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<p><font color="#000000"><strong>Love</strong> is any of a number of </font><font color="#000000">emotions</font><font color="#000000"> and experiences related to a sense of strong </font><font color="#000000">affection</font><sup id="cite_ref-oxford_0-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></font></sup><font color="#000000"> and </font><font color="#000000">attachment</font><font color="#000000">. The word <em>love</em> can refer to a variety of different feelings, states, and attitudes, ranging from generic </font><font color="#000000">pleasure</font><font color="#000000"> (&quot;I loved that meal&quot;) to intense </font><font color="#000000">interpersonal attraction</font><font color="#000000"> (&quot;I love my boyfriend&quot;). This diversity of uses and meanings, combined with the complexity of the feelings involved, makes love unusually difficult to consistently define, even compared to other emotional states.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Love is an extremely powerful emotion; it can be irresistible and people are often bound to pursue their love interests. Love is a major theme in literature, poetry, and film.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">As an abstract concept, <em>love</em> usually refers to a deep, </font><font color="#000000">ineffable</font><font color="#000000"> feeling of tenderly caring for another person. Even this limited conception of love, however, encompasses a wealth of different feelings, from the passionate desire and intimacy of </font><font color="#000000">romantic love</font><font color="#000000"> to the nonsexual emotional closeness of </font><font color="#000000">familial</font><font color="#000000"> and </font><font color="#000000">platonic love</font><sup id="cite_ref-PlatonicSchool_1-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><font color="#000000"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></font></sup><font color="#000000"> to the profound </font><font color="#000000">oneness</font><font color="#000000"> or devotion of </font><font color="#000000">religious love</font><font color="#000000">.<sup id="cite_ref-Gita_2-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></font></sup> Love in its various forms acts as a major facilitator of </font><font color="#000000">interpersonal relationships</font><font color="#000000"> and, owing to its central psychological importance, is one of the most common themes in the </font><font color="#000000">creative arts</font><font color="#000000">.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Definitions</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">The </font><font color="#000000">English</font><font color="#000000"> word &quot;love&quot; can have a variety of related but distinct meanings in different contexts. Often, other languages use multiple words to express some of the different concepts that English relies mainly on &quot;love&quot; to encapsulate; one example is the plurality of </font><font color="#000000">Greek words for &quot;love.&quot;</font><font color="#000000"> Cultural differences in conceptualizing love thus make it doubly difficult to establish any universal definition.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Although the nature or </font><font color="#000000">essence</font><font color="#000000"> of love is a subject of frequent debate, different aspects of the word can be clarified by determining what <em>isn't</em> love. As a general expression of positive sentiment (a stronger form of <em>like</em>), love is commonly contrasted with </font><font color="#000000">hate</font><font color="#000000"> (or neutral </font><font color="#000000">apathy</font><font color="#000000">); as a less sexual and more emotionally intimate form of romantic attachment, love is commonly contrasted with </font><font color="#000000">lust</font><font color="#000000">; and as an interpersonal relationship with romantic overtones, love is commonly contrasted with </font><font color="#000000">friendship</font><font color="#000000">, although other definitions of the word <em>love</em> may be applied to close friendships in certain contexts.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">When discussed in the abstract, <em>love</em> usually refers to interpersonal love, an experience felt by a person for another person. Love often involves caring for or identifying with a person or thing, including oneself (cf. </font><font color="#000000">narcissism</font><font color="#000000">).</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In addition to cross-cultural differences in understanding love, ideas about love have also changed greatly over time. Some historians date modern conceptions of romantic love to courtly Europe during or after the Middle Ages, although the prior existence of romantic attachments is attested by ancient love poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Because of the complex and abstract nature of love, discourse on love is commonly reduced to a </font><font color="#000000">thought-terminating clich&eacute;</font><font color="#000000">, and there are a number of common </font><font color="#000000">proverbs</font><font color="#000000"> regarding love, from </font><font color="#000000">Virgil's</font><font color="#000000"> &quot;</font><font color="#000000">Love conquers all</font><font color="#000000">&quot; to the </font><font color="#000000">Beatles'</font><font color="#000000"> &quot;</font><font color="#000000">All you need is love</font><font color="#000000">.&quot; </font><font color="#000000">Bertrand Russell</font><font color="#000000"> describes love as a condition of &quot;absolute value,&quot; as opposed to </font><font color="#000000">relative value</font><font color="#000000">. Theologian </font><font color="#000000">Thomas Jay Oord</font><font color="#000000"> said that to love is to &quot;act intentionally, in sympathetic response to others, to promote overall well-being.&quot;<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2009"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> Philosopher </font><font color="#000000">Gottfried Leibniz</font><font color="#000000"> said that love is &quot;to be delighted by the happiness of another.