchnikoff's &quot;Bulgarian Bacillus&quot;, later called <em>Lactobacillus bulgaricus</em>, could not live in the human intestine,<sup id="cite_ref-Cheplin_9-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></font></sup> and the fermented food phenomena petered out. Metchnikoff's theory was disputable (at this stage), and people doubted his theory of longevity.</p>
<p>After Metchnikoff&rsquo;s death in 1916, the centre of activity moved to the US. It was reasoned that bacteria originating from the gut were more likely to produce the desired effect in the gut, and in 1935 certain strains of <em>Lactobacillus acidophilus</em> were found to be very active when implanted in the human digestive tract.<sup id="cite_ref-Rettger_10-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></font></sup> Trials were carried out using this organism, and encouraging results were obtained especially in the relief of chronic constipation.</p>
<p>The term &quot;probiotics&quot; was first introduced in 1953 by Kollath (see Hamilton-Miller et al. 2003). Contrasting antibiotics, probiotics were defined as microbially derived factors that stimulate the growth of other microorganisms. In 1989 Roy Fuller suggested a definition of probiotics which has been widely used: &quot;<em>A live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance</em>&quot;.<sup id="cite_ref-Fuller_11-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></font></sup> Fuller's definition emphasizes the requirement of viability for probiotics and introduces the aspect of a beneficial effect on the host.</p>
<p>In subsequent decades other <em>Lactobacillus</em> species have been introduced including <em>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</em>, <em>Lactobacillus casei</em>, and <em>Lactobacillus johnsonii</em>, because they are intestinal species with beneficial properties.<sup id="cite_ref-Tannock_12-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></font></sup></p>
<h2><span id="Adverse_effects" class="mw-headline">Adverse effects</span></h2>
<p>There is no published evidence that probiotic supplements are able to completely replace the body&rsquo;s natural flora when these have been killed off; indeed bacterial levels in feces disappear within days when supplementation ceases.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></font></sup> While the oral use of probiotics is considered safe and even recommended by World Health Organization under specific guidelines [2], in some specific situations (such as critically ill patients) they could be potentially harmful. In a therapeutic clinical trial conducted by M. Besselink and colleagues in The Netherlands, the consumption of a cocktail containing genetically modified strains of probiotic bacteria, increased the death rate of patients with acute pancreatitis<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></font></sup>. Probiotics have been shown to be beneficial for other types of patients<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></font></sup>.</p>
<p>In a clinical trial conducted at the University of Western Australia, aimed at showing the effectiveness of probiotics in reducting childhood allergies, Dr Susan Prescott and her colleagues gave 178 children either a probiotic or a placebo for the first six months of their life, those given the good bacteria were more, not less, likely to develop a sensitivity to allergens.<sup id="cite_ref-times_online_probiotics_17-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></font></sup></p>
<p>Some hospitals have reported treating lactobacillus septicaemia which is a potentially fatal disease caused by the consumption of probiotics by people with lowered immune systems or who are already very ill.<sup id="cite_ref-times_online_probiotics_17-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></font></sup></p>
<h2><span id="Potential_benefits" class="mw-headline">Potential benefits</span></h2>
<p>Experiments into the benefits of probiotic therapies suggest a range of potentially beneficial medicinal uses for probiotics. For many of the potential benefits, research is limited and only preliminary results are available. It should be noted that the effects described are <em>not</em> general effects of probiotics. Recent research on the molecular biology and genomics of <em>Lactobacillus</em> has focused on the interaction with the immune system, anti-cancer potential, and potential as a biotherapeutic agent in cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, travellers' diarrhoea, pediatric diarrhoea, inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome.<sup id="cite_ref-LjunghWadstrom_19-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></font></sup></p>
<p>All effects can only be attributed to the individual strain(s) tested. Testing of a supplement does not indicate benefit from any other strain of the same species, and testing does not indicate benefit from the whole group of LAB (or other probiotics).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></font></sup></p>
<h4><span id="Managing_lactose_intolerance" class="mw-headline">Managing lactose intolerance</span></h4>
<p>As lactic acid bacteria actively convert lactose into lactic acid, ingestion of certain active strains may help lactose intolerant individuals tolerate more lactose than what they would have otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanders_21-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></font></sup> In practice probiotics are not specifically targeted for this purpose, as most are relatively low in lactase activity as compared to the normal yogurt bacteria.</p>
<h4><span id="Prevention_of_colon_cancer" class="mw-headline">Prevention of colon cancer</span></h4>
<p>In laboratory investigations, some strains of LAB (<em>Lactobacillus bulgaricus</em>) have demonstrated anti-mutagenic effects thought to be due to their ability to bind with heterocyclic amines, which are carcinogenic substances formed in cooked meat.<sup id="cite_ref-Wollowski_22-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></font></sup> Animal studies have demonstrated that some LAB can protect against colon cancer in rodents, though human data is limited and conflicting.<sup id="cite_ref-Brady_23-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></font></sup> Most human trials have found that the strains tested may exert anti-carcinogenic effects by decreasing the activity of an enzyme called &beta;-glucuronidase<sup id="cite_ref-Brady_23-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></font></sup> (which can generate carcinogens in the digestive system). Lower rates of colon cancer among higher consumers of fermented dairy products have been observed in some population studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanders_21-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></font></sup></p>
<h4><span id="Lowering_cholesterol" class="mw-headline">Lowering cholesterol</span></h4>
<p>Animal studies have demonstrated the efficacy of a range of LAB to be able to lower serum cholesterol levels, presumably by breaking down bile in the gut, thus inhibiting its reabsorption (which enters the blood as cholesterol). Some, but not all human trials have shown that dairy foods fermented with specific LAB can produce modest reductions in total and LDL cholesterol levels in those with normal levels to begin with, however trials in hyperlipidemic subjects are needed.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanders_21-2" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></font></sup></p>
<h4><span id="Lowering_blood_pressure" class="mw-headline">Lowering blood pressure</span></h4>
<p>Several small clinical trials have shown that consumption of milk fermented with various strains of LAB can result in modest reductions in blood pressure. It is thought that this is due to the ACE inhibitor-like peptides produced during fermentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanders_21-3" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></font></sup></p>
<h4><span id="Improving_immune_function_and_preventing_infections" class="mw-headline">Improving immune function and preventing infections</span></h4>
<p>LAB are thought to have several presumably beneficial effects on immune function. They may protect against pathogens by means of competitive inhibition (i.e., by competing for growth) and there is evidence to suggest that they may improve immune function by increasing the number of IgA-producing plasma cells, increasing or improving phagocytosis as well as increasing the proportion of T lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid_Jass_Sebulsky_24-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ouwehand_Salminen_Isolauri_25-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></font></sup> Clinical trials have demonstrated that probiotics may decrease the incidence of respiratory tract infections<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></font></sup> and dental caries in children.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></font></sup> LAB foods and supplements have been shown to be aid in the treatment and prevention of acute diarrhea, and in decreasing the severity and duration of rotavirus infections in children and travelers' diarrhea in adults.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid_Jass_Sebulsky_24-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ouwehand_Salminen_Isolauri_25-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></font></sup></p>
<h4><span id="Helicobacter_pylori" class="mw-headline">Helicobacter pylori</span></h4>
<p>LAB are also thought to aid in the treatment of <em>Helicobacter pylori</em> infections (which cause peptic ulcers) in adults when used in combination with standard medical treatments. However more studies are required into this area.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14522098_28-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></font></sup></p>
<h4><span id="Antibiotic-associated_diarrhea" class="mw-headline">Antibiotic-associated diarrhea</span></h4>
<p>A meta-analysis suggested probiotics may reduce antibiotic-associated diarrhea.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12182746_29-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></font></sup> A subsequent randomized controlled trial also found benefit in elderly patients.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17604300_30-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></font></sup></p>
<p>In a randomized clinical trial, published in 2007, a University of Montreal team of pharmacologists demonstrated that lactobacilli-fermented solution can be effective in AAD prevention in hospitalized patients&rdquo;.<sup id="cite_ref-Beausoleil_31-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></font></sup></p>
<p>In 2009 Encap Drug Delivery announced that they had entered into a collaboration with Probac AB to develop a novel probiotic capsule product aimed at treating antibiotic associated diarrhoea.</p>
<h4><span id="Reducing_inflammation" class="mw-headline">Reducing inflammation</span></h4>
<p>LAB foods and supplements have been found to modulate inflammatory and hypersensitivity responses, an observation thought to be at least in part due to the regulation of cytokine function.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid_Jass_Sebulsky_24-2" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></font></sup> Clinical studies suggest that they can prevent reoccurrences of inflammatory bowel disease in adults,<sup id="cite_ref-Reid_Jass_Sebulsky_24-3" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></font></sup> as well as improve milk allergies.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></font></sup> They are not effective for treating eczema, a persistent skin inflammation.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></font></sup>. How probiotics counteract immune system overactivity remains unclear, but a potential mechanism is desensitization of so-called T lymphocytes, an important compenent of the immune system, towards pro-inflammatory stimuli <sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></font></sup>.</p>
<h4><span id="Improving_mineral_absorption" class="mw-headline">Improving mineral absorption</span></h4>
<p>It is hypothesized that probiotic lactobacilli may help correct malabsorption of trace minerals, found particularly in those with diets high in phytate content from whole grains, nuts, and legumes.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></font></sup></p>
