View source for Kudzu

<p><strong>Kudzu</strong> (<em>Pueraria lobata</em>, and possibly other species in the genus <em>Pueraria</em>; see <a href="#Taxonomy"><font color="#0645ad">taxonomy section</font></a> below) is a plant in the genus <em><a title="Pueraria" href="/wiki/Pueraria"><font color="#0645ad">Pueraria</font></a></em> in the <a title="Pea" href="/wiki/Pea"><font color="#0645ad">pea</font></a> family <a title="Fabaceae" href="/wiki/Fabaceae"><font color="#0645ad">Fabaceae</font></a>, subfamily <a title="Faboideae" href="/wiki/Faboideae"><font color="#0645ad">Faboideae</font></a>. It is a climbing, coiling, and trailing vine native to southern <a class="mw-redirect" title="Ecoregions in Japan" href="/wiki/Ecoregions_in_Japan"><font color="#0645ad">Japan</font></a> and south<a title="East China" href="/wiki/East_China"><font color="#0645ad">east China</font></a>. Its name comes from the <a title="Japanese language" href="/wiki/Japanese_language"><font color="#0645ad">Japanese name</font></a> for the plant, <em>Kuzu</em> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal">(<span lang="ja" class="t_nihongo_kanji" xml:lang="ja">クズ or 葛</span><span class="t_nihongo_help"><sup><a title="Help:Installing Japanese character sets" href="/wiki/Help:Installing_Japanese_character_sets"><span style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0.1em; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.1em; FONT: bold 80% sans-serif; COLOR: #00e; TEXT-DECORATION: none; PADDING-TOP: 0px"><font size="1">?</font></span></a></sup></span>)</span>.</p>
<p>Kudzu is sometimes called g&eacute; gēn<sup id="cite_ref-zooscape_0-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zooscape-0"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> (<a title="Chinese language" href="/wiki/Chinese_language"><font color="#0645ad">Chinese</font></a>: <span lang="zh" xml:lang="zh">葛根</span>), and (due to its out-of-control growth in the <a title="Southeastern United States" href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States"><font color="#0645ad">Southeastern United States</font></a>) has earned such pejorative <a title="Nickname" href="/wiki/Nickname"><font color="#0645ad">nicknames</font></a> as the &quot;foot-a-night vine&quot;, &quot;mile-a-minute vine&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-zooscape_0-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zooscape-0"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup>, and &quot;the vine that ate the <a title="Southern United States" href="/wiki/Southern_United_States"><font color="#0645ad">South</font></a>&quot; (of the United States).<sup id="cite_ref-scidai_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scidai-1"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup></p>
<p>In <a title="Vietnam" href="/wiki/Vietnam"><font color="#0645ad">Vietnam</font></a>, it is called <em>sắn d&acirc;y</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup></p>

<h2><span id="Taxonomy_and_nomenclature" class="mw-headline">Taxonomy and nomenclature</span></h2>
<p>Five species in the genus <em><a title="Pueraria" href="/wiki/Pueraria"><font color="#0645ad">Pueraria</font></a></em> are closely related and the name kudzu describes one or more of them. They are <em>P. montana</em>, <em>P. lobata</em>, <em>P. edulis</em>, <em>P. phaseoloides</em> and <em>P. thomsoni</em><sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from January 2010"><font size="2">[<em><a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"><font color="#0645ad">citation needed</font></a></em>]</font></sup>. The morphological differences between the five species are subtle, they can breed with each other, and it appears that introduced kudzu populations in the United States have ancestry from more than one of the species.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> The name <em>Pueraria thunbergiana</em> is a synonym for <em>Pueraria montana</em> var. <em>lobata</em>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><font color="#0645ad"><font size="2"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><font color="#0645ad"><font size="2"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup><sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Inline-Template" title="The text in the vicinity of this tag needs clarification or removal of jargon from January 2010"><font size="2">[<em><a title="Wikipedia:Please clarify" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"><font color="#0645ad">clarification needed</font></a></em>]</font></sup></p>
<h2><span id="Propagation" class="mw-headline">Propagation</span></h2>
<p>Kudzu <a title="Plant propagation" href="/wiki/Plant_propagation"><font color="#0645ad">spreads</font></a> by vegetative expansion, via <a title="Stolon" href="/wiki/Stolon"><font color="#0645ad">stolons</font></a> (runners) that <a title="Root" href="/wiki/Root"><font color="#0645ad">root</font></a> at the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Node (botany)" href="/wiki/Node_(botany)"><font color="#0645ad">nodes</font></a> to form new plants and by <a title="Rhizome" href="/wiki/Rhizome"><font color="#0645ad">rhizomes</font></a>. Kudzu will also spread by <a title="Seed" href="/wiki/Seed"><font color="#0645ad">seeds</font></a>, which are contained in pods and mature in the autumn, although this is rare.<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2009"><font size="2">[<em><a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"><font color="#0645ad">citation needed</font></a></em>]</font></sup> One or two viable seeds are produced per cluster of pods. The hard -coated seeds may not <a class="mw-redirect" title="Germinate" href="/wiki/Germinate"><font color="#0645ad">germinate</font></a> for several years, which can result in the re-appearance of the species years after it was thought eradicated at a site.<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2008"><font size="2">[<em><a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"><font color="#0645ad">citation needed</font></a></em>]</font></sup></p>