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><a id="Impersonal_love" name="Impersonal_love"><font color="#0066cc" size="2"></font></a></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Impersonal love</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">A person can be said to love a country, principle, or goal if they value it greatly and are deeply committed to it. Similarly, compassionate outreach and volunteer workers' &quot;love&quot; of their cause may sometimes be borne not of interpersonal love, but impersonal love coupled with </font><font color="#000000">altruism</font><font color="#000000"> and strong political convictions. People can also &quot;love&quot; material objects, animals, or activities if they invest themselves in bonding or otherwise identifying with those things. If sexual passion is also involved, this condition is called </font><font color="#000000">paraphilia</font><font color="#000000">.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><a id="Interpersonal_love" name="Interpersonal_love"><font color="#0066cc" size="2"></font></a></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Interpersonal love</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000">Interpersonal love refers to love between human beings. It is a more potent sentiment than a simple <em>liking</em> for another. </font><font color="#000000">Unrequited love</font><font color="#000000"> refers to those feelings of love that are not reciprocated. Interpersonal love is most closely associated with </font><font color="#000000">interpersonal relationships</font><font color="#000000">. Such love might exist between family members, friends, and couples. There are also a number of psychological disorders related to love, such as </font><font color="#000000">erotomania</font><font color="#000000">.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Throughout history, </font><font color="#000000">philosophy</font><font color="#000000"> and </font><font color="#000000">religion</font><font color="#000000"> have done the most speculation on the phenomenon of love. In the last century, the science of </font><font color="#000000">psychology</font><font color="#000000"> has written a great deal on the subject. In recent years, the sciences of </font><font color="#000000">evolutionary psychology</font><font color="#000000">, </font><font color="#000000">evolutionary biology</font><font color="#000000">, </font><font color="#000000">anthropology</font><font color="#000000">, </font><font color="#000000">neuroscience</font><font color="#000000">, and </font><font color="#000000">biology</font><font color="#000000"> have added to the understanding of the nature and function of love.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><a id="Chemical_basis" name="Chemical_basis"></a></font></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Chemical basis</font></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 232px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="230" height="212" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chemical_basis_of_love.png/230px-Chemical_basis_of_love.png" /></font><font color="#000000"> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Simplistic overview of the chemical basis of love.</font></div> </div> </div> <div class="rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle"><font color="#000000">Main article: </font><font color="#000000">Love (scientific views)</font></div> <p><font color="#000000">Biological models of sex tend to view love as a </font><font color="#000000">mammalian</font><font color="#000000"> drive, much like </font><font color="#000000">hunger</font><font color="#000000"> or </font><font color="#000000">thirst</font><font color="#000000">.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_7-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></sup> </font><font color="#000000">Helen Fisher</font><font color="#000000">, a leading expert in the topic of love, divides the experience of love into three partly overlapping stages: lust, attraction, and attachment. Lust exposes people to others; romantic attraction encourages people to focus their energy on mating; and attachment involves tolerating the spouse (or indeed the child) long enough to rear a child into infancy.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Lust</font><font color="#000000"> is the initial passionate sexual desire that promotes </font><font color="#000000">mating</font><font color="#000000">, and involves the increased release of chemicals such as </font><font color="#000000">testosterone</font><font color="#000000"> and </font><font color="#000000">estrogen</font><font color="#000000">. These effects rarely last more than a few weeks or months. </font><font color="#000000">Attraction</font><font color="#000000"> is the more individualized and romantic desire for a specific candidate for mating, which develops out of lust as commitment to an individual mate forms. Recent studies in </font><font color="#000000">neuroscience</font><font color="#000000"> have indicated that as people fall in love, the brain consistently releases a certain set of chemicals, including </font><font color="#000000">pheromones</font><font color="#000000">, </font><font color="#000000">dopamine</font><font color="#000000">, </font><font color="#000000">norepinephrine</font><font color="#000000">, and </font><font color="#000000">serotonin</font><font color="#000000">, which act in a manner similar to </font><font color="#000000">amphetamines</font><font color="#000000">, stimulating the brain's </font><font color="#000000">pleasure center</font><font color="#000000"> and leading to side effects such as increased </font><font color="#000000">heart rate</font><font color="#000000">, loss of appetite and sleep, and an intense feeling of excitement. Research has indicated that this stage generally lasts from one and a half to three years.<sup id="cite_ref-human_8-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Since the lust and attraction stages are both considered temporary, a third stage is needed to account for long-term relationships. </font><font color="#000000">Attachment</font><font color="#000000"> is the </font><font color="#000000">bonding</font><font color="#000000"> that promotes relationships lasting for many years and even decades. Attachment is generally based on commitments such as </font><font color="#000000">marriage</font><font color="#000000"> and </font><font color="#000000">children</font><font color="#000000">, or on mutual friendship based on things like shared interests. It has been linked to higher levels of the chemicals </font><font color="#000000">oxytocin</font><font color="#000000"> and </font><font color="#000000">vasopressin</font><font color="#000000"> to a greater degree than short-term relationships have.