<h4><span id="Prevents_harmful_bacterial_growth_under_stress" class="mw-headline">Prevents harmful bacterial growth under stress</span></h4>
<p>In a study done to see the effects of stress on intestinal flora, rats that were fed probiotics had little occurrence of harmful bacteria latched onto their intestines compared to rats that were fed sterile water.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></font></sup></p>
<h4><span id="Irritable_bowel_syndrome_and_colitis" class="mw-headline">Irritable bowel syndrome and colitis</span></h4>
<p><em>B. infantis</em> 35624, sold as Align, was found to improve some symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in women in a recent study.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></font></sup> Another probiotic bacterium, <em>Lactobacillus plantarum</em> 299v, was also found to be effective in reducing IBS symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-EurJGastroHepatol2001-Niedzielin_38-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></font></sup> Additionally, a probiotic formulation, VSL#3, was found to be safe in treating ulcerative colitis, though efficacy in the study was uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></font></sup> <em>Bifidobacterium animalis</em> DN-173 010 may help.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17635382_40-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></font></sup></p>
<h4><span id="Managing_urogenital_health" class="mw-headline">Managing urogenital health</span></h4>
<p>Several in vitro studies have revealed probiotics' potential in relieving urinary tract infections<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11157354_41-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></font></sup> and bacterial vaginosis.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11339841_42-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></font></sup> Results have been varied on these studies, and in vivo studies are still required in this area to determine efficacy.</p>
<h2><span id="Synbiotics" class="mw-headline">Synbiotics</span></h2>
<p>As probiotics are mainly active in the small intestine and prebiotics are only effective in the large intestine,<sup id="cite_ref-Synbiotics_43-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></font></sup> the combination of the two may give a synergistic effect. Appropriate combinations of pre- and probiotics are synbiotics.</p>
<h2><span id="Strains" class="mw-headline">Strains</span></h2>
<p>The most common form for probiotics are dairy products and probiotic fortified foods. However, tablets, capsules, powders and sachets containing the bacteria in freeze dried form are also available.</p>
<p>
<table width="90%" class="wikitable">
    <tbody>
        <tr>
            <th colspan="4">Proven probiotic strains. <small>Sources:</small><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></font></sup> <small>and</small> <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></font></sup></th>
        </tr>
        <tr style="TEXT-ALIGN: center">
            <th>Strain</th>
            <th>Brandname</th>
            <th>Producer</th>
            <th>Proven effect in humans</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><em>Bacillus coagulans</em> GBI-30, 6086</td>
            <td><strong>GanedenBC<sup><font size="2">30</font></sup></strong></td>
            <td><strong>Ganeden Biotech</strong></td>
            <td>Improves abdominal pain and bloating in IBS patients.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></font></sup> Increases immune response to viral challenge.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></font></sup></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><em>Bifidobacterium animalis</em> subsp. <em>lactis</em> BB-12</td>
            <td>&nbsp;</td>
            <td>Chr. Hansen</td>
            <td><sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2009"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><em>Bifidobacterium breve</em> Yakult</td>
            <td><strong>Bifiene</strong></td>
            <td>Yakult</td>
            <td><sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2009"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><em>Bifidobacterium infantis</em> 35624</td>
            <td><strong>Align</strong></td>
            <td>Procter &amp; Gamble</td>
            <td><sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2009"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><em>Bifidobacterium animalis</em> subsp. <em>lactis</em> HN019 (DR10)</td>
            <td><strong>Howaru Bifido</strong></td>
            <td>Danisco</td>
            <td><sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2009"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><em>Bifidobacterium longum</em> BB536</td>
            <td>&nbsp;</td>
            <td>Morinaga Milk Industry</td>
            <td><sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2009"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><em>Escherichia coli</em> M-17</td>
            <td><strong>ProBactrix</strong></td>
            <td>BioBalance</td>
            <td><sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2009"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><em>Escherichia coli</em> Nissle 1917</td>
            <td><strong>Mutaflor</strong></td>
            <td>Ardeypharm</td>
            <td><sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2009"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><em>Lactobacillus acidophilus</em> DDS-1</td>
            <td>&nbsp;</td>
            <td>Nebraska Cultures<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></font></sup></td>
            <td><sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2009"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><em>Lactobacillus acidophilus</em> LA-5</td>
            <td>&nbsp;</td>
            <td>Chr. Hansen</td>
            <td><sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2009"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><em>Lactobacillus acidophilus</em> NCFM</td>
            <td>&nbsp;</td>
            <td>Danisco</td>
            <td><sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2009"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><em>Lactobacillus casei</em> DN114-001 (<em>Lactobacillus casei</em> Immunitas(s)/Defensis)</td>
            <td><strong>Actimel/DanActive</strong></td>
            <td>Danone</td>
            <td><sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2009"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><em>Lactobacillus casei</em> CRL431</td>
            <td>&nbsp;</td>
            <td>Chr. Hansen</td>
            <td><sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2009"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><em>Lactobacillus casei</em> F19</td>
            <td><strong>Cultura</strong></td>
            <td>Arla Foods</td>
            <td><sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2009"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><em>Lactobacillus casei</em> Shirota</td>
            <td><strong>Yakult</strong></td>
            <td>Yakult</td>
            <td><sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2009"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><em>Lactobacillus paracasei St11 (or NCC2461)</em><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15995003_49-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></font></sup></td>
            <td>Lactobacillus fortis</td>
            <td>Nestl&eacute;</td>
            <td>&nbsp;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><em>Lactobacillus johnsonii</em> La1 (= Lactobacillus LC1, Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC533)</td>
            <td>&nbsp;</td>
            <td>Nestl&eacute;</td>
            <td><sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2009"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><em>Lactococcus lactis</em> L1A</td>
            <td>&nbsp;</td>
            <td>Norrmejerier</td>
            <td>Immune stimulation, improves digestive health, reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhoea<sup id="cite_ref-Verum_50-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></font></sup></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><em>Lactobacillus plantarum</em> 299V</td>
            <td><strong>GoodBelly</strong> / <strong>ProViva</strong>/ <strong>TuZen</strong></td>
            <td>NextFoods Probi Ferring</td>
            <td><sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2009"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><em>Lactobacillus reuteri</em> ATTC 55730 (<em>Lactobacillus reuteri</em> SD2112)</td>
            <td>&nbsp;</td>
            <td>BioGaia Biologics</td>
            <td>Diarrhea prevention and mitigation in children<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9427453_52-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></font></sup>, eradication of H. pylori infection<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></font></sup>, amelioration of gingivitis<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16878680_54-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></font></sup>, general illness prevention in children<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15629974_55-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></font></sup> and adults<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16274475_56-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></font></sup>.</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><em>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</em> ATCC 53013 (discovered by Gorbach &amp; Goldin(=LGG))</td>
            <td><strong>Vifit and others</strong></td>
            <td>Valio</td>
            <td><sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2009"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><em>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</em> LB21</td>
            <td><strong>Verum</strong></td>
            <td>Norrmejerier</td>
            <td>Immune stimulation, improves digestive health, reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhoea<sup id="cite_ref-Verum_50-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></font></sup></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em> (boulardii) lyo</td>
            <td><strong>DiarSafe and others</strong></td>
            <td><strong>Wren Laboratories and others</strong></td>
            <td>against antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and <em>Clostridium_difficile</em> (cmd-click)&quot;&gt;<em>Clostridium_difficile</em> (cmd-click)&quot;&gt;[[<em>Clostridium difficile</em>]] infections; to treat acute diarrhoea in adults &amp; children.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></font></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></font></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></font></sup></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><strong>tested as mixture:</strong><br />
            <em>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</em> GR-1 &amp; <em>Lactobacillus reuteri</em> RC-14</td>
            <td><strong>Bion Flore Intime</strong> <strong>Jarrow Fem-Dophilus</strong></td>
            <td>Chr. Hansen</td>
            <td>Oral ingestion results in vaginal colonisation and prevention of vaginitis
            <p><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></font></sup></p>
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><strong>tested as mixture:</strong><br />
            <em>Lactobacillus acidophilus</em> NCFM &amp; <em>Bifidobacterium bifidum</em> BB-12</td>
            <td><strong>Florajen3</strong></td>
            <td>American Lifeline, Inc</td>
            <td>Reduction of <em>C. difficile</em>&ndash;associated disease (CDAD)[3].</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><strong>tested as mixture:</strong><br />
            <em>Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285 &amp; Lactobacillus casei</em></td>
            <td><strong>Bio-K+ CL1285</strong></td>
            <td>Bio-K+ International</td>
            <td>Improves digestive health. Prevents Antiobic Associated Diarrhea (AAD) and Clostridium Difficile (C Difficile).<sup id="cite_ref-Beausoleil_31-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></font></sup><br />
            <p>In vitro inhibition of <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em> and <em>L. innocua</em>, <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, <em>Enterococcus faecalis</em> and <em>Enterococcus faecium</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-Millette_61-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></font></sup><br />