<h2><span id="Uses" class="mw-headline">Uses</span></h2>
<h3><span id="Soil_improvement_and_preservation" class="mw-headline">Soil improvement and preservation</span></h3>
<p>Kudzu has been used as a form of <a title="Erosion control" href="/wiki/Erosion_control"><font color="#0645ad">erosion control</font></a> and also to enhance the <a title="Soil" href="/wiki/Soil"><font color="#0645ad">soil</font></a>. As a <a title="Legume" href="/wiki/Legume"><font color="#0645ad">legume</font></a>, it increases the <a title="Nitrogen" href="/wiki/Nitrogen"><font color="#0645ad">nitrogen</font></a> in the soil via a <a class="mw-redirect" title="Symbiotic relationship" href="/wiki/Symbiotic_relationship"><font color="#0645ad">symbiotic relationship</font></a> with nitrogen-fixing <a title="Bacteria" href="/wiki/Bacteria"><font color="#0645ad">bacteria</font></a> in the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-appalachia_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appalachia-7"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> Its deep <a title="Taproot" href="/wiki/Taproot"><font color="#0645ad">taproots</font></a> also transfer valuable <a class="mw-redirect" title="Minerals" href="/wiki/Minerals"><font color="#0645ad">minerals</font></a> from the <a title="Subsoil" href="/wiki/Subsoil"><font color="#0645ad">subsoil</font></a> to the <a title="Topsoil" href="/wiki/Topsoil"><font color="#0645ad">topsoil</font></a>, thereby improving the topsoil. In the deforested section of the Central <a title="Amazon Basin" href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin"><font color="#0645ad">Amazon Basin</font></a> in <a title="Brazil" href="/wiki/Brazil"><font color="#0645ad">Brazil</font></a>, it has been used to improve the soil pore-space in <a title="Clay" href="/wiki/Clay"><font color="#0645ad">clay</font></a> latosols and thus freeing even more <a title="Water" href="/wiki/Water"><font color="#0645ad">water</font></a> for plants than in the soil prior to <a title="Deforestation" href="/wiki/Deforestation"><font color="#0645ad">deforestation</font></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brazil_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brazil-8"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup></p>
<h3><span id="Animal_feed" class="mw-headline">Animal feed</span></h3>
<p>Kudzu can be used by grazing animals as it is high in quality as a <a title="Fodder" href="/wiki/Fodder"><font color="#0645ad">forage</font></a> and greatly enjoyed by <a title="Livestock" href="/wiki/Livestock"><font color="#0645ad">livestock</font></a>. It can be enjoyed up until <a title="Frost" href="/wiki/Frost"><font color="#0645ad">frost</font></a> and even slightly after. Kudzu <a title="Hay" href="/wiki/Hay"><font color="#0645ad">hay</font></a> typically has a 15&ndash;18% crude protein content and over 60% total digestible nutrient value. The quality of it decreases, however, as <a title="Vine" href="/wiki/Vine"><font color="#0645ad">vine</font></a> content increases relative to the <a title="Leaf" href="/wiki/Leaf"><font color="#0645ad">leaf</font></a> content. Kudzu also has low forage yields despite its great deal of <a title="Cell growth" href="/wiki/Cell_growth"><font color="#0645ad">growth</font></a>, yielding around two to four tons of dry matter per <a title="Acre" href="/wiki/Acre"><font color="#0645ad">acre</font></a> annually. It is also difficult to bale due to its vining growth and its slowness in shedding <a title="Water" href="/wiki/Water"><font color="#0645ad">water</font></a>. This makes it necessary to place kudzu hay under sheltered protection after being baled. Kudzu is readily consumed by all types of grazing animals, yet frequent grazing over 3 to 4 years can ruin stands. Thus kudzu only serves well as a grazing crop on a temporary basis.<sup id="cite_ref-alabama_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alabama-9"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup></p>
<h3><span id="Medicine" class="mw-headline">Medicine</span></h3>
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Kudzu leaves</div>
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<p>The <a class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard" href="/wiki/Harvard"><font color="#0645ad">Harvard</font></a> Medical School is studying kudzu as a possible way to treat <a class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic" href="/wiki/Alcoholic"><font color="#0645ad">alcoholic</font></a> cravings, by turning an extracted compound from the herb into a medical drug.<sup id="cite_ref-alky5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alky5-10"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> The mechanism for this is not yet established, but it may have to do with both alcohol <a title="Metabolism" href="/wiki/Metabolism"><font color="#0645ad">metabolism</font></a> and the reward circuits in the brain.</p>