<sup id="cite_ref-human_8-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">The protein molecule known as the </font><font color="#000000">nerve growth factor</font><font color="#000000"> (NGF) has high levels when people first fall in love, but these return to previous levels after one year. <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><a id="Psychological_basis" name="Psychological_basis"><font color="#0066cc" size="2"></font></a></font></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Psychological basis</font></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="120" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sri_Lankan_woman_and_child.jpg/180px-Sri_Lankan_woman_and_child.jpg" /></font><font color="#000000"> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Grandmother and grandchild,<br /> </font><font color="#000000">Sri Lanka</font><font color="#000000">.</font></div> </div> </div> <div class="rellink boilerplate further"><font color="#000000">Further information: </font><font color="#000000">Human bonding</font></div> <p><font color="#000000">Psychology depicts love as a cognitive and social phenomenon. </font><font color="#000000">Psychologist</font><font color="#000000"> </font><font color="#000000">Robert Sternberg</font><font color="#000000"> formulated a </font><font color="#000000">triangular theory of love</font><font color="#000000"> and argued that love has three different components: intimacy, commitment, and passion. Intimacy is a form in which two people share confidences and various details of their personal lives, and is usually shown in friendships and romantic love affairs. Commitment, on the other hand, is the expectation that the relationship is permanent. The last and most common form of love is sexual attraction and passion. Passionate love is shown in infatuation as well as romantic love. All forms of love are viewed as varying combinations of these three components. American psychologist </font><font color="#000000">Zick Rubin</font><font color="#000000"> seeks to define <em>love</em> by </font><font color="#000000">psychometrics</font><font color="#000000">. His work states that three factors constitute love: attachment, caring, and intimacy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></font></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></font></sup></font></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000" size="2"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="135" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Columpio_Veracruz_059.jpg/180px-Columpio_Veracruz_059.jpg" /></font><font color="#000000"> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">Fraternal love (Prehispanic sculpture from 250&ndash;900 A.D., of </font><font color="#000000">Huastec</font><font color="#000000"> origin). </font><font color="#000000">Museum of Anthropology</font><font color="#000000"> in </font><font color="#000000">Xalapa</font><font color="#000000">, </font><font color="#000000">Veracruz</font><font color="#000000">, </font><font color="#000000">Mexico</font><font color="#000000">.</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">Following developments in electrical theories such as </font><font color="#000000">Coulomb's law</font><font color="#000000">, which showed that positive and negative charges attract, analogs in human life were developed, such as &quot;opposites attract.&quot; Over the last century, research on the nature of human mating has generally found this not to be true when it comes to character and personality&mdash;people tend to like people similar to themselves. However, in a few unusual and specific domains, such as immune systems, it seems that humans prefer others who are unlike themselves (e.g., with an orthogonal immune system), since this will lead to a baby that has the best of both worlds.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></font></sup> In recent years, various </font><font color="#000000">human bonding</font><font color="#000000"> theories have been developed, described in terms of attachments, ties, bonds, and affinities.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Some Western authorities disaggregate into two main components, the altruistic and the narcissistic. This view is represented in the works of </font><font color="#000000">Scott Peck</font><font color="#000000">, whose work in the field of applied psychology explored the definitions of love and evil. Peck maintains that love is a combination of the &quot;concern for the spiritual growth of another,&quot; and simple narcissism.<sup id="cite_ref-peck_13-0" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></font></sup> In combination, love is an <em>activity</em>, not simply a feeling.</font></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="271" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Baglione.jpg/180px-Baglione.jpg" /></font><font color="#000000"> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000"><em>Sacred Love Versus Profane Love</em> (1602&ndash;03) by </font><font color="#000000">Giovanni Baglione</font><font color="#000000">.</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000"><a id="Comparison_of_scientific_models" name="Comparison_of_scientific_models"></a></font></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Comparison of scientific models</font></span></h3> <p><font color="#000000">Biological models of love tend to see it as a mammalian drive, similar to </font><font color="#000000">hunger</font><font color="#000000"> or </font><font color="#000000">thirst</font><font color="#000000">.