            Reduction of symptoms of lactose intolerance and immune stimulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Sellars_62-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></font></sup></p>
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><em>Lactobacillus helveticus</em> R0052 &amp; <em>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</em> R0011</td>
            <td><strong>A'Biotica and others</strong></td>
            <td>Institut Rosell</td>
            <td><sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2009"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup></td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>
</p>
<p>Some commonly used bacteria in products, but without probiotic effect (yoghurt bacteria):</p>
<ul>
    <li><em>Lactobacillus bulgaricus</em> </li>
    <li><em>Streptococcus thermophilus</em> </li>
</ul>
<p>Some other bacteria mentioned in probiotic products:</p>
<ul>
    <li><em>Lactobacillus bifidus</em> - became new genus <em>Bifidobacterium</em> </li>
</ul>
<p>Some fermented products containing similar lactic acid bacteria include:</p>
<ul>
    <li>Pickled vegetables<sup id="cite_ref-aeslab_63-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></font></sup><sup><font size="2">,</font></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-fv_64-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></font></sup><sup><font size="2">,</font></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-nmcd_65-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></font></sup> </li>
    <li>Fermented bean paste such as tempeh,<sup id="cite_ref-mamt_66-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></font></sup> miso and doenjang </li>
    <li>Kefir<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from October 2007"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> </li>
    <li>Buttermil or Karnemelk </li>
    <li>Kimchi <sup id="cite_ref-fv_64-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></font></sup><sup><font size="2">,</font></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-dsnlab_67-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></font></sup> </li>
    <li>Kombucha<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from October 2007"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> </li>
    <li>Pao cai<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from October 2007"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> </li>
    <li>Sauerkraut<sup id="cite_ref-sugm_68-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></font></sup> </li>
    <li>Soy sauce<sup id="cite_ref-labi_69-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></font></sup> </li>
    <li>Zha cai<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from October 2007"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> </li>
</ul>
<h2><span id="Multi-probiotic" class="mw-headline">Multi-probiotic</span></h2>
<p><br />
Research is emerging on the potential health benefits of multiple probiotic strains as a health supplement as opposed to a single strain.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15454313_70-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></font></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18785988_71-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></font></sup> The human gut is home to some 400-500 types of microbes. It is thought that this diverse environment may benefit from multiple probiotic strains; different strains populate different areas of the digestive tract, and studies are beginning to link different probiotic strains to specific health benefits.</p>
<p><strong>Supplement products that contain more than one probiotic strain:</strong></p>
<p>
<table class="wikitable" border="1">
    <tbody>
        <tr>
            <th><strong>Company</strong></th>
            <th><strong>Probiotic Strains</strong></th>
            <th><strong>Product</strong></th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>Nutri-Health</td>
            <td><em>Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium breve</em>,<br />
            <p><em>Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium lactis,</em><br />
            <em>Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus,</em><br />
            <em>Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus,</em><br />
            <em>Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus gasseri,</em><br />
            <em>Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus plantarum,</em><br />
            <em>Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus salivarius,</em><br />
            <em>Lactococcus lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus</em></p>
            </td>
            <td>Flora Source Multi-Probiotic Formula</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>Enzymatic Therapy</td>
            <td><em>Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium longum</em></td>
            <td>Acidophilus Pearls</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>Kyolic</td>
            <td><em>Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum,</em><br />
            <p><em>Bifidobacterium longum</em></p>
            </td>
            <td>Kyo-Dophilus</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>Renew Life</td>
            <td><em>Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus acidophilus,</em><br />
            <p><em>Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium breve,</em><br />
            <em>Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus casei,</em><br />
            <em>Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactococcus lactis,</em><br />
            <em>Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus salivarius</em></p>
            </td>
            <td>Flora Smart</td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>
</p>
<h2><span id="Research" class="mw-headline">Research</span></h2>
<p>Research about probiotics shows both benefits and harm.</p>
<p>A study in 2004 testing the immune system of students given either milk or Actimel over a 6 week exam period (3 weeks of studying, 3 weeks of exams) tested 19 different biomarkers. Of these 19 biomarkers only 2 were shown to be different between the two groups, increased production of lymphocytes and increased production of CD56 cells. The tests were not blind and show that probiotics have no overall effect on the immune system or on its ability.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></font></sup></p>
<p>A 2007 study at University College Cork in Ireland showed that a diet including milk fermented with <em>Lactobacillus</em> bacteria prevented <em>Salmonella</em> infection in pigs.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></font></sup></p>
<p>A 2007 clinical study at Imperial College London showed that preventive consumption of a commercially available probiotic drink containing <em>L casei DN-114001</em>, <em>L bulgaricus</em>, and <em>S thermophilus</em> can reduce the incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and <em>C difficile</em>-associated diarrhea.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17604300_30-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></font></sup></p>
<p>The efficacy and safety of a daily dose of <em>Lactobacillus acidophilus</em> CL1285 in the prevention of AAD was demonstrated by Montreal&rsquo;s Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, in a clinical study of hospitalized patients.<sup id="cite_ref-Beausoleil_31-2" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></font></sup></p>
<h2><span id="Criticisms" class="mw-headline">Criticisms</span></h2>
<p>Some experts are skeptical on the efficacy of many strains and believe not all subjects will benefit from the use of probiotics.<sup id="cite_ref-timesonline.co.uk_74-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></font></sup> Another criticism<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Inline-Template" title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. from October 2009"><font size="2">[<em>by whom?</em>]</font></sup> is the cost and value of probiotics products.<sup id="cite_ref-timesonline.co.uk_74-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></font></sup></p>
<h2><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2>
<ul>
    <li>Prebiotic (nutrition) </li>
</ul>
<h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2>
<div style="-moz-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em" class="references-small references-column-width">
<ol class="references">
    <li id="cite_note-FAO.2FWHO-0"><strong>^</strong> FAO/WHO (2001) Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Evaluation of Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food Including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria. </li>
    <li id="cite_note-Mach-1"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Mach T (November 2006). &quot;Clinical usefulness of probiotics in inflammatory bowel diseases&quot;. <em>J. Physiol. Pharmacol.</em> <strong>57 Suppl 9</strong>: 23&ndash;33. PMID 17242485.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Clinical+usefulness+of+probiotics+in+inflammatory+bowel+diseases&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Physiol.+Pharmacol.&amp;rft.aulast=Mach+T&amp;rft.au=Mach+T&amp;rft.date=November+2006&amp;rft.volume=57+Suppl+9&amp;rft.pages=23%E2%80%9333&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17242485&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-Yan-2"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Yan F, Polk DB (November 2006). &quot;Probiotics as functional food in the treatment of diarrhea&quot;. <em>Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care</em> <strong>9</strong> (6): 717&ndash;21. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1097/01.mco.0000247477.02650.51</span>. PMID 17053425.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Probiotics+as+functional+food+in+the+treatment+of+diarrhea&amp;rft.jtitle=Curr+Opin+Clin+Nutr+Metab+Care&amp;rft.aulast=Yan+F%2C+Polk+DB&amp;rft.au=Yan+F%2C+Polk+DB&amp;rft.date=November+2006&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=717%E2%80%9321&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1097%2F01.mco.0000247477.02650.51&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17053425&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-Reid-3"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Reid G (September 2008). &quot;Probiotic Lactobacilli for urogenital health in women&quot;. <em>J. Clin. Gastroenterol.</em> <strong>42 Suppl 3 Pt 2</strong>: S234&ndash;6. doi:10.1097/MCG.0b013e31817f1298 (inactive 2009-08-03). PMID 18685506.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Probiotic+Lactobacilli+for+urogenital+health+in+women&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Clin.+Gastroenterol.&amp;rft.aulast=Reid+G&amp;rft.au=Reid+G&amp;rft.date=September+2008&amp;rft.volume=42+Suppl+3+Pt+2&amp;rft.pages=S234%E2%80%936&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1097%2FMCG.0b013e31817f1298&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18685506&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-Vanderhoof-4"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Vanderhoof JA (November 2008). &quot;Probiotics in allergy management&quot;. <em>J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr.</em> <strong>47 Suppl 2</strong>: S38&ndash;40. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1097/01.mpg.0000338810.74933.c1</span>. PMID 18931598.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Probiotics+in+allergy+management&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Pediatr.+Gastroenterol.+Nutr.&amp;rft.aulast=Vanderhoof+JA&amp;rft.au=Vanderhoof+JA&amp;rft.date=November+2008&amp;rft.volume=47+Suppl+2&amp;rft.pages=S38%E2%80%9340&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1097%2F01.mpg.0000338810.74933.c1&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18931598&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-Metchnikoff-5"><strong>^</strong> Metchnikoff, E. 1907. Essais optimistes. Paris. The prolongation of life. Optimistic studies. Translated and edited by P. Chalmers Mitchell. London: Heinemann, 1907. </li>