<p>Kudzu also contains a number of useful isoflavones, including <a title="Daidzein" href="/wiki/Daidzein"><font color="#0645ad">daidzein</font></a> (an <a title="Anti-inflammatory" href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory"><font color="#0645ad">anti-inflammatory</font></a> and <a title="Antimicrobial" href="/wiki/Antimicrobial"><font color="#0645ad">antimicrobial</font></a> agent). <a title="Daidzin" href="/wiki/Daidzin"><font color="#0645ad">Daidzin</font></a> is a <a title="Cancer" href="/wiki/Cancer"><font color="#0645ad">cancer</font></a> preventive and is structurally related to <a title="Genistein" href="/wiki/Genistein"><font color="#0645ad">genistein</font></a> (an <a title="Leukemia" href="/wiki/Leukemia"><font color="#0645ad">antileukemic</font></a> agent). Kudzu is a unique source of the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Isoflavone" href="/wiki/Isoflavone"><font color="#0645ad">isoflavone</font></a> <a title="Puerarin" href="/wiki/Puerarin"><font color="#0645ad">puerarin</font></a>. Kudzu root compounds can affect <a class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotransmitters" href="/wiki/Neurotransmitters"><font color="#0645ad">neurotransmitters</font></a> (including <a title="Serotonin" href="/wiki/Serotonin"><font color="#0645ad">serotonin</font></a>, <a class="mw-redirect" title="GABA" href="/wiki/GABA"><font color="#0645ad">GABA</font></a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate" href="/wiki/Glutamate"><font color="#0645ad">glutamate</font></a>.) It has shown value in treating <a title="Migraine" href="/wiki/Migraine"><font color="#0645ad">migraine</font></a> and <a title="Cluster headache" href="/wiki/Cluster_headache"><font color="#0645ad">cluster headaches</font></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-headache_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-headache-11"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> It is recommended for allergies and diarrhea.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup></p>
<p>Research in mice models suggests that kudzu is beneficial in women for control of some postmenopausal symptoms, such as hypertension and diabetes type II.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup></p>
<p>In <a title="Traditional Chinese medicine" href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine"><font color="#0645ad">traditional Chinese medicine</font></a>(TCM), where it is known as g&eacute; gēn (<a title="Chinese language" href="/wiki/Chinese_language"><font color="#0645ad">Chinese</font></a>: <span lang="zh" xml:lang="zh">葛根</span>), kudzu is considered one of the <a title="Chinese herbology" href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology#50_fundamental_herbs"><font color="#0645ad">50 fundamental herbs</font></a>. It is used to treat <a title="Tinnitus" href="/wiki/Tinnitus"><font color="#0645ad">tinnitus</font></a>, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Vertigo (medical)" href="/wiki/Vertigo_(medical)"><font color="#0645ad">vertigo</font></a>, and Wei syndrome (superficial heat close to the surface).<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from February 2007"><font size="2">[<em><a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"><font color="#0645ad">citation needed</font></a></em>]</font></sup></p>
<p>Kudzu has been traditionally been used as a remedy for alcoholism and hangover in China.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> The root was used to prevent excessive consumption, while the flower was supposed to detoxify the liver and alleviate the symptoms afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> Some TCM hangover remedies are marketed with kudzu as one of their active ingredients (e.g. <strong>Hangover Busters</strong>.)</p>
<h3><span id="Starch" class="mw-headline">Starch</span></h3>
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Kudzu starch cake</div>
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<p>The roots contain <a title="Starch" href="/wiki/Starch"><font color="#0645ad">starch</font></a>, which has traditionally been used as a food ingredient in East Asia.</p>
<p>In <a title="Vietnam" href="/wiki/Vietnam"><font color="#0645ad">Vietnam</font></a>, the starch called <em>bột sắn d&acirc;y</em> is flavoured with <a title="Pomelo" href="/wiki/Pomelo"><font color="#0645ad">pomelo</font></a> oil and then used as a drink in the summer.</p>
<h3><span id="Other_uses" class="mw-headline">Other uses</span></h3>
<p>In the <a title="Southern United States" href="/wiki/Southern_United_States"><font color="#0645ad">Southern United States</font></a>, kudzu is used to make <a title="Soap" href="/wiki/Soap"><font color="#0645ad">soaps</font></a>, <a title="Lotion" href="/wiki/Lotion"><font color="#0645ad">lotions</font></a>, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Jelly (fruit preserves)" href="/wiki/Jelly_(fruit_preserves)"><font color="#0645ad">jelly</font></a>, and <a title="Compost" href="/wiki/Compost"><font color="#0645ad">compost</font></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-basket_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-basket-16"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> It has even been suggested that kudzu may become a valuable asset for the production of <a title="Cellulosic ethanol" href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol"><font color="#0645ad">cellulosic ethanol</font></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup></p>