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_7-1" class="reference"><font size="2"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></sup> Psychology sees love as more of a social and cultural phenomenon. There are probably elements of truth in both views. Certainly love is influenced by </font><font color="#000000">hormones</font><font color="#000000"> (such as </font><font color="#000000">oxytocin</font><font color="#000000">), </font><font color="#000000">neurotrophins</font><font color="#000000"> (such as </font><font color="#000000">NGF</font><font color="#000000">), and </font><font color="#000000">pheromones</font><font color="#000000">, and how people think and behave in love is influenced by their conceptions of love. The conventional view in </font><font color="#000000">biology</font><font color="#000000"> is that there are two major drives in love: </font><font color="#000000">sexual attraction</font><font color="#000000"> and </font><font color="#000000">attachment</font><font color="#000000">. Attachment between adults is presumed to work on the same principles that lead an infant to become attached to its mother. The traditional psychological view sees love as being a combination of </font><font color="#000000">companionate love</font><font color="#000000"> and passionate love. Passionate love is intense longing, and is often accompanied by </font><font color="#000000">physiological arousal</font><font color="#000000"> (shortness of breath, rapid heart rate); </font><font color="#000000">companionate love</font><font color="#000000"> is affection and a feeling of intimacy not accompanied by physiological arousal.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Studies have shown that brain scans of those infatuated by love display a resemblance to those with a mental illness. Love creates activity in the same area of the brain where hunger, thirst, and drug cravings create activity. New love, therefore, could possibly be more physical than emotional. Over time, this reaction to love mellows, and different areas of the brain are activated, primarily ones involving long-term commitments. </font><font color="#000000">Dr. Andrew Newberg</font><font color="#000000">, a neuroscientist, suggests that this reaction to love is so similar to that of drugs because without love, humanity would die out.<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2009"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed</em>]</font></sup></font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><a id="Cultural_views" name="Cultural_views"><font size="2"></font></a></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Cultural views</font></span></h2> <p><font color="#000000"><a id="Persian" name="Persian"></a></font></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Persian</font></span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><em><font color="#000000">Even after all this time</font></em></dd><dd><em><font color="#000000">The sun never says to the earth, &quot;You owe me.&quot;</font></em></dd><dd><em><font color="#000000">Look what happens with a Love like that!</font></em></dd><dd><font color="#000000">&mdash;<em>It lights the whole Sky.</em> (Hafiz)</font></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><font color="#000000">Rumi</font><font color="#000000">, </font><font color="#000000">Hafez</font><font color="#000000"> and </font><font color="#000000">Sa'di</font><font color="#000000"> are icons of the passion and love that the Persian culture and language present. The Persian word for love is <em>eshgh</em>, deriving from the Arabic <em>ishq</em>. In the Persian culture, everything is encompassed by love and all is for love, starting from loving friends and family, husbands and wives, and eventually reaching the divine love that is the ultimate goal in life.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><a id="Chinese_and_other_Sinic_cultures" name="Chinese_and_other_Sinic_cultures"></a></font></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Chinese and other Sinic cultures</font></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="195" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Love_zh.svg/180px-Love_zh.svg.png" /></font><font color="#000000"> </font> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><font color="#000000"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></font></div> <font color="#000000">The traditional </font><font color="#000000">Chinese character</font><font color="#000000"> for love (愛) consists of a </font><font color="#000000">heart</font><font color="#000000"> (middle) inside of &quot;accept,&quot; &quot;feel,&quot; or &quot;perceive,&quot; which shows a graceful emotion.</font></div> </div> </div> <p><font color="#000000">In contemporary </font><font color="#000000">Chinese</font><font color="#000000"> language and </font><font color="#000000">culture</font><font color="#000000">, several terms or root words are used for the concept of love:</font></p> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">It was the first name of the </font><font color="#000000">Qing</font><font color="#000000"> emperor. </font></li> </ul> <ul> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Ai</em> (愛) is used as a verb (e.g., <em>Wo ai ni</em>, &quot;I love you&quot;) or as a noun, especially in <em>aiqing</em> (愛情), &quot;love&quot; or &quot;romance.&quot; In </font><font color="#000000">mainland China</font><font color="#000000"> since 1949, <em>airen</em> (愛人, originally &quot;lover,&quot; or more literally, &quot;love person&quot;) is the dominant word for &quot;spouse&quot; (with separate terms for &quot;wife&quot; and &quot;husband&quot; originally being de-emphasized); the word once had a negative connotation, which it retains among many in </font><font color="#000000">Taiwan</font><font color="#000000">. </font></li> </ul> <ul> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Lian</em> (戀) is not generally used alone, but instead as part of such terms as &quot;being in love&quot; (談戀愛, <em>tan lian'ai</em>&mdash;also containing <em>ai</em>), &quot;lover&quot; (戀人, <em>lianren</em>) or &quot;</font><font color="#000000">homosexuality</font><font color="#000000">&quot; (同性戀, <em>tongxinglian</em>). </font></li> </ul> <ul> <li><font color="#000000"><em>Qing</em> (情), commonly meaning &quot;feeling&quot; or &quot;emotion,&quot; often indicates &quot;love&quot; in several terms. It is contained in the word <em>aiqing</em> (愛情); <em>qingren</em> (情人) is a term for &quot;lover.&quot; </font></li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000">In </font><font color="#000000">Confucianism</font><font color="#000000">, <em>lian</em> is a virtuous benevolent love. Lian should be pursued by all human beings, and reflects a moral life. The Chinese philosopher </font><font color="#000000">Mozi</font><font color="#000000"> developed the concept of <em>ai</em> (愛) in reaction to Confucian <em>lian</em>. <em>Ai</em>, in </font><font color="#000000">Mohism</font><font color="#000000">, is universal love towards all beings, not just towards friends or family, without regard to reciprocation. Extravagance and offensive war are inimical to <em>ai</em>. Although Mozi's thought was influential, the Confucian <em>lian</em> is how most Chinese conceive of love.