    <li id="cite_note-Vaughan-6"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Vaughan RB (July 1965). &quot;The romantic rationalist: A study of Elie Metchnikoff&quot;. <em>Med Hist</em> <strong>9</strong>: 201&ndash;15. PMID 14321564.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+romantic+rationalist%3A+A+study+of+Elie+Metchnikoff&amp;rft.jtitle=Med+Hist&amp;rft.aulast=Vaughan+RB&amp;rft.au=Vaughan+RB&amp;rft.date=July+1965&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.pages=201%E2%80%9315&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14321564&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-Tissier-7"><strong>^</strong> Tissier, H. 1900. Recherchers sur la flora intestinale normale et pathologique du nourisson. Thesis, University of Paris, Paris, France. </li>
    <li id="cite_note-Nissle1918-8"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Die antagonistische Behandlung chronischer Darmst&ouml;rungen mit Colibakterien (1918). <em>Med Klin</em> <strong>2</strong>: 29&ndash;30.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.jtitle=Med+Klin&amp;rft.aulast=Die+antagonistische+Behandlung+chronischer+Darmst%C3%B6rungen+mit+Colibakterien&amp;rft.au=Die+antagonistische+Behandlung+chronischer+Darmst%C3%B6rungen+mit+Colibakterien&amp;rft.date=1918&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.pages=29%E2%80%9330&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-Cheplin-9"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Cheplin HA, Rettger LF (December 1920). &quot;Studies on the transformation of the intestinal flora, with special reference to the implantation of <em>Bacillus acidophilus</em>: II. Feeding Experiments on Man&quot;. <em>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</em> <strong>6</strong> (12): 704&ndash;5. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1073/pnas.6.12.704</span>. PMID 16576567.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Studies+on+the+transformation+of+the+intestinal+flora%2C+with+special+reference+to+the+implantation+of+%27%27Bacillus+acidophilus%27%27%3A+II.+Feeding+Experiments+on+Man&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&amp;rft.aulast=Cheplin+HA%2C+Rettger+LF&amp;rft.au=Cheplin+HA%2C+Rettger+LF&amp;rft.date=December+1920&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=704%E2%80%935&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.6.12.704&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16576567&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-Rettger-10"><strong>^</strong> Rettger, L.F., W.N. Levy, L. Weinstein, and J.E. Weiss. 1935. <em>Lactobacillus acidophilus</em> and its therapeutic application. Yale University Press, New Haven. </li>
    <li id="cite_note-Fuller-11"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Fuller R (May 1989). &quot;Probiotics in man and animals&quot;. <em>J. Appl. Bacteriol.</em> <strong>66</strong> (5): 365&ndash;78. PMID 2666378.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Probiotics+in+man+and+animals&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Appl.+Bacteriol.&amp;rft.aulast=Fuller+R&amp;rft.au=Fuller+R&amp;rft.date=May+1989&amp;rft.volume=66&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=365%E2%80%9378&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/2666378&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-Tannock-12"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Tannock GW (September 2003). &quot;Probiotics: time for a dose of realism&quot;. <em>Curr Issues Intest Microbiol</em> <strong>4</strong> (2): 33&ndash;42. PMID 14503687.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Probiotics%3A+time+for+a+dose+of+realism&amp;rft.jtitle=Curr+Issues+Intest+Microbiol&amp;rft.aulast=Tannock+GW&amp;rft.au=Tannock+GW&amp;rft.date=September+2003&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=33%E2%80%9342&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14503687&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-13"><strong>^</strong> Gut Reactions programme 3 </li>
    <li id="cite_note-14"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC, Buskens E, <em>et al.</em> (February 2008). &quot;Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial&quot;. <em>Lancet</em> <strong>371</strong> (9613): 651&ndash;9. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60207-X</span>. PMID 18279948.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Probiotic+prophylaxis+in+predicted+severe+acute+pancreatitis%3A+a+randomised%2C+double-blind%2C+placebo-controlled+trial&amp;rft.jtitle=Lancet&amp;rft.aulast=Besselink+MG%2C+van+Santvoort+HC%2C+Buskens+E%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Besselink+MG%2C+van+Santvoort+HC%2C+Buskens+E%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=February+2008&amp;rft.volume=371&amp;rft.issue=9613&amp;rft.pages=651%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2808%2960207-X&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18279948&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-15"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Hickson M, D'Souza AL, Muthu N, <em>et al.</em> (July 2007). &quot;Use of probiotic Lactobacillus preparation to prevent diarrhoea associated with antibiotics: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial&quot;. <em>BMJ</em> <strong>335</strong> (7610): 80. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1136/bmj.39231.599815.55</span>. PMID 17604300. PMC: 1914504<span class="printonly">. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/bmj.39231.599815.55v1</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Use+of+probiotic+Lactobacillus+preparation+to+prevent+diarrhoea+associated+with+antibiotics%3A+randomised+double+blind+placebo+controlled+trial&amp;rft.jtitle=BMJ&amp;rft.aulast=Hickson+M%2C+D%27Souza+AL%2C+Muthu+N%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Hickson+M%2C+D%27Souza+AL%2C+Muthu+N%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=July+2007&amp;rft.volume=335&amp;rft.issue=7610&amp;rft.pages=80&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1136%2Fbmj.39231.599815.55&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17604300&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmj.com%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2Fbmj.39231.599815.55v1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-16"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Anukam KC, Osazuwa EO, Osadolor HB, Bruce AW, Reid G (March 2008). &quot;Yogurt containing probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L. reuteri RC-14 helps resolve moderate diarrhea and increases CD4 count in HIV/AIDS patients&quot;. <em>J. Clin. Gastroenterol.</em> <strong>42</strong> (3): 239&ndash;43. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1097/MCG.0b013e31802c7465</span>. PMID 18223503.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Yogurt+containing+probiotic+Lactobacillus+rhamnosus+GR-1+and+L.+reuteri+RC-14+helps+resolve+moderate+diarrhea+and+increases+CD4+count+in+HIV%2FAIDS+patients&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Clin.+Gastroenterol.&amp;rft.aulast=Anukam+KC%2C+Osazuwa+EO%2C+Osadolor+HB%2C+Bruce+AW%2C+Reid+G&amp;rft.au=Anukam+KC%2C+Osazuwa+EO%2C+Osadolor+HB%2C+Bruce+AW%2C+Reid+G&amp;rft.date=March+2008&amp;rft.volume=42&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=239%E2%80%9343&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1097%2FMCG.0b013e31802c7465&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18223503&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-times_online_probiotics-17">^ <sup><em><strong><font size="2">a</font></strong></em></sup> <sup><em><strong><font size="2">b</font></strong></em></sup> Probiotics, Not so friendly after all </li>
    <li id="cite_note-18"><strong>^</strong> So-Called Friendly Bacteria may be dangerous </li>
    <li id="cite_note-LjunghWadstrom-19"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation book">Ljungh A, Wadstrom T (editors) (2009). <em>Lactobacillus Molecular Biology: From Genomics to Probiotics</em>. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-41-7.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Lactobacillus+Molecular+Biology%3A+From+Genomics+to+Probiotics&amp;rft.aulast=Ljungh+A%2C+Wadstrom+T+%28editors%29&amp;rft.au=Ljungh+A%2C+Wadstrom+T+%28editors%29&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-904455-41-7&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-20"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Gilliland SE, Walker DK (April 1990). &quot;Factors to consider when selecting a culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus as a dietary adjunct to produce a hypocholesterolemic effect in humans&quot;. <em>J Dairy Sci</em> <strong>73(4)</strong> (4): 905&ndash;11. PMID 2111831.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Factors+to+consider+when+selecting+a+culture+of+Lactobacillus+acidophilus+as+a+dietary+adjunct+to+produce+a+hypocholesterolemic+effect+in+humans&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Dairy+Sci&amp;rft.aulast=Gilliland+SE%2C+Walker+DK&amp;rft.au=Gilliland+SE%2C+Walker+DK&amp;rft.date=April+1990&amp;rft.volume=73%284%29&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=905%E2%80%9311&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/2111831&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-Sanders-21">^ <sup><em><strong><font size="2">a</font></strong></em></sup> <sup><em><strong><font size="2">b</font></strong></em></sup> <sup><em><strong><font size="2">c</font></strong></em></sup> <sup><em><strong><font size="2">d</font></strong></em></sup> <span class="citation">Sanders ME (February 2000). &quot;Considerations for use of probiotic bacteria to modulate human health&quot;. <em>J. Nutr.</em> <strong>130</strong> (2S Suppl): 384S&ndash;390S. PMID 10721912<span class="printonly">. http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10721912</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Considerations+for+use+of+probiotic+bacteria+to+modulate+human+health&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Nutr.&amp;rft.aulast=Sanders+ME&amp;rft.au=Sanders+ME&amp;rft.date=February+2000&amp;rft.volume=130&amp;rft.issue=2S+Suppl&amp;rft.pages=384S%E2%80%93390S&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10721912&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjn.nutrition.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D10721912&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-Wollowski-22"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Wollowski I, Rechkemmer G, Pool-Zobel BL (February 2001). &quot;Protective role of probiotics and prebiotics in colon cancer&quot;. <em>Am. J. Clin. Nutr.</em> <strong>73</strong> (2 Suppl): 451S&ndash;455S. PMID 11157356<span class="printonly">. http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11157356</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Protective+role+of+probiotics+and+prebiotics+in+colon+cancer&amp;rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Clin.+Nutr.&amp;rft.aulast=Wollowski+I%2C+Rechkemmer+G%2C+Pool-Zobel+BL&amp;rft.au=Wollowski+I%2C+Rechkemmer+G%2C+Pool-Zobel+BL&amp;rft.date=February+2001&amp;rft.volume=73&amp;rft.issue=2+Suppl&amp;rft.pages=451S%E2%80%93455S&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11157356&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajcn.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D11157356&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-Brady-23">^ <sup><em><strong><font size="2">a</font></strong></em></sup> <sup><em><strong><font size="2">b</font></strong></em></sup> <span class="citation">Brady LJ, Gallaher DD, Busta FF (February 2000). &quot;The role of probiotic cultures in the prevention of colon cancer&quot;. <em>J. Nutr.</em> <strong>130</strong> (2S Suppl): 410S&ndash;414S. PMID 10721916<span class="printonly">. http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=10721916</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+role+of+probiotic+cultures+in+the+prevention+of+colon+cancer&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Nutr.&amp;rft.aulast=Brady+LJ%2C+Gallaher+DD%2C+Busta+FF&amp;rft.au=Brady+LJ%2C+Gallaher+DD%2C+Busta+FF&amp;rft.date=February+2000&amp;rft.volume=130&amp;rft.issue=2S+Suppl&amp;rft.pages=410S%E2%80%93414S&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10721916&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjn.nutrition.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D10721916&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-Reid_Jass_Sebulsky-24">^ <sup><em><strong><font size="2">a</font></strong></em></sup> <sup><em><strong><font size="2">b</font></strong></em></sup> <sup><em><strong><font size="2">c</font></strong></em></sup> <sup><em><strong><font size="2">d</font></strong></em></sup> <span class="citation">Reid G, Jass J, Sebulsky MT, McCormick JK (October 2003). &quot;Potential uses of probiotics in clinical practice&quot;. <em>Clin. Microbiol. Rev.