View source for Phytochelatin

<p><span style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font: 16px sans-serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(0,0,0); word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 19px; font-size: 13px" class="Apple-style-span">
<p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><b>Phytochelatins</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>are<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>oligomers<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>of<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>glutathione, produced by the enzyme phytochelatin synthase. They are found inplants,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>fungi,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>nematodes<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and all groups of<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>algae<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>including<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>cyanobacteria. Phytochelatins act as<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>chelators, and are important for<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>heavy metal<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>detoxification.<sup style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal" id="cite_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup><sup style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal" id="cite_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</sup><sup style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal" id="cite_ref-2" class="reference">[3]</sup><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>They are abbreviated PC2 through PC11.</p>
<p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em">A mutant<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>lacking phytochelatin synthase is very sensitive to cadmium, but it grows just as well as the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>wild-type<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>plant at normal concentrations of zinc and copper, two essential metal ions, indicating that phytochelatin is only involved in resistance to metal poisoning.<sup style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal" id="cite_ref-BMBoP_3-0" class="reference">[4]</sup></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em">Because phytochelatin synthase uses glutathione with a blocked<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>thiol group<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>in the synthesis of phytochelatin, the presence of heavy metal ions that bind to glutathione causes the enzyme to work faster. Therefore the amount of phytochelatin increases when the cell needs more phytochelatin to survive in an environment with high concentrations of metal ions.<sup style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal" id="cite_ref-4" class="reference">[5]</sup></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em">Phytochelatin seems to be transported into the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>vacuole<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>of plants, so that the metal ions it carries are stored safely away from the proteins of the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>cytosol.<sup style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal" id="cite_ref-BMBoP_3-1" class="reference">[4]</sup></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.17em; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; width: auto; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; padding-top: 0.5em; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"><span style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px" class="editsection">[edit]</span><span id="Related_peptides" class="mw-headline">Related peptides</span></h2>
<p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em">There are groups of other peptides with a similar structure to phytochelatin, but where the last amino acid is not glycine:<sup style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal" id="cite_ref-BMBoP_3-2" class="reference">[4]</sup><sup style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal" id="cite_ref-Inouhe_5-0" class="reference">[6]</sup></p>
<p>
<table style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; background-color: rgb(249,249,249); margin: 1em 1em 1em 0px; border-collapse: collapse; color: black; font-size: 13px; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="wikitable">
    <caption style="font-weight: bold">Phytochelatin-like peptides</caption>
    <tbody>
        <tr>
            <th style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; text-align: center; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.2em; background-color: rgb(242,242,242); padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-top: 0.2em; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">Type</th>
            <th style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; text-align: center; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.2em; background-color: rgb(242,242,242); padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-top: 0.2em; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">Structure</th>
            <th style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; text-align: center; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.2em; background-color: rgb(242,242,242); padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-top: 0.2em; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">Has been found in</th>
            <th style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; text-align: center; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.2em; background-color: rgb(242,242,242); padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-top: 0.2em; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial">Precursor</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-top: 0.2em">Phytochelatin</td>
            <td style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-top: 0.2em">(&gamma;Glu-Cys)<sub style="line-height: 1em">n</sub>-Gly</td>
            <td style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-top: 0.2em">many organisms</td>
            <td style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-top: 0.2em">Glutathione</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-top: 0.2em">Homophytochelatin</td>
            <td style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-top: 0.2em">(&gamma;Glu-Cys)<sub style="line-height: 1em">n</sub>-Ala</td>
            <td style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-top: 0.2em">legumes</td>
            <td style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-top: 0.2em">Homoglutathione</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-top: 0.2em">Desglycine phytochelatin</td>