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><em>Gănq&iacute;ng</em> (感情) is the &quot;feeling&quot; of a relationship, vaguely similar to </font><font color="#000000">empathy</font><font color="#000000">. A person will express love by building good <em>gănq&iacute;ng</em>, accomplished through helping or working for another and emotional attachment toward another person or anything.</font></p> <p><em><font color="#000000">Yuanfen</font></em><font color="#000000"> (緣份) is a connection of bound destinies. A meaningful relationship is often conceived of as dependent on strong <em>yuanfen</em>. It is very similar to serendipity. A similar conceptualization in English is, &quot;They were made for each other,&quot; &quot;fate,&quot; or &quot;destiny.&quot;</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><em>Zaolian</em> (</font><font color="#000000">Simplified</font><font color="#000000">: 早恋, </font><font color="#000000">Traditional</font><font color="#000000">: 早戀, </font><font color="#000000">pinyin</font><font color="#000000">: <em>zǎoli&agrave;n</em>), literally &quot;early love,&quot; is a contemporary term in frequent use for romantic feelings or attachments among children or adolescents. <em>Zaolian</em> describes both relationships among a teenage boyfriend and girlfriend as well as the &quot;</font><font color="#000000">crushes</font><font color="#000000">&quot; of early adolescence or childhood. The concept essentially indicates a prevalent belief in contemporary Chinese culture, which is that, due to the demands of their studies (especially true in the highly competitive educational system of China), youth should not form romantic attachments lest they jeopardize their chances for future success. Reports have appeared in Chinese newspapers and other media detailing the prevalence of the phenomenon and its perceived dangers to students and the fears of parents.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Ancient Greek</font></span></h3> <p><font color="#000000">Greek</font><font color="#000000"> distinguishes </font><font color="#000000">several different senses</font><font color="#000000"> in which the word &quot;love&quot; is used. For example, Ancient Greek has the words <em>philia</em>, <em>eros</em>, <em>agape</em>, <em>storge</em>, and <em>xenia</em>. However, with Greek (as with many other languages), it has been historically difficult to separate the meanings of these words totally. At the same time, the Ancient Greek text of the </font><font color="#000000">Bible</font><font color="#000000"> has examples of the </font><font color="#000000">verb</font><font color="#000000"> <em>agapo</em> having the same meaning as <em>phileo</em>.</font></p> <p><em><font color="#000000">Agape</font></em><font color="#000000"> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀ&gamma;ά&pi;&eta;</span> <em>ag&aacute;pē</em>) means <em>love</em> in modern-day Greek. The term <em>s'agapo</em> means <em>I love you</em> in Greek. The word <em>agapo</em> is the verb <em>I love</em>. It generally refers to a &quot;pure,&quot; ideal type of love, rather than the physical attraction suggested by <em>eros</em>. However, there are some examples of <em>agape</em> used to mean the same as <em>eros</em>. It has also been translated as &quot;love of the soul.&quot;</font></p> <p><em><font color="#000000">Eros</font></em><font color="#000000"> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἔ&rho;&omega;&sigmaf;</span> <em>&eacute;rōs</em>) is passionate love, with sensual desire and longing. The Greek word <em>erota</em> means <em>in love</em>. </font><font color="#000000">Plato</font><font color="#000000"> refined his own definition. Although eros is initially felt for a person, with contemplation it becomes an appreciation of the beauty within that person, or even becomes appreciation of beauty itself. Eros helps the soul recall knowledge of beauty and contributes to an understanding of spiritual truth. Lovers and philosophers are all inspired to seek truth by eros. Some translations list it as &quot;love of the body.&quot;</font></p> <p><em><font color="#000000">Philia</font></em><font color="#000000"> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">&phi;&iota;&lambda;ί&alpha;</span> <em>phil&iacute;a</em>), a dispassionate virtuous love, was a concept developed by </font><font color="#000000">Aristotle</font><font color="#000000">. It includes loyalty to friends, family, and community, and requires virtue, equality, and familiarity. Philia is motivated by practical reasons; one or both of the parties benefit from the relationship. It can also mean &quot;love of the mind.&quot;</font></p> <p><em><font color="#000000">Storge</font></em><font color="#000000"> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">&sigma;&tau;&omicron;&rho;&gamma;ή</span> <em>storgē</em>) is natural affection, like that felt by parents for offspring.</font></p> <p><em><font color="#000000">Xenia</font></em><font color="#000000"> (&xi;&epsilon;&nu;ί&alpha; <em>xen&iacute;a</em>), hospitality, was an extremely important practice in Ancient Greece. It was an almost ritualized friendship formed between a host and his guest, who could previously have been strangers. The host fed and provided quarters for the guest, who was expected to repay only with gratitude. The importance of this can be seen throughout </font><font color="#000000">Greek mythology</font><font color="#000000">&mdash;in particular, </font><font color="#000000">Homer's</font><font color="#000000"> <em>Iliad</em> and <em>Odyssey</em>.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Turkish (Shaman &amp; Islamic)</font></span></h3> <p><font color="#000000">In </font><font color="#000000">Turkish</font><font color="#000000">, the word &quot;love&quot; comes up with several meanings. A person can love a god, a person, parents, or family. But that person can &quot;love&quot; just one person from the opposite sex, which they call the word &quot;aşk.&quot; <em>Aşk</em> is a feeling for <em>to love</em>, as it still is in Turkish today. The Turks used this word just for their loves in a romantic or sexual sense. If a Turk says that he is in love (aşk) with somebody, it is not a love that a person can feel for his or her parents; it is just for one person, and it indicates a huge infatuation. The word is also common for </font><font color="#000000">Turkic languages</font><font color="#000000">, such as </font><font color="#000000">Azerbaijani</font><font color="#000000"> (eşq) and </font><font color="#000000">Kazakh</font><font color="#000000"> (ғашық).