</em> <strong>16</strong> (4): 658&ndash;72. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1128/CMR.16.4.658-672.2003</span>. PMID 14557292. PMC: 207122<span class="printonly">. http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14557292</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Potential+uses+of+probiotics+in+clinical+practice&amp;rft.jtitle=Clin.+Microbiol.+Rev.&amp;rft.aulast=Reid+G%2C+Jass+J%2C+Sebulsky+MT%2C+McCormick+JK&amp;rft.au=Reid+G%2C+Jass+J%2C+Sebulsky+MT%2C+McCormick+JK&amp;rft.date=October+2003&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=658%E2%80%9372&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FCMR.16.4.658-672.2003&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14557292&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcmr.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D14557292&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-Ouwehand_Salminen_Isolauri-25">^ <sup><em><strong><font size="2">a</font></strong></em></sup> <sup><em><strong><font size="2">b</font></strong></em></sup> <span class="citation">Ouwehand AC, Salminen S, Isolauri E (August 2002). &quot;Probiotics: an overview of beneficial effects&quot;. <em>Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek</em> <strong>82</strong> (1-4): 279&ndash;89. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1023/A:1020620607611</span>. PMID 12369194<span class="printonly">. http://www.kluweronline.com/art.pdf?issn=0003-6072&amp;volume=82&amp;page=279</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Probiotics%3A+an+overview+of+beneficial+effects&amp;rft.jtitle=Antonie+Van+Leeuwenhoek&amp;rft.aulast=Ouwehand+AC%2C+Salminen+S%2C+Isolauri+E&amp;rft.au=Ouwehand+AC%2C+Salminen+S%2C+Isolauri+E&amp;rft.date=August+2002&amp;rft.volume=82&amp;rft.issue=1-4&amp;rft.pages=279%E2%80%9389&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1023%2FA%3A1020620607611&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12369194&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kluweronline.com%2Fart.pdf%3Fissn%3D0003-6072%26volume%3D82%26page%3D279&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-26"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Hatakka K, Savilahti E, P&ouml;nk&auml; A, <em>et al.</em> (June 2001). &quot;Effect of long term consumption of probiotic milk on infections in children attending day care centres: double blind, randomised trial&quot;. <em>BMJ</em> <strong>322</strong> (7298): 1327. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1136/bmj.322.7298.1327</span>. PMID 11387176. PMC: 32161<span class="printonly">. http://bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11387176</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Effect+of+long+term+consumption+of+probiotic+milk+on+infections+in+children+attending+day+care+centres%3A+double+blind%2C+randomised+trial&amp;rft.jtitle=BMJ&amp;rft.aulast=Hatakka+K%2C+Savilahti+E%2C+P%C3%B6nk%C3%A4+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Hatakka+K%2C+Savilahti+E%2C+P%C3%B6nk%C3%A4+A%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=June+2001&amp;rft.volume=322&amp;rft.issue=7298&amp;rft.pages=1327&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1136%2Fbmj.322.7298.1327&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11387176&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbmj.com%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D11387176&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-27"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">N&auml;se L, Hatakka K, Savilahti E, <em>et al.</em> (2001). &quot;Effect of long-term consumption of a probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, in milk on dental caries and caries risk in children&quot;. <em>Caries Res.</em> <strong>35</strong> (6): 412&ndash;20. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1159/000047484</span>. PMID 11799281<span class="printonly">. http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?typ=fulltext&amp;file=cre35412</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Effect+of+long-term+consumption+of+a+probiotic+bacterium%2C+Lactobacillus+rhamnosus+GG%2C+in+milk+on+dental+caries+and+caries+risk+in+children&amp;rft.jtitle=Caries+Res.&amp;rft.aulast=N%C3%A4se+L%2C+Hatakka+K%2C+Savilahti+E%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=N%C3%A4se+L%2C+Hatakka+K%2C+Savilahti+E%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=35&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=412%E2%80%9320&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1159%2F000047484&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11799281&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.karger.com%2Fproduktedb%2Fprodukte.asp%3Ftyp%3Dfulltext%26file%3Dcre35412&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-pmid14522098-28"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Hamilton-Miller JM (October 2003). &quot;The role of probiotics in the treatment and prevention of Helicobacter pylori infection&quot;. <em>Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents</em> <strong>22</strong> (4): 360&ndash;6. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1016/S0924-8579(03)00153-5</span>. PMID 14522098.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+role+of+probiotics+in+the+treatment+and+prevention+of+Helicobacter+pylori+infection&amp;rft.jtitle=Int.+J.+Antimicrob.+Agents&amp;rft.aulast=Hamilton-Miller+JM&amp;rft.au=Hamilton-Miller+JM&amp;rft.date=October+2003&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=360%E2%80%936&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0924-8579%2803%2900153-5&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14522098&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-pmid12182746-29"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Cremonini F, Di Caro S, Nista EC, <em>et al.</em> (August 2002). &quot;Meta-analysis: the effect of probiotic administration on antibiotic-associated diarrhoea&quot;. <em>Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.</em> <strong>16</strong> (8): 1461&ndash;7. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01318.x</span>. PMID 12182746.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Meta-analysis%3A+the+effect+of+probiotic+administration+on+antibiotic-associated+diarrhoea&amp;rft.jtitle=Aliment.+Pharmacol.+Ther.&amp;rft.aulast=Cremonini+F%2C+Di+Caro+S%2C+Nista+EC%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Cremonini+F%2C+Di+Caro+S%2C+Nista+EC%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=August+2002&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=1461%E2%80%937&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2036.2002.01318.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12182746&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-pmid17604300-30">^ <sup><em><strong><font size="2">a</font></strong></em></sup> <sup><em><strong><font size="2">b</font></strong></em></sup> <span class="citation">Hickson M, D'Souza AL, Muthu N, <em>et al.</em> (2007). &quot;Use of probiotic Lactobacillus preparation to prevent diarrhea associated with antibiotics: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial&quot;. <em>BMJ</em> <strong>335</strong> (7610): 80. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1136/bmj.39231.599815.55</span>. PMID 17604300.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Use+of+probiotic+Lactobacillus+preparation+to+prevent+diarrhea+associated+with+%5B%5Bantibiotics%5D%5D%3A+randomised+double+blind+placebo+controlled+trial&amp;rft.jtitle=BMJ&amp;rft.aulast=Hickson+M%2C+D%27Souza+AL%2C+Muthu+N%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Hickson+M%2C+D%27Souza+AL%2C+Muthu+N%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=335&amp;rft.issue=7610&amp;rft.pages=80&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1136%2Fbmj.39231.599815.55&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17604300&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-Beausoleil-31">^ <sup><em><strong><font size="2">a</font></strong></em></sup> <sup><em><strong><font size="2">b</font></strong></em></sup> <sup><em><strong><font size="2">c</font></strong></em></sup> <span class="citation">Beausoleil M, Fortier N, Gu&eacute;nette S, L'ecuyer A, Savoie M, Franco M, Lachaine J, Weiss K., Department of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada (December 2007). &quot;Effect of a fermented milk combining Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285 and Lactobacillus casei in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial&quot;. <em>Canadian. Journal of. Gastroenterology</em> <strong>21</strong> (11): 732&ndash;736. PMID 18026577.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Effect+of+a+fermented+milk+combining+Lactobacillus+acidophilus+CL1285+and+Lactobacillus+casei+in+the+prevention+of+antibiotic-associated+diarrhea%3A+A+randomized%2C+double-blind%2C+placebo-controlled+trial&amp;rft.jtitle=Canadian.+Journal+of.+Gastroenterology&amp;rft.aulast=Beausoleil+M%2C+Fortier+N%2C+Gu%C3%A9nette+S%2C+L%27ecuyer+A%2C+Savoie+M%2C+Franco+M%2C+Lachaine+J%2C+Weiss+K.%2C+Department+of+Pharmacy%2C+University+of+Montreal%2C+Montreal%2C+Canada&amp;rft.au=Beausoleil+M%2C+Fortier+N%2C+Gu%C3%A9nette+S%2C+L%27ecuyer+A%2C+Savoie+M%2C+Franco+M%2C+Lachaine+J%2C+Weiss+K.%2C+Department+of+Pharmacy%2C+University+of+Montreal%2C+Montreal%2C+Canada&amp;rft.date=December+2007&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=732%E2%80%93736&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18026577&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-32"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Kirjavainen PV, Salminen SJ, Isolauri E (February 2003). &quot;Probiotic bacteria in the management of atopic disease: underscoring the importance of viability&quot;. <em>J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr.</em> <strong>36</strong> (2): 223&ndash;7. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1097/00005176-200302000-00012</span>. PMID 12548058.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Probiotic+bacteria+in+the+management+of+atopic+disease%3A+underscoring+the+importance+of+viability&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Pediatr.+Gastroenterol.+Nutr.&amp;rft.aulast=Kirjavainen+PV%2C+Salminen+SJ%2C+Isolauri+E&amp;rft.au=Kirjavainen+PV%2C+Salminen+SJ%2C+Isolauri+E&amp;rft.date=February+2003&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=223%E2%80%937&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1097%2F00005176-200302000-00012&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12548058&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-33"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Boyle RJ, Bath-Hextall FJ, Leonardi-Bee J, Murrell DF, Tang ML (2008). &quot;Probiotics for treating eczema&quot;. <em>Cochrane Database Syst Rev</em> (4): CD006135. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1002/14651858.CD006135.pub2</span>. PMID 18843705.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Probiotics+for+treating+eczema&amp;rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+Syst+Rev&amp;rft.aulast=Boyle+RJ%2C+Bath-Hextall+FJ%2C+Leonardi-Bee+J%2C+Murrell+DF%2C+Tang+ML&amp;rft.au=Boyle+RJ%2C+Bath-Hextall+FJ%2C+Leonardi-Bee+J%2C+Murrell+DF%2C+Tang+ML&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=CD006135&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2F14651858.CD006135.pub2&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18843705&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-34"><strong>^</strong> Braat H, van den Brande J, van Tol E, Hommes D, Peppelenbosch M, van Deventer S. Lactobacillus rhamnosus induces peripheral hyporesponsiveness in stimulated CD4+ T cells via modulation of dendritic cell function. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 80:1618-25. PMID: 15585777 </li>
