View source for DKK2

<p><strong>Dickkopf-related protein 2</strong> is a protein that in humans is encoded by the <em>DKK2</em> gene.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10570958_0-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-entrez_1-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup></p>
<p>This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the dickkopf family. The secreted protein contains two cysteine rich regions and is involved in embryonic development through its interactions with the Wnt signaling pathway. It can act as either an agonist or antagonist of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, depending on the cellular context and the presence of the co-factor kremen 2. Activity of this protein is also modulated by binding to the Wnt co-receptor LDL-receptor related protein 6 (LRP6).<sup id="cite_ref-entrez_1-1" class="reference"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup></p>
<h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2>
<div class="references-small">
<ol class="references">
    <li id="cite_note-pmid10570958-0"><strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DKK2#cite_ref-pmid10570958_0-0">^</a></strong> <span class="citation Journal">Krupnik VE, Sharp JD, Jiang C, Robison K, Chickering TW, Amaravadi L, Brown DE, Guyot D, Mays G, Leiby K, Chang B, Duong T, Goodearl AD, Gearing DP, Sokol SY, McCarthy SA (Dec 1999). &quot;Functional and structural diversity of the human Dickkopf gene family&quot;. <em>Gene</em> <strong>238</strong> (2): 301-13. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10570958">10570958</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Functional+and+structural+diversity+of+the+human+Dickkopf+gene+family&amp;rft.jtitle=Gene&amp;rft.aulast=Krupnik+VE%2C+Sharp+JD%2C+Jiang+C%2C+Robison+K%2C+Chickering+TW%2C+Amaravadi+L%2C+Brown+DE%2C+Guyot+D%2C+Mays+G%2C+Leiby+K%2C+Chang+B%2C+Duong+T%2C+Goodearl+AD%2C+Gearing+DP%2C+Sokol+SY%2C+McCarthy+SA&amp;rft.au=Krupnik+VE%2C+Sharp+JD%2C+Jiang+C%2C+Robison+K%2C+Chickering+TW%2C+Amaravadi+L%2C+Brown+DE%2C+Guyot+D%2C+Mays+G%2C+Leiby+K%2C+Chang+B%2C+Duong+T%2C+Goodearl+AD%2C+Gearing+DP%2C+Sokol+SY%2C+McCarthy+SA&amp;rft.date=Dec+1999&amp;rft.volume=238&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=301-13&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/10570958&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DKK2"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-entrez-1">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DKK2#cite_ref-entrez_1-0"><sup><em><strong>a</strong></em></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DKK2#cite_ref-entrez_1-1"><sup><em><strong>b</strong></em></sup></a> <span class="citation web">&quot;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&amp;Cmd=ShowDetailView&amp;TermToSearch=27123">Entrez Gene: DKK2 dickkopf homolog 2 (Xenopus laevis)</a>&quot;<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&amp;Cmd=ShowDetailView&amp;TermToSearch=27123">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&amp;Cmd=ShowDetailView&amp;TermToSearch=27123</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Entrez+Gene%3A+DKK2+dickkopf+homolog+2+%28Xenopus+laevis%29&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fsites%2Fentrez%3FDb%3Dgene%26Cmd%3DShowDetailView%26TermToSearch%3D27123&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DKK2"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li><a href="http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/scientists-discover-molecular-pathway-for-organ-tissue-regeneration-and-repair-84398632.html">http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/scientists-discover-molecular-pathway-for-organ-tissue-regeneration-and-repair-84398632.html</a></li>
</ol>
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<h2><span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h2>
<div style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1.5em; -moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2" class="references-small" sizcache="0" sizset="0">
<ul>
    <li><span class="citation Journal">Wu W, Glinka A, Delius H, Niehrs C (2001). &quot;Mutual antagonism between dickkopf1 and dickkopf2 regulates Wnt/beta-catenin signalling.&quot;. <em>Curr. Biol.</em> <strong>10</strong> (24): 1611&ndash;4. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2800%2900868-X">10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00868-X</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11137016">11137016</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Mutual+antagonism+between+dickkopf1+and+dickkopf2+regulates+Wnt%2Fbeta-catenin+signalling.&amp;rft.jtitle=Curr.+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Wu+W%2C+Glinka+A%2C+Delius+H%2C+Niehrs+C&amp;rft.au=Wu+W%2C+Glinka+A%2C+Delius+H%2C+Niehrs+C&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.pages=1611%E2%80%934&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2800%2900868-X&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11137016&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DKK2"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li><span class="citation Journal">Mao B, Wu W, Li Y, <em>et al.</em> (2001). &quot;LDL-receptor-related protein 6 is a receptor for Dickkopf proteins.&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>411</strong> (6835): 321&ndash;5. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35077108">10.1038/35077108</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11357136">11357136</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=LDL-receptor-related+protein+6+is+a+receptor+for+Dickkopf+proteins.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Mao+B%2C+Wu+W%2C+Li+Y%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Mao+B%2C+Wu+W%2C+Li+Y%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=411&amp;rft.issue=6835&amp;rft.pages=321%E2%80%935&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35077108&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11357136&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DKK2"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li><span class="citation Journal">Li L, Mao J, Sun L, <em>et al.</em> (2002). &quot;Second cysteine-rich domain of Dickkopf-2 activates canonical Wnt signaling pathway via LRP-6 independently of dishevelled.&quot;. <em>J. Biol. Chem.</em> <strong>277</strong> (8): 5977&ndash;81. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M111131200">10.1074/jbc.M111131200</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11742004">11742004</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Second+cysteine-rich+domain+of+Dickkopf-2+activates+canonical+Wnt+signaling+pathway+via+LRP-6+independently+of+dishevelled.&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Biol.