</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Ancient Roman (Latin)</font></span></h3> <p><font color="#000000">The Latin language has several different verbs corresponding to the English word &quot;love.&quot;</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"><em>Amāre</em> is the basic word for <em>to love</em>, as it still is in Italian today. The Romans used it both in an affectionate sense as well as in a romantic or sexual sense. From this verb come <em>amans</em>&mdash;a lover, amator, &quot;professional lover,&quot; often with the accessory notion of lechery&mdash;and <em>amica</em>, &quot;girlfriend&quot; in the English sense, often as well being applied euphemistically to a prostitute. The corresponding noun is <em>amor</em>, which is also used in the plural form to indicate love affairs or sexual adventures. This same root also produces <em>amicus</em>&mdash;&quot;friend&quot;&mdash;and <em>amicitia</em>, &quot;friendship&quot; (often based to mutual advantage, and corresponding sometimes more closely to &quot;indebtedness&quot; or &quot;influence&quot;). Cicero wrote a treatise called <em>On Friendship</em> (<em>de Amicitia</em>), which discusses the notion at some length. Ovid wrote a guide to dating called </font><em><font color="#000000">Ars Amatoria</font></em><font color="#000000"> (<em>The Art of Love</em>), which addresses, in depth, everything from extramarital affairs to overprotective parents.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000">Complicating the picture somewhat, Latin sometimes uses <em>amāre</em> where English would simply say <em>to like</em>. This notion, however, is much more generally expressed in Latin by <em>placere</em> or <em>delectāre</em>, which are used more colloquially, the latter used frequently in the love poetry of </font><font color="#000000">Catullus</font><font color="#000000">.</font></p> <p><em><font color="#000000">Diligere</font></em><font color="#000000"> often has the notion &quot;to be affectionate for,&quot; &quot;to esteem,&quot; and rarely if ever is used for romantic love. This word would be appropriate to describe the friendship of two men. The corresponding noun <em>diligentia</em>, however, has the meaning of &quot;diligence&quot; or &quot;carefulness,&quot; and has little semantic overlap with the verb.</font></p> <p><em><font color="#000000">Observare</font></em><font color="#000000"> is a synonym for <em>diligere</em>; despite the cognate with English, this verb and its corresponding noun, <em>observantia</em>, often denote &quot;esteem&quot; or &quot;affection.&quot;</font></p> <p><em><font color="#000000">Caritas</font></em><font color="#000000"> is used in Latin translations of the Christian Bible to mean &quot;charitable love&quot;; this meaning, however, is not found in Classical pagan Roman literature. As it arises from a conflation with a Greek word, there is no corresponding verb.</font></p> <p><font color="#000000"></font></p> <p><font color="#000000">In </font><font color="#000000">Hebrew</font><font color="#000000">, <em>Ahava</em> is the most commonly used term for both interpersonal love and love of God.</font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2> <div style="-moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2" class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-oxford-0"><strong><font color="#000000">^</font></strong><font color="#000000"> <em>Oxford Illustrated American Dictionary</em> (1998) + <em>Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary</em> (2000) </font></li> <li id="cite_note-PlatonicSchool-1"><strong><font color="#000000">^</font></strong><font color="#000000"> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFKristeller1980" class="book">Kristeller, Paul Oskar (1980). <em><span>Renaissance Thought and the Arts: Collected Essays</span></em>. Princeton University. ISBN 0-691-02010-8.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Renaissance+Thought+and+the+Arts%3A+Collected+Essays&amp;rft.aulast=Kristeller&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul+Oskar&amp;rft.au=Kristeller%2C+Paul+Oskar&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University&amp;rft.isbn=0-691-02010-8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-Gita-2"><strong><font color="#000000">^</font></strong><font color="#000000"> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFMascar.C3.B32003" class="book">Mascar&oacute;, Juan (2003). <em><span>The Bhagavad Gita</span></em>. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-140-44918-3.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Bhagavad+Gita&amp;rft.aulast=Mascar%C3%B3&amp;rft.aufirst=Juan&amp;rft.au=Mascar%C3%B3%2C+Juan&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&amp;rft.isbn=0-140-44918-3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> (J. Mascar&oacute;, translator) </font></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><font color="#000000">^</font></strong><font color="#000000"> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFKay1984">Kay, Paul (March 1984). &quot;What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?&quot;. <em>American Anthropologist</em>. New Series <strong>86</strong> (1): pp. 65&ndash;79. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1525/aa.1984.86.1.02a00050</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=What+is+the+Sapir-Whorf+Hypothesis%3F&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&amp;rft.aulast=Kay&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.au=Kay%2C+Paul&amp;rft.date=March+1984&amp;rft.series=New+Series&amp;rft.volume=86&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=pp.+65%26ndash%3B79&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1525%2Faa.1984.86.1.02a00050&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><strong><font color="#000000">^</font></strong><font color="#000000"> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class="web">&quot;Ancient Love Poetry&quot;<span class="printonly">. http://www.TrueOpenLove.org/reference/AncientLovePoetry.html</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Ancient+Love+Poetry&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.TrueOpenLove.org%2Freference%2FAncientLovePoetry.