            <td style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-top: 0.2em">(&gamma;Glu-Cys)<sub style="line-height: 1em">n</sub></td>
            <td style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-top: 0.2em">maize,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>yeasts</td>
            <td style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-top: 0.2em">&nbsp;</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-top: 0.2em">Hydroxymethyl-phytochelatin</td>
            <td style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-top: 0.2em">(&gamma;Glu-Cys)<sub style="line-height: 1em">n</sub>-Ser</td>
            <td style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-top: 0.2em">grasses</td>
            <td style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-top: 0.2em">Hydroxymethylglutathione</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-top: 0.2em">iso-Phytochelatin (Glu)</td>
            <td style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-top: 0.2em">(&gamma;Glu-Cys)<sub style="line-height: 1em">n</sub>-Glu</td>
            <td style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-top: 0.2em">maize</td>
            <td style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-top: 0.2em">Glutamylcysteinylglutamate</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-top: 0.2em">iso-Phytochelatin (Gln)</td>
            <td style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-top: 0.2em">(&gamma;Glu-Cys)<sub style="line-height: 1em">n</sub>-Gln</td>
            <td style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-top: 0.2em">horseradish</td>
            <td style="border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-left: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; border-top: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; border-right: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-top: 0.2em">&nbsp;</td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>
</p>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.17em; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; width: auto; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; padding-top: 0.5em; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"><span style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px" class="editsection">[edit]</span><span id="History" class="mw-headline">History</span></h2>
<p style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em">Phytochelatin was first discovered in 1981 in<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>fission yeast,<sup style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal" id="cite_ref-6" class="reference">[7]</sup><sup style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal" id="cite_ref-7" class="reference">[8]</sup><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and was named cadystin.<sup style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal" id="cite_ref-8" class="reference">[9]</sup><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>It was then found in<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>higher plants<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>in 1985 and was named phytochelatin. In 1989 its enzyme, phytochelatin synthase, was discovered.<sup style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal" id="cite_ref-Inouhe_5-1" class="reference">[6]</sup></p>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.17em; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; width: auto; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; padding-top: 0.5em; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"><span style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px" class="editsection">[edit]</span><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2>
<ul style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/bullet-icon.png?1); padding-top: 0px">
    <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em">Dunaliella</li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.17em; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; width: auto; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; padding-top: 0.5em; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"><span style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px" class="editsection">[<a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" title="Edit section: References" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phytochelatin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4">edit</a>]</span><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2>
<ol style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; list-style-image: none; padding-top: 0px" class="references">
    <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em" id="cite_note-0"><b><a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochelatin#cite_ref-0">^</a></b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word" class="citation Journal">Suk-Bong Ha, Aaron P. Smith, Ross Howden, Wendy M. Dietrich, Sarah Bugg, Matthew J. O'Connell, Peter B. Goldsbrough, and Christopher S. Cobbett (1999).<a style="background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external text" href="http://www.plantcell.org/cgi/content/full/11/6/1153" rel="nofollow">&quot;Phytochelatin Synthase Genes from Arabidopsis and the Yeast<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i>&quot;</a>.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i><a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant Cell" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_Cell">Plant Cell</a></i><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><b>11</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(6): 1153&ndash;1164.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a style="background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1105%2Ftpc.11.6.1153" rel="nofollow">10.1105/tpc.11.6.1153</a>.<a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a style="background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10368185" rel="nofollow">10368185</a>.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" title="PubMed Central" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a>&nbsp;<a style="background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&amp;artid=144235" rel="nofollow">144235</a>.</span></li>
    <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em" id="cite_note-1"><b><a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochelatin#cite_ref-1">^</a></b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word" class="citation Journal">Olena K. Vatamaniuk, Elizabeth A. Bucher, James T. Ward and Philip A. Rea (2001). &quot;A new pathway for heavy metal detoxification in animals: phytochelatin synthase is required for cadmium tolerance in<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>&quot;.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i><a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Biol. Chem." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Biol._Chem.">J. Biol. Chem.</a></i><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><b>276</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(24): 20817.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a style="background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.C100152200" rel="nofollow">10.1074/jbc.C100152200</a>.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a style="background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11313333" rel="nofollow">11313333</a>.</span></li>