    <li id="cite_note-35"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Famularo G, De Simone C, Pandey V, Sahu AR, Minisola G (2005). &quot;<em>Probiotic lactobacilli</em>: an innovative tool to correct the malabsorption syndrome of vegetarians?&quot;. <em>Med. Hypotheses</em> <strong>65</strong> (6): 1132&ndash;5. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1016/j.mehy.2004.09.030</span>. PMID 16095846.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27%27Probiotic+lactobacilli%27%27%3A+an+innovative+tool+to+correct+the+malabsorption+syndrome+of+vegetarians%3F&amp;rft.jtitle=Med.+Hypotheses&amp;rft.aulast=Famularo+G%2C+De+Simone+C%2C+Pandey+V%2C+Sahu+AR%2C+Minisola+G&amp;rft.au=Famularo+G%2C+De+Simone+C%2C+Pandey+V%2C+Sahu+AR%2C+Minisola+G&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=65&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1132%E2%80%935&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.mehy.2004.09.030&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16095846&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-36"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation web">Hitti, Miranda (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2006-04-25"><span class="mw-formatted-date" title="04-25">April 25</span>, 2006</span>). &quot;Probiotics May Help Stressed Gut&quot;. WebMD<span class="printonly">. http://www.webmd.com/content/article/121/114283.htm</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-10-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Probiotics+May+Help+Stressed+Gut&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Hitti&amp;rft.aufirst=Miranda&amp;rft.au=Hitti%2C+Miranda&amp;rft.date=%5B%5BApril+25%5D%5D%2C+%5B%5B2006%5D%5D&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BWebMD%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F121%2F114283.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-37"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Whorwell PJ, Altringer L, Morel J, <em>et al.</em> (July 2006). &quot;Efficacy of an encapsulated probiotic <em>Bifidobacterium infantis</em> 35624 in women with irritable bowel syndrome&quot;. <em>Am. J. Gastroenterol.</em> <strong>101</strong> (7): 1581&ndash;90. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00734.x</span>. PMID 16863564.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Efficacy+of+an+encapsulated+probiotic+%27%27Bifidobacterium+infantis%27%27+35624+in+women+with+irritable+bowel+syndrome&amp;rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Gastroenterol.&amp;rft.aulast=Whorwell+PJ%2C+Altringer+L%2C+Morel+J%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Whorwell+PJ%2C+Altringer+L%2C+Morel+J%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=July+2006&amp;rft.volume=101&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=1581%E2%80%9390&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1572-0241.2006.00734.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16863564&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-EurJGastroHepatol2001-Niedzielin-38"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Niedzielin K, Kordecki H, Birkenfeld B (2001). &quot;A controlled, double-blind, randomized study on the efficacy of <em>Lactobacillus plantarum</em> 299V in patients with irritable bowel syndrome&quot;. <em>Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol</em> <strong>13</strong> (10): 1143&ndash;7. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1097/00042737-200110000-00004</span>. PMID 11711768.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+controlled%2C+double-blind%2C+randomized+study+on+the+efficacy+of+%27%27%5B%5BLactobacillus%5D%5D+plantarum%27%27+299V+in+patients+with+irritable+bowel+syndrome&amp;rft.jtitle=Eur+J+Gastroenterol+Hepatol&amp;rft.aulast=Niedzielin+K%2C+Kordecki+H%2C+Birkenfeld+B&amp;rft.au=Niedzielin+K%2C+Kordecki+H%2C+Birkenfeld+B&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=1143%E2%80%937&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1097%2F00042737-200110000-00004&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11711768&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-39"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation web">Kerr, Martha (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2003-05-21"><span class="mw-formatted-date" title="05-21">May 21</span>, 2003</span>). &quot;Probiotics Significantly Reduce Symptoms of IBS, Ulcerative Colitis&quot;<span class="printonly">. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/455964</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-06-12</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Probiotics+Significantly+Reduce+Symptoms+of+IBS%2C+Ulcerative+Colitis&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Kerr&amp;rft.aufirst=Martha&amp;rft.au=Kerr%2C+Martha&amp;rft.date=%5B%5BMay+21%5D%5D%2C+%5B%5B2003%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medscape.com%2Fviewarticle%2F455964&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-pmid17635382-40"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Guyonnet D, Chassany O, Ducrotte P, <em>et al.</em> (2007). &quot;Effect of a fermented milk containing Bifidobacterium animalis DN-173 010 on the health-related quality of life and symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome in adults in primary care: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial&quot;. <em>Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.</em> <strong>26</strong> (3): 475&ndash;86. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03362.x (inactive 2008-06-21). PMID 17635382.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Effect+of+a+fermented+milk+containing+Bifidobacterium+animalis+DN-173+010+on+the+health-related+quality+of+life+and+symptoms+in+irritable+bowel+syndrome+in+adults+in+primary+care%3A+a+multicentre%2C+randomized%2C+double-blind%2C+controlled+trial&amp;rft.jtitle=Aliment.+Pharmacol.+Ther.&amp;rft.aulast=Guyonnet+D%2C+Chassany+O%2C+Ducrotte+P%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Guyonnet+D%2C+Chassany+O%2C+Ducrotte+P%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=475%26ndash%3B86&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2036.2007.03362.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17635382&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-pmid11157354-41"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Reid G (February 2001). &quot;Probiotic agents to protect the urogenital tract against infection&quot;. <em>Am. J. Clin. Nutr.</em> <strong>73</strong> (2 Suppl): 437S&ndash;443S. PMID 11157354.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Probiotic+agents+to+protect+the+urogenital+tract+against+infection&amp;rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Clin.+Nutr.&amp;rft.aulast=Reid+G&amp;rft.au=Reid+G&amp;rft.date=February+2001&amp;rft.volume=73&amp;rft.issue=2+Suppl&amp;rft.pages=437S%E2%80%93443S&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11157354&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-pmid11339841-42"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Famularo G, Perluigi M, Pieluigi M, Coccia R, Mastroiacovo P, De Simone C (April 2001). &quot;Microecology, bacterial vaginosis and probiotics: perspectives for bacteriotherapy&quot;. <em>Med. Hypotheses</em> <strong>56</strong> (4): 421&ndash;30. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1054/mehy.2000.1195</span>. PMID 11339841.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Microecology%2C+bacterial+vaginosis+and+probiotics%3A+perspectives+for+bacteriotherapy&amp;rft.jtitle=Med.+Hypotheses&amp;rft.aulast=Famularo+G%2C+Perluigi+M%2C+Pieluigi+M%2C+Coccia+R%2C+Mastroiacovo+P%2C+De+Simone+C&amp;rft.au=Famularo+G%2C+Perluigi+M%2C+Pieluigi+M%2C+Coccia+R%2C+Mastroiacovo+P%2C+De+Simone+C&amp;rft.date=April+2001&amp;rft.volume=56&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=421%E2%80%9330&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1054%2Fmehy.2000.1195&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11339841&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-Synbiotics-43"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB (June 1995). &quot;Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics&quot;. <em>J. Nutr.</em> <strong>125</strong> (6): 1401&ndash;12. PMID 7782892<span class="printonly">. http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=7782892</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Dietary+modulation+of+the+human+colonic+microbiota%3A+introducing+the+concept+of+prebiotics&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Nutr.&amp;rft.aulast=Gibson+GR%2C+Roberfroid+MB&amp;rft.au=Gibson+GR%2C+Roberfroid+MB&amp;rft.date=June+1995&amp;rft.volume=125&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1401%E2%80%9312&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/7782892&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjn.nutrition.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D7782892&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-44"><strong>^</strong> Sanders ME. Probiotics, strains matter. Functional foods &amp; nutraceuticals magazine (2007); June; pp. 36&ndash;41 </li>
    <li id="cite_note-45"><strong>^</strong> Beyko S. Note: I have provided the data and corresponding citations ONLY for the row on Lactobacillus Acidophilus CL1285 and Lactobacillus Casei of Bio-K Plus. </li>
    <li id="cite_note-46"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Hun, Larysa MD, FAAP, L (2009). &quot;Bacillus coagulans Significantly Improved Abdominal Pain and Bloating in Patients with IBS&quot;. <em>Postgraduate Medicine</em> <strong>121</strong> (2): 119&ndash;124. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.3810/pgm.2009.03.1984</span>. PMID 19332970<span class="printonly">. http://www.postgradmed.com/index.php?free=pgm_03_2009?article=1984</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Bacillus+coagulans+Significantly+Improved+Abdominal+Pain+and+Bloating+in+Patients+with+IBS&amp;rft.jtitle=Postgraduate+Medicine&amp;rft.aulast=Hun%2C+Larysa+MD%2C+FAAP&amp;rft.aufirst=L&amp;rft.au=Hun%2C+Larysa+MD%2C+FAAP%2C+L&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=121&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=119%E2%80%93124&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.3810%2Fpgm.2009.03.1984&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19332970&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.postgradmed.com%2Findex.php%3Ffree%3Dpgm_03_2009%3Farticle%3D1984&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-47"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Baron, Mira MD, M (2009). &quot;A patented A Strain of Bacillus coagulans Increased Immune Response to Viral Challenge&quot;. <em>Postgraduate Medicine</em> <strong>121</strong> (2): 114&ndash;118. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.3810/pgm.2009.03.1971</span>. PMID 19332969<span class="printonly">. http://www.postgradmed.com/index.php?free=pgm_03_2009?article=1971</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+patented+A+Strain+of+Bacillus+coagulans+Increased+Immune+Response+to+Viral+Challenge&amp;rft.jtitle=Postgraduate+Medicine&amp;rft.aulast=Baron%2C+Mira+MD&amp;rft.aufirst=M&amp;rft.au=Baron%2C+Mira+MD%2C+M&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=121&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=114%E2%80%93118&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.3810%2Fpgm.2009.03.1971&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19332969&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.postgradmed.com%2Findex.php%3Ffree%3Dpgm_03_2009%3Farticle%3D1971&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-48"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation web">&quot;About us&quot;. Nebraska Cultures<span class="printonly">. http://nebraskacultures.com/htmls/about_nebraska_cultures.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-02-16</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=About+us&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Nebraska+Cultures&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnebraskacultures.com%2Fhtmls%2Fabout_nebraska_cultures.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-pmid15995003-49"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Sarker SA, Sultana S, Fuchs GJ, <em>et al.</em> (August 2005). &quot;Lactobacillus paracasei strain ST11 has no effect on rotavirus but ameliorates the outcome of nonrotavirus diarrhea in children from Bangladesh&quot;. <em>Pediatrics</em> <strong>116</strong> (2): e221&ndash;8. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1542/peds.2004-2334</span>. PMID 15995003.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Lactobacillus+paracasei+strain+ST11+has+no+effect+on+rotavirus+but+ameliorates+the+outcome+of+nonrotavirus+diarrhea+in+children+from+Bangladesh&amp;rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&amp;rft.aulast=Sarker+SA%2C+Sultana+S%2C+Fuchs+GJ%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Sarker+SA%2C+Sultana+S%2C+Fuchs+GJ%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=August+2005&amp;rft.volume=116&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=e221%E2%80%938&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1542%2Fpeds.2004-2334&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15995003&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-Verum-50">^ <sup><em><strong><font size="2">a</font></strong></em></sup> <sup><em><strong><font size="2">b</font></strong></em></sup> <span class="citation web">&quot;Nyttiga bakterier bringar ordning i oroliga sommarmagar&quot; (in Swedish). Norrmejerier. 2003-07-01<span class="printonly">. http://www.verum.se/default0.asp?varpresentdomain=www.verum.se&amp;varpresenturl=/bib/nm.asp&amp;varpresentqs=Documentkey%3DCA0C5F5F664AC396C1256DC7002BC66F%26DocumentCategoryKey%3DB716C33872CE35C5C1256DBF003D3EB9&amp;redir=1</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-08-25</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Nyttiga+bakterier+bringar+ordning+i+oroliga+sommarmagar&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2003-07-01&amp;rft.pub=Norrmejerier&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.verum.se%2Fdefault0.asp%3Fvarpresentdomain%3Dwww.verum.se%26varpresenturl%3D%2Fbib%2Fnm.asp%26varpresentqs%3DDocumentkey%253DCA0C5F5F664AC396C1256DC7002BC66F%2526DocumentCategoryKey%253DB716C33872CE35C5C1256DBF003D3EB9%26redir%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-51"><strong>^</strong> Ruiz-Palacios G, Guerrero ML, Hilty M. Feeding of a probiotic for the prevention of community-acquired diarrhea in young Mexican children. (1996) Pediatr Res 39(4) part 2:184A, abstract 1089. </li>