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><strong><font color="#000000">^</font></strong><font color="#000000"> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFLeibniz" class="web">Leibniz, Gottfried. &quot;Confessio philosophi&quot;. Wikisource edition<span class="printonly">. http://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Confessio_philosophi</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Confessio+philosophi&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Leibniz&amp;rft.aufirst=Gottfried&amp;rft.au=Leibniz%2C+Gottfried&amp;rft.pub=Wikisource+edition&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fla.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConfessio_philosophi&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><strong><font color="#000000">^</font></strong><font color="#000000"> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFDiscoveryHealth" class="web">DiscoveryHealth. &quot;Paraphilia&quot;<span class="printonly">. http://health.discovery.com/centers/sex/sexpedia/paraphilia.html</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2007-12-16</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Paraphilia&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=DiscoveryHealth&amp;rft.au=DiscoveryHealth&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhealth.discovery.com%2Fcenters%2Fsex%2Fsexpedia%2Fparaphilia.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-7"><font color="#000000">^ </font>^{<em><strong><font color="#000000" size="2">a</font></strong></em>}<font color="#000000"> </font>^{<em><strong><font color="#000000" size="2">b</font></strong></em>}<font color="#000000"> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFLewisAmini.2C_F..2C_.26_Lannon.2C_R.2000" class="book">Lewis, Thomas; Amini, F., &amp; Lannon, R. (2000). <em><span>A General Theory of Love</span></em>. Random House. ISBN 0-375-70922-3.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+General+Theory+of+Love&amp;rft.aulast=Lewis&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas&amp;rft.au=Lewis%2C+Thomas&amp;rft.au=Amini%2C+F.%2C+%26+Lannon%2C+R.&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.pub=Random+House&amp;rft.isbn=0-375-70922-3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-human-8"><font color="#000000">^ </font>^{<em><strong><font color="#000000" size="2">a</font></strong></em>}<font color="#000000"> </font>^{<em><strong><font color="#000000" size="2">b</font></strong></em>}<font color="#000000"> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFWinston2004" class="book">Winston, Robert (2004). <em><span>Human</span></em>. Smithsonian Institution.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Human&amp;rft.aulast=Winston&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.au=Winston%2C+Robert&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BSmithsonian+Institution%5D%5D&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><strong><font color="#000000">^</font></strong><font color="#000000"> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFEmanuele.2C_E.Polliti.2C_P..3B_Bianchi.2C_M..3B_Minoretti.2C_P..3B_Bertona.2C_M..3B_.26_Geroldi.2C_D2005">Emanuele, E.; Polliti, P.; Bianchi, M.; Minoretti, P.; Bertona, M.; &amp; Geroldi, D (2005). &quot;Raised plasma nerve growth factor levels associated with early-stage romantic love&quot;. <em>Psychoneuroendocrinology</em> <strong>Sept. 05</strong><span class="printonly">. http://www.biopsychiatry.com/lovengf.htm</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Raised+plasma+nerve+growth+factor+levels+associated+with+early-stage+romantic+love&amp;rft.jtitle=Psychoneuroendocrinology&amp;rft.aulast=Emanuele%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Emanuele%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Polliti%2C+P.%3B+Bianchi%2C+M.%3B+Minoretti%2C+P.%3B+Bertona%2C+M.%3B+%26+Geroldi%2C+D&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=Sept.+05&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biopsychiatry.com%2Flovengf.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><strong><font color="#000000">^</font></strong><font color="#000000"> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFRubin1970">Rubin, Zick (1970). &quot;Measurement of Romantic Love&quot;. <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</em> <strong>16</strong>: 265&ndash;27. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1037/h0029841</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Measurement+of+Romantic+Love&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&amp;rft.aulast=Rubin&amp;rft.aufirst=Zick&amp;rft.au=Rubin%2C+Zick&amp;rft.date=1970&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.pages=265%26ndash%3B27&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1037%2Fh0029841&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><strong><font color="#000000">^</font></strong><font color="#000000"> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFRubin1973" class="book">Rubin, Zick (1973). <em><span>Liking and Loving: an invitation to social psychology</span></em>. New York: Holt, Rinehart &amp; Winston.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Liking+and+Loving%3A+an+invitation+to+social+psychology&amp;rft.aulast=Rubin&amp;rft.aufirst=Zick&amp;rft.au=Rubin%2C+Zick&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+%26+Winston&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><strong><font color="#000000">^</font></strong><font color="#000000"> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFBerscheidWalster.2C_Elaine.2C_H.1969" class="book">Berscheid, Ellen; Walster, Elaine, H. (1969). <em><span>Interpersonal Attraction</span></em>. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. CCCN 69-17443.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Interpersonal+Attraction&amp;rft.aulast=Berscheid&amp;rft.aufirst=Ellen&amp;rft.au=Berscheid%2C+Ellen&amp;rft.au=Walster%2C+Elaine%2C+H.&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Publishing+Co&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-peck-13"><strong><font color="#000000">^</font></strong><font color="#000000"> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFPeck1978" class="book">Peck, Scott (1978). <em><span>The Road Less Traveled</span></em>. Simon &amp; Schuster. p.&nbsp;169. ISBN 0-671-25067-1.