    <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em" id="cite_note-2"><b><a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochelatin#cite_ref-2">^</a></b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external text" href="http://www.embl-ebi.ac.uk/interpro/DisplayIproEntry?ac=IPR007719" rel="nofollow">InterPro database page on phytochelatin synthase</a></li>
    <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em" id="cite_note-BMBoP-3">^<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochelatin#cite_ref-BMBoP_3-0"><sup style="line-height: 1em"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochelatin#cite_ref-BMBoP_3-1"><sup style="line-height: 1em"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochelatin#cite_ref-BMBoP_3-2"><sup style="line-height: 1em"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>Buchanan, Gruissem, Jones,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i>Biochemistry &amp; molecular biology of plants</i>, 1st edition, American Society of Plant Physiology, 2000</li>
    <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em" id="cite_note-4"><b><a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochelatin#cite_ref-4">^</a></b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word" class="citation Journal">O K Vatamaniuk, S Mari, Y Lu, and P A Rea (2000). &quot;Mechanism of Heavy Metal Ion Activation of Phytochelatin (PC) Synthase&quot;.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i><a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Biol. Chem." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Biol._Chem.">J. Biol. Chem.</a></i><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><b>275</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(40): 31451&ndash;31459.<a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a style="background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M002997200" rel="nofollow">10.1074/jbc.M002997200</a>.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a style="background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10807919" rel="nofollow">10807919</a>.</span></li>
    <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em" id="cite_note-Inouhe-5">^<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochelatin#cite_ref-Inouhe_5-0"><sup style="line-height: 1em"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochelatin#cite_ref-Inouhe_5-1"><sup style="line-height: 1em"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word" class="citation Journal">Masahiro Inouhe (2005). &quot;Phytochelatins&quot;.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i>Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology</i><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><b>17</b>.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a style="background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590%2FS1677-04202005000100006" rel="nofollow">10.1590/S1677-04202005000100006</a>.</span></li>
    <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em" id="cite_note-6"><b><a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochelatin#cite_ref-6">^</a></b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>Akira Murasugi, Chiaki Wada, and Yukimasa Hayashi (1981). &quot;Cadmium-Binding Peptide Induced in Fission Yeast,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i>&quot;.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i>J. Biochem.</i><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><b>90</b>, 1561-1564.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7338524">PMID 7338524</a>.</li>
    <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em" id="cite_note-7"><b><a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochelatin#cite_ref-7">^</a></b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>Akira Murasugi, Chiaki Wada, and Yukimasa Hayashi (1981). &quot;Purification and Unique Properties in UV and CD Spectra of Cd-Binding Peptide 1 from<i>Scizosaccharomyces pombe</i>&quot;.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i>Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.</i><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><b>103</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>1021-1028.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a style="background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7332570">PMID 7332570</a>.</li>
    <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em" id="cite_note-8"><b><a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochelatin#cite_ref-8">^</a></b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>Naoto Kondo, Kunio Imai, Minoru Isobe, Toshio Goto, Akira Murasugi, Chiaki Wada-Nakagawa, Yukimasa Hayashi (1984).&quot;Cadystin A and B, Major Unit Peptides Comprising Cadmium Binding Peptides Induced in a Fission Yeast----Separation, Revision of Structures and Synthesis&quot;.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i>Tetrahedron Lett.</i><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><b>25</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>3869-3872. doi: 10.1016/S0040-4039(01)91190-6.</li>
</ol>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0.17em; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; width: auto; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; padding-top: 0.5em; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial"><span style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px" class="editsection">[<a style="background-image: none; color: rgb(6,69,173); text-decoration: none; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" title="Edit section: External links" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phytochelatin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5">edit</a>]</span><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2>
<ul style="padding-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/bullet-icon.png?1); padding-top: 0px">
    <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em"><a style="background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; color: rgb(51,102,187); text-decoration: none; padding-top: 0px; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial" class="external text" href="http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jbb/92/1/92_24/_article/-char/en" rel="nofollow">Strong induction of phytochelatin synthesis by zinc in marine green alga,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i>Dunaliella tertiolecta</i></a>.</li>
</ul>
</span></span></p>