    <li id="cite_note-pmid9427453-52"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Shornikova AV, Casas IA, Mykk&auml;nen H, Salo E, Vesikari T (December 1997). &quot;Bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus reuteri in rotavirus gastroenteritis&quot;. <em>Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.</em> <strong>16</strong> (12): 1103&ndash;7. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1097/00006454-199712000-00002</span>. PMID 9427453.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Bacteriotherapy+with+Lactobacillus+reuteri+in+rotavirus+gastroenteritis&amp;rft.jtitle=Pediatr.+Infect.+Dis.+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Shornikova+AV%2C+Casas+IA%2C+Mykk%C3%A4nen+H%2C+Salo+E%2C+Vesikari+T&amp;rft.au=Shornikova+AV%2C+Casas+IA%2C+Mykk%C3%A4nen+H%2C+Salo+E%2C+Vesikari+T&amp;rft.date=December+1997&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=1103%E2%80%937&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1097%2F00006454-199712000-00002&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9427453&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-53"><strong>^</strong> Saggioro A, Caroli M, Pasini M, Bortoluzzi F, Girardi L, Pilone G. Helicobacter pylori eradication with Lactobacillus reuteri. A double blind placebo-controlled study. (2005) Dig Liver Dis 37(suppl 1): S88, abstr. PO1.49. </li>
    <li id="cite_note-pmid16878680-54"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Krasse P, Carlsson B, Dahl C, Paulsson A, Nilsson A, Sinkiewicz G (2006). &quot;Decreased gum bleeding and reduced gingivitis by the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri&quot;. <em>Swed Dent J</em> <strong>30</strong> (2): 55&ndash;60. PMID 16878680.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Decreased+gum+bleeding+and+reduced+gingivitis+by+the+probiotic+Lactobacillus+reuteri&amp;rft.jtitle=Swed+Dent+J&amp;rft.aulast=Krasse+P%2C+Carlsson+B%2C+Dahl+C%2C+Paulsson+A%2C+Nilsson+A%2C+Sinkiewicz+G&amp;rft.au=Krasse+P%2C+Carlsson+B%2C+Dahl+C%2C+Paulsson+A%2C+Nilsson+A%2C+Sinkiewicz+G&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=30&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=55%E2%80%9360&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16878680&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-pmid15629974-55"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Weizman Z, Asli G, Alsheikh A (January 2005). &quot;Effect of a probiotic infant formula on infections in child care centers: comparison of two probiotic agents&quot;. <em>Pediatrics</em> <strong>115</strong> (1): 5&ndash;9. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1815 (inactive 2009-08-03). PMID 15629974.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Effect+of+a+probiotic+infant+formula+on+infections+in+child+care+centers%3A+comparison+of+two+probiotic+agents&amp;rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&amp;rft.aulast=Weizman+Z%2C+Asli+G%2C+Alsheikh+A&amp;rft.au=Weizman+Z%2C+Asli+G%2C+Alsheikh+A&amp;rft.date=January+2005&amp;rft.volume=115&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=5%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1542%2Fpeds.2004-1815&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15629974&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-pmid16274475-56"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Tubelius P, Stan V, Zachrisson A (2005). &quot;Increasing work-place healthiness with the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri: a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled study&quot;. <em>Environ Health</em> <strong>4</strong>: 25. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1186/1476-069X-4-25</span>. PMID 16274475.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Increasing+work-place+healthiness+with+the+probiotic+Lactobacillus+reuteri%3A+a+randomised%2C+double-blind+placebo-controlled+study&amp;rft.jtitle=Environ+Health&amp;rft.aulast=Tubelius+P%2C+Stan+V%2C+Zachrisson+A&amp;rft.au=Tubelius+P%2C+Stan+V%2C+Zachrisson+A&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.pages=25&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2F1476-069X-4-25&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16274475&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-57"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Hochter, W. et al.. &quot;Saccharomyces boulardii in acute adult diarrhea. Efficacy and tolerance of treatment&quot; (PDF). <em>Munchener Medizinische Wochenschrift</em> <strong>132</strong> (12): 188&ndash;192<span class="printonly">. http://www.dtecta.co.uk/casestudies/Hochter_(1990)_Saccharomyces_boulardii_in_acute_adult_diarrhoea_Efficacy_and_tolerance_of_treatment_DiarSafe_DTECTA_Probiotics_www.dtecta.co.uk.pdf</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Saccharomyces+boulardii+in+acute+adult+diarrhea.+Efficacy+and+tolerance+of+treatment&amp;rft.jtitle=Munchener+Medizinische+Wochenschrift&amp;rft.aulast=Hochter%2C+W.+et+al.&amp;rft.au=Hochter%2C+W.+et+al.&amp;rft.volume=132&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=188%26ndash%3B192&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtecta.co.uk%2Fcasestudies%2FHochter_%281990%29_Saccharomyces_boulardii_in_acute_adult_diarrhoea_Efficacy_and_tolerance_of_treatment_DiarSafe_DTECTA_Probiotics_www.dtecta.co.uk.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-58"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Cetina-Sauri, G. &amp; Basto, S.. &quot;Therapeutic evaluation of Saccharomyces boulardii in children with acute diarrhea&quot; (PDF). <em>Annales de Pediatrie</em> <strong>41</strong> (6): 397&ndash;400<span class="printonly">. http://www.dtecta.co.uk/casestudies/Cetina_Sauri_&amp;_Basto_(1994)_Therapeutic_Evaluation_of_Saccharomyces_boulardii_in_children_with_acute_diarrhoea_DiarSafe_DTECTA_Probiotics_www.dtecta.co.uk.pdf</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Therapeutic+evaluation+of+Saccharomyces+boulardii+in+children+with+acute+diarrhea&amp;rft.jtitle=Annales+de+Pediatrie&amp;rft.aulast=Cetina-Sauri%2C+G.+%26+Basto%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Cetina-Sauri%2C+G.+%26+Basto%2C+S.&amp;rft.volume=41&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=397%26ndash%3B400&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtecta.co.uk%2Fcasestudies%2FCetina_Sauri_%26_Basto_%281994%29_Therapeutic_Evaluation_of_Saccharomyces_boulardii_in_children_with_acute_diarrhoea_DiarSafe_DTECTA_Probiotics_www.dtecta.co.uk.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-59"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Kurug&ouml;l Z, Koturoğlu G (January 2005). &quot;Effects of Saccharomyces boulardii in children with acute diarrhoea&quot;. <em>Acta Paediatr.</em> <strong>94</strong> (1): 44&ndash;7. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1080/08035250410022521</span>. PMID 15858959<span class="printonly">. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;sid=nlm:pubmed&amp;issn=0803-5253&amp;date=2005&amp;volume=94&amp;issue=1&amp;spage=44</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Effects+of+Saccharomyces+boulardii+in+children+with+acute+diarrhoea&amp;rft.jtitle=Acta+Paediatr.&amp;rft.aulast=Kurug%C3%B6l+Z%2C+Koturo%C4%9Flu+G&amp;rft.au=Kurug%C3%B6l+Z%2C+Koturo%C4%9Flu+G&amp;rft.date=January+2005&amp;rft.volume=94&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=44%E2%80%937&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F08035250410022521&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15858959&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwell-synergy.com%2Fopenurl%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26sid%3Dnlm%3Apubmed%26issn%3D0803-5253%26date%3D2005%26volume%3D94%26issue%3D1%26spage%3D44&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-60"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Anukam K, Osazuwa E, Ahonkhai I, <em>et al.</em> (May 2006). &quot;Augmentation of antimicrobial metronidazole therapy of bacterial vaginosis with oral probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14: randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial&quot;. <em>Microbes Infect.</em> <strong>8</strong> (6): 1450&ndash;4. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1016/j.micinf.2006.01.003</span>. PMID 16697231.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Augmentation+of+antimicrobial+metronidazole+therapy+of+bacterial+vaginosis+with+oral+probiotic+Lactobacillus+rhamnosus+GR-1+and+Lactobacillus+reuteri+RC-14%3A+randomized%2C+double-blind%2C+placebo+controlled+trial&amp;rft.jtitle=Microbes+Infect.&amp;rft.aulast=Anukam+K%2C+Osazuwa+E%2C+Ahonkhai+I%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Anukam+K%2C+Osazuwa+E%2C+Ahonkhai+I%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=May+2006&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1450%E2%80%934&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.micinf.2006.01.003&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16697231&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-Millette-61"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Millette, M; Luquet, FM; Lacroix, M (March 2007). &quot;&quot;In vitro growth control of selected pathogens by Lactobacillus acidophilus- and Lactobacillus casei-fermented milk&quot;. <em>Letters of Applied Microbiology</em> <strong>44</strong> (3): 314&ndash;9. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1111/j.1472-765X.2006.02060.x</span>. PMID 17309510.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%22In+vitro+growth+control+of+selected+pathogens+by+Lactobacillus+acidophilus-+and+Lactobacillus+casei-fermented+milk&amp;rft.jtitle=Letters+of+Applied+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Millette&amp;rft.aufirst=M&amp;rft.au=Millette%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Luquet%2C+FM&amp;rft.au=Lacroix%2C+M&amp;rft.date=March+2007&amp;rft.volume=44&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=314%E2%80%939&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1472-765X.2006.02060.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17309510&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-Sellars-62"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation book">Robinson, R.K., ed (2007). &quot;Sellars, R.L.&quot;. <em>&quot;Acidophilus Products (Therapeutic Properties of Fermented Milks)&quot;</em>. Chapman &amp; Hall, London. pp.&nbsp;81&ndash;116.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Sellars%2C+R.L.&amp;rft.atitle=%22Acidophilus+Products+%28Therapeutic+Properties+of+Fermented+Milks%29%22&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B81%E2%80%93116&amp;rft.pub=Chapman+%26+Hall%2C+London&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-aeslab-63"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Sese&ntilde;a, S; Palop, ML (2007). &quot;An ecological study of lactic acid bacteria from Almagro eggplant fermentation brines&quot;. <em>Journal of Applied Microbiology</em> (Blackwell Publishing) <strong>103</strong> (5): 1553&ndash;1561. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03387.x</span>. PMID 17953566<span class="printonly">. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03387.x</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 7 November</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=An+ecological+study+of+lactic+acid+bacteria+from+Almagro+eggplant+fermentation+brines&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Sese%C3%B1a&amp;rft.aufirst=S&amp;rft.au=Sese%C3%B1a%2C+S&amp;rft.au=Palop%2C+ML&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=103&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1553%26ndash%3B1561&amp;rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2672.2007.03387.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17953566&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwell-synergy.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2672.2007.03387.x&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-fv-64">^ <sup><em><strong><font size="2">a</font></strong></em></sup> <sup><em><strong><font size="2">b</font></strong></em></sup> <span class="citation web">Breidt, Jr, Frederick <em>et al.</em> (2007). &quot;Fermented Vegetables&quot; (PDF). ASM Press<span class="printonly">. http://fsweb2.schaub.ncsu.edu/USDAars/Acrobatpubs/P329-350/P345.pdf</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 7 November 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Fermented+Vegetables&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Breidt%2C+Jr&amp;rft.aufirst=Frederick+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Breidt%2C+Jr%2C+Frederick+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.pub=ASM+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffsweb2.schaub.ncsu.edu%2FUSDAars%2FAcrobatpubs%2FP329-350%2FP345.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-nmcd-65"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Ji, Feng-Di <em>et al.</em> (2007). &quot;Note. Microbial Changes During the Salting Process of Traditional Pickled Chinese Cabbage&quot;. <em>Food Science and Technology International</em> (SAGE Publications) <strong>13</strong> (1): 11&ndash;16. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1177/1082013207075952</span><span class="printonly">. http://fst.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/13/1/11</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 7 November</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Note.+Microbial+Changes+During+the+Salting+Process+of+Traditional+Pickled+Chinese+Cabbage&amp;rft.jtitle=Food+Science+and+Technology+International&amp;rft.aulast=Ji&amp;rft.aufirst=Feng-Di+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Ji%2C+Feng-Di+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=11%E2%80%9316&amp;rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1177%2F1082013207075952&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffst.sagepub.com%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F13%2F1%2F11&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-mamt-66"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Moreno, M.R.F. <em>et al.</em> (2002). &quot;Microbial analysis of Malaysian tempeh, and characterization of two bacteriocins produced by isolates of Enterococcus faecium&quot;. <em>Journal of Applied Microbiology</em> (The Microbiology Research Foundation) <strong>92</strong> (1): 147&ndash;157. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01509.x</span><span class="printonly">. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01509.x</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 7 November</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Microbial+analysis+of+Malaysian+tempeh%2C+and+characterization+of+two+bacteriocins+produced+by+isolates+of+Enterococcus+faecium&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Moreno&amp;rft.aufirst=M.R.F.+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Moreno%2C+M.R.F.+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=92&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=147%E2%80%93157&amp;rft.pub=The+Microbiology+Research+Foundation&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2672.2002.01509.x&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackwell-synergy.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2672.2002.01509.x&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-dsnlab-67"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Oh, CK; Oh, MC; Kim, SH (2004). &quot;The Depletion of Sodium Nitrite by Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Kimchi&quot;. <em>Journal of Medicinal Food</em> (Mary Ann Liebert) <strong>7</strong> (1): 38&ndash;44. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1089/109662004322984680</span>. PMID 15117551<span class="printonly">. http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/109662004322984680?cookieSet=1&amp;journalCode=jmf</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 7 November</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Depletion+of+Sodium+Nitrite+by+Lactic+Acid+Bacteria+Isolated+from+Kimchi&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medicinal+Food&amp;rft.aulast=Oh&amp;rft.aufirst=CK&amp;rft.au=Oh%2C+CK&amp;rft.au=Oh%2C+MC&amp;rft.au=Kim%2C+SH&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=38%E2%80%9344&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BMary+Ann+Liebert%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1089%2F109662004322984680&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15117551&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liebertonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1089%2F109662004322984680%3FcookieSet%3D1%26journalCode%3Djmf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-sugm-68"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Sybesma, Y (2006). &quot;Safe use of genetically modified lactic acid bacteria in food. Bridging the gap between consumers, green groups, and industry&quot;. <em>Electronic Journal of Biotechnology</em> (Pontificia Universidad Cat&oacute;lica de Valpara&iacute;so) <strong>9</strong> (4): 0. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.2225/vol9-issue4-fulltext-12</span>. PMID 16710463<span class="printonly">. http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0717-34582006000400011&amp;tlng=&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 7 November</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Safe+use+of+genetically+modified+lactic+acid+bacteria+in+food.+Bridging+the+gap+between+consumers%2C+green+groups%2C+and+industry&amp;rft.jtitle=Electronic+Journal+of+Biotechnology&amp;rft.aulast=Sybesma&amp;rft.aufirst=Y&amp;rft.au=Sybesma%2C+Y&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=0&amp;rft.pub=Pontificia+Universidad+Cat%C3%B3lica+de+Valpara%C3%ADso&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.2225%2Fvol9-issue4-fulltext-12&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16710463&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.cl%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS0717-34582006000400011%26tlng%3D%26lng%3Den%26nrm%3Diso&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-labi-69"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Tanasupawat, Somboon <em>et al.</em> (2002). &quot;Lactic acid bacteria isolated from soy sauce mash in Thailand&quot;. <em>Journal of General and Applied Microbiology</em> (The Microbiology Research Foundation) <strong>48</strong> (4): 201&ndash;209. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.2323/jgam.48.201</span><span class="printonly">. http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jgam/48/4/201/_pdf</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 6 November</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Lactic+acid+bacteria+isolated+from+soy+sauce+mash+in+Thailand&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+General+and+Applied+Microbiology&amp;rft.aulast=Tanasupawat&amp;rft.aufirst=Somboon+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Tanasupawat%2C+Somboon+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=48&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=201%E2%80%93209&amp;rft.pub=The+Microbiology+Research+Foundation&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.2323%2Fjgam.48.201&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fjgam%2F48%2F4%2F201%2F_pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-pmid15454313-70"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Timmerman HM, Koning CJ, Mulder L, Rombouts FM, Beynen AC (November 2004). &quot;Monostrain, multistrain and multispecies probiotics&mdash;A comparison of functionality and efficacy&quot;. <em>Int. J. Food Microbiol.</em> <strong>96</strong> (3): 219&ndash;33. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.05.012</span>. PMID 15454313.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Monostrain%2C+multistrain+and+multispecies+probiotics%E2%80%94A+comparison+of+functionality+and+efficacy&amp;rft.jtitle=Int.+J.+Food+Microbiol.&amp;rft.aulast=Timmerman+HM%2C+Koning+CJ%2C+Mulder+L%2C+Rombouts+FM%2C+Beynen+AC&amp;rft.au=Timmerman+HM%2C+Koning+CJ%2C+Mulder+L%2C+Rombouts+FM%2C+Beynen+AC&amp;rft.date=November+2004&amp;rft.volume=96&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=219%E2%80%9333&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.ijfoodmicro.2004.05.012&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15454313&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-pmid18785988-71"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Williams E, Stimpson J, Wang D, <em>et al.</em> (September 2008). &quot;Clinical trial: a multistrain probiotic preparation significantly reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in a double-blind placebo-controlled study&quot;. <em>Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.</em> <strong>29</strong>: 97. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03848.x</span>. PMID 18785988.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Clinical+trial%3A+a+multistrain+probiotic+preparation+significantly+reduces+symptoms+of+irritable+bowel+syndrome+in+a+double-blind+placebo-controlled+study&amp;rft.jtitle=Aliment.+Pharmacol.+Ther.&amp;rft.aulast=Williams+E%2C+Stimpson+J%2C+Wang+D%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Williams+E%2C+Stimpson+J%2C+Wang+D%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=September+2008&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.pages=97&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2036.2008.03848.x&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18785988&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Probiotic"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-72"><strong>^</strong> [1] </li>
    <li id="cite_note-73"><strong>^</strong> Probiotics may protect against food poisoning </li>
    <li id="cite_note-timesonline.co.uk-74">^ <sup><em><strong><font size="2">a</font></strong></em></sup> <sup><em><strong><font size="2">b</font></strong></em></sup> Probiotics, not so friendly after all? </li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2>
<ul>
    <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.isapp.net">International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics</a> </li>
    <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nationaldairycouncil.org/NationalDairyCouncil/Health/Digest/dcd76-1Page2.htm">Probiotics: Considerations for Human Health</a> </li>
    <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://nccam.nih.gov/news/newsletter/2006_summer/bacteria.htm">Getting To Know &quot;Friendly Bacteria&quot;</a> </li>
    <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.gutflora.org">GutFlora.org: New developments and general information on probiotics</a> </li>
    <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dairycouncilofca.org/PDFs/probiotics.pdf">Probiotics: Friendly Bacteria With a Host of Benefits</a> </li>
    <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://ific.org/publications/factsheets/preprobioticsfs.cfm">International Food Information Council</a> </li>
    <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://aboutyogurt.com/lacYogurt/Probiotics.pdf">National Yogurt Association</a> </li>
    <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://whyfiles.org/302gut_flora/index.php?g=1.txt">WhyFiles.org</a>: Web magazine feature about probiotics </li>
    <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20090406/probiotics_anxiety_090406/20090406?hub=Health">Probiotic may ease fatigue syndrome anxiety</a> </li>
</ul>