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Road+Less+Traveled&amp;rft.aulast=Peck&amp;rft.aufirst=Scott&amp;rft.au=Peck%2C+Scott&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B169&amp;rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&amp;rft.isbn=0-671-25067-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-vatican1-14"><font color="#000000">^ </font>^{<em><strong><font color="#000000" size="2">a</font></strong></em>}<font color="#000000"> </font>^{<em><strong><font color="#000000" size="2">b</font></strong></em>}<font color="#000000"> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFPope_Benedict_XVI" class="web">Pope Benedict XVI. &quot;papal encyclical, Deus Caritas Est.&quot;<span class="printonly">. http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20051225_deus-caritas-est_en.html</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=papal+encyclical%2C+Deus+Caritas+Est.&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Pope+Benedict+XVI&amp;rft.au=Pope+Benedict+XVI&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fbenedict_xvi%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xvi_enc_20051225_deus-caritas-est_en.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> </ol> </div> <p><font color="#000000"><a id="Sources" name="Sources"></a></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Sources</font></span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFChadwick1998" class="book">Chadwick, Henry (1998). <em><span>Saint Augustine Confessions</span></em>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Saint+Augustine+Confessions&amp;rft.aulast=Chadwick&amp;rft.aufirst=Henry&amp;rft.au=Chadwick%2C+Henry&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFFisher" class="book">Fisher, Helen. <em><span>Why We Love: the Nature and Chemistry of Romantic Love</span></em>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Why+We+Love%3A+the+Nature+and+Chemistry+of+Romantic+Love&amp;rft.aulast=Fisher&amp;rft.aufirst=Helen&amp;rft.au=Fisher%2C+Helen&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFSinger1966" class="book"><font color="#000000">Singer, Irving (1966). <em><span>The Nature of Love</span></em> (v.1 reprinted and later volumes from The University of Chicago Press, 1984 ed.). Random House. </font><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-226-76094-4</font><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><font color="#000000"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Love&amp;rft.aulast=Singer&amp;rft.aufirst=Irving&amp;rft.au=Singer%2C+Irving&amp;rft.date=1966&amp;rft.edition=v.1+reprinted+and+later+volumes+from+The+University+of+Chicago+Press%2C+1984&amp;rft.pub=Random+House&amp;rft.isbn=0-226-76094-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFSternberg.2C_R.J.1986"><font color="#000000">Sternberg, R.J. (1986). &quot;A triangular theory of love&quot;. <em>Psychological Review</em> <strong>93</strong>: 119&ndash;135. </font><font color="#000000">doi</font><font color="#000000">:<span class="neverexpand">10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.119</span>.</font></cite><font color="#000000"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A+triangular+theory+of+love&amp;rft.jtitle=Psychological+Review&amp;rft.aulast=Sternberg%2C+R.J.&amp;rft.au=Sternberg%2C+R.J.&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.volume=93&amp;rft.pages=119%26ndash%3B135&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1037%2F0033-295X.93.2.119&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFSternberg.2C_R.J.1987"><font color="#000000">Sternberg, R.J. (1987). &quot;Liking versus loving: A comparative evaluation of theories&quot;. <em>Psychological Bulletin</em> <strong>102</strong>: 331&ndash;345. </font><font color="#000000">doi</font><font color="#000000">:<span class="neverexpand">10.1037/0033-2909.102.3.331</span>.</font></cite><font color="#000000"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Liking+versus+loving%3A+A+comparative+evaluation+of+theories&amp;rft.jtitle=Psychological+Bulletin&amp;rft.aulast=Sternberg%2C+R.J.&amp;rft.au=Sternberg%2C+R.J.&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.volume=102&amp;rft.pages=331%26ndash%3B345&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1037%2F0033-2909.102.3.331&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFTennov1979" class="book"><font color="#000000">Tennov, Dorothy (1979). <em><span>Love and Limerence: the Experience of Being in Love</span></em>. New York: Stein and Day. </font><font color="#000000">ISBN 0-812-86134-5</font><font color="#000000">.</font></cite><font color="#000000"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Love+and+Limerence%3A+the+Experience+of+Being+in+Love&amp;rft.aulast=Tennov&amp;rft.aufirst=Dorothy&amp;rft.au=Tennov%2C+Dorothy&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Stein+and+Day&amp;rft.isbn=0-812-86134-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFWood_Samuel_E..2C_Ellen_Wood_and_Denise_Boyd2005" class="book">Wood Samuel E., Ellen Wood and Denise Boyd (2005). <em><span>The World of Psychology</span></em> (5th ed.). Pearson Education. p.&nbsp;402&ndash;403.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+World+of+Psychology&amp;rft.aulast=Wood+Samuel+E.%2C+Ellen+Wood+and+Denise+Boyd&amp;rft.au=Wood+Samuel+E.%2C+Ellen+Wood+and+Denise+Boyd&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B402%26ndash%3B403&amp;rft.edition=5th&amp;rft.pub=Pearson+Education&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000"><a id="See_also" name="See_also"></a></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">See also</font></span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">Love letter</font><font color="#000000"> </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Monogamy</font><font color="#000000"> </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">Haptic medicine</font><font color="#000000"> </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">A General Theory of Love</font><font color="#000000">, provides a social, historical, and biomedical framework overview of love. </font></li> </ul> <p><font color="#000000"><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></font></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">External links</font></span></h2> <ul> <li><font color="#000000">The Science of Love</font><font color="#000000"> </font></li> <li><font color="#000000">A whimsical overview of scientific research on love, with references</font><font color="#000000"> </font></li> </ul>

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