+Chem.&amp;rft.aulast=Li+L%2C+Mao+J%2C+Sun+L%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Li+L%2C+Mao+J%2C+Sun+L%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=277&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=5977%E2%80%9381&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1074%2Fjbc.M111131200&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/11742004&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DKK2"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li><span class="citation Journal">Brott BK, Sokol SY (2002). &quot;Regulation of Wnt/LRP signaling by distinct domains of Dickkopf proteins.&quot;. <em>Mol. Cell. Biol.</em> <strong>22</strong> (17): 6100&ndash;10. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.22.17.6100-6110.2002">10.1128/MCB.22.17.6100-6110.2002</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12167704">12167704</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Regulation+of+Wnt%2FLRP+signaling+by+distinct+domains+of+Dickkopf+proteins.&amp;rft.jtitle=Mol.+Cell.+Biol.&amp;rft.aulast=Brott+BK%2C+Sokol+SY&amp;rft.au=Brott+BK%2C+Sokol+SY&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.pages=6100%E2%80%9310&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1128%2FMCB.22.17.6100-6110.2002&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12167704&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DKK2"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li><span class="citation Journal">Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, <em>et al.</em> (2003). &quot;Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.&quot;. <em>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</em> <strong>99</strong> (26): 16899&ndash;903. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.242603899">10.1073/pnas.242603899</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12477932">12477932</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Generation+and+initial+analysis+of+more+than+15%2C000+full-length+human+and+mouse+cDNA+sequences.&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&amp;rft.aulast=Strausberg+RL%2C+Feingold+EA%2C+Grouse+LH%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Strausberg+RL%2C+Feingold+EA%2C+Grouse+LH%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft.issue=26&amp;rft.pages=16899%E2%80%93903&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.242603899&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12477932&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DKK2"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li><span class="citation Journal">Mao B, Niehrs C (2003). &quot;Kremen2 modulates Dickkopf2 activity during Wnt/LRP6 signaling.&quot;. <em>Gene</em> <strong>302</strong> (1-2): 179&ndash;83. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0378-1119%2802%2901106-X">10.1016/S0378-1119(02)01106-X</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12527209">12527209</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Kremen2+modulates+Dickkopf2+activity+during+Wnt%2FLRP6+signaling.&amp;rft.jtitle=Gene&amp;rft.aulast=Mao+B%2C+Niehrs+C&amp;rft.au=Mao+B%2C+Niehrs+C&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=302&amp;rft.issue=1-2&amp;rft.pages=179%E2%80%9383&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0378-1119%2802%2901106-X&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12527209&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DKK2"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li><span class="citation Journal">Clark HF, Gurney AL, Abaya E, <em>et al.</em> (2003). &quot;The secreted protein discovery initiative (SPDI), a large-scale effort to identify novel human secreted and transmembrane proteins: a bioinformatics assessment.&quot;. <em>Genome Res.</em> <strong>13</strong> (10): 2265&ndash;70. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.1293003">10.1101/gr.1293003</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12975309">12975309</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+secreted+protein+discovery+initiative+%28SPDI%29%2C+a+large-scale+effort+to+identify+novel+human+secreted+and+transmembrane+proteins%3A+a+bioinformatics+assessment.&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Res.&amp;rft.aulast=Clark+HF%2C+Gurney+AL%2C+Abaya+E%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Clark+HF%2C+Gurney+AL%2C+Abaya+E%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=2265%E2%80%9370&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.1293003&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/12975309&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DKK2"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li><span class="citation Journal">Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, <em>et al.</em> (2004). &quot;The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).&quot;. <em>Genome Res.</em> <strong>14</strong> (10B): 2121&ndash;7. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2596504">10.1101/gr.2596504</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15489334">15489334</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+status%2C+quality%2C+and+expansion+of+the+NIH+full-length+cDNA+project%3A+the+Mammalian+Gene+Collection+%28MGC%29.&amp;rft.jtitle=Genome+Res.&amp;rft.aulast=Gerhard+DS%2C+Wagner+L%2C+Feingold+EA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Gerhard+DS%2C+Wagner+L%2C+Feingold+EA%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=10B&amp;rft.pages=2121%E2%80%937&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1101%2Fgr.2596504&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/15489334&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DKK2"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li><span class="citation Journal">Kuphal S, Lodermeyer S, Bataille F, <em>et al.</em> (2006). &quot;Expression of Dickkopf genes is strongly reduced in malignant melanoma.&quot;. <em>Oncogene</em> <strong>25</strong> (36): 5027&ndash;36. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1209508">10.1038/sj.onc.1209508</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16568085">16568085</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Expression+of+Dickkopf+genes+is+strongly+reduced+in+malignant+melanoma.&amp;rft.jtitle=Oncogene&amp;rft.aulast=Kuphal+S%2C+Lodermeyer+S%2C+Bataille+F%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Kuphal+S%2C+Lodermeyer+S%2C+Bataille+F%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=36&amp;rft.pages=5027%E2%80%9336&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1209508&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16568085&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:DKK2"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
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