<p>The fiber is used traditionally<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> and has also been investigated for potential uses such as clothing, wallpaper, and paper.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup></p>
<h2><span id="Ecological_invasion" class="mw-headline">Ecological invasion</span></h2>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a title="Edit section: United States" href="/w/index.php?title=Kudzu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10"><font color="#0645ad">edit</font></a>]</span> <span id="United_States" class="mw-headline">United States</span></h3>
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Kudzu growing on trees</div>
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<p>Kudzu was introduced from <a title="Japan" href="/wiki/Japan"><font color="#0645ad">Japan</font></a> into the <a title="United States" href="/wiki/United_States"><font color="#0645ad">United States</font></a> in 1876 at the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Centennial Exposition" href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Centennial_Exposition"><font color="#0645ad">Philadelphia Centennial Exposition</font></a>, where it was promoted as a forage <a title="Agriculture" href="/wiki/Agriculture"><font color="#0645ad">crop</font></a> and an ornamental plant. From <a title="History of the Southern United States" href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States"><font color="#0645ad">1935 to the early 1950s</font></a>, the <a title="Natural Resources Conservation Service" href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service"><font color="#0645ad">Soil Conservation Service</font></a> encouraged farmers in the <a title="Southeastern United States" href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States"><font color="#0645ad">southeastern United States</font></a> to plant kudzu to reduce soil <a title="Erosion" href="/wiki/Erosion"><font color="#0645ad">erosion</font></a> as explained <a href="#Soil_improvement_and_preservation"><font color="#0645ad">above</font></a>. The <a title="Civilian Conservation Corps" href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps"><font color="#0645ad">Civilian Conservation Corps</font></a> planted it widely for many years.</p>
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Kudzu growing on shrubs</div>
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<p>It was subsequently discovered that the southeastern US has near-perfect conditions for kudzu to grow out of control &mdash; hot, humid summers, frequent rainfall, temperate winters with few hard freezes (kudzu cannot tolerate low <a title="Freezing" href="/wiki/Freezing"><font color="#0645ad">freezing</font></a> <a title="Temperature" href="/wiki/Temperature"><font color="#0645ad">temperatures</font></a> that bring the <a title="Frost line" href="/wiki/Frost_line"><font color="#0645ad">frost line</font></a> down through its entire root system, a rare occurrence in this region), and no natural predators. As such, the once-promoted plant was named a <a title="Weed" href="/wiki/Weed"><font color="#0645ad">pest weed</font></a> by the <a title="United States Department of Agriculture" href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture"><font color="#0645ad">United States Department of Agriculture</font></a> in 1953.</p>
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Infestation of Kudzu in the <a title="United States" href="/wiki/United_States"><font color="#0645ad">United States</font></a>.</div>
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<p>Kudzu is now common throughout most of the southeastern United States, and has been found as far northeast as <a title="Paterson, New Jersey" href="/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey"><font color="#0645ad">Paterson, New Jersey</font></a>, in <a title="List of counties in Illinois" href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Illinois"><font color="#0645ad">30 Illinois counties</font></a> including as far north as <a title="Evanston, Illinois" href="/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois"><font color="#0645ad">Evanston</font></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Illinois_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Illinois-21"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> and as far south as <a title="Key West, Florida" href="/wiki/Key_West,_Florida"><font color="#0645ad">Key West, Florida</font></a>.<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2008"><font size="2">[<em><a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"><font color="#0645ad">citation needed</font></a></em>]</font></sup> It has also been found growing in <a title="Clackamas County, Oregon" href="/wiki/Clackamas_County,_Oregon"><font color="#0645ad">Clackamas County, Oregon</font></a> in 2000 with no known source. This is the first infestation west of <a title="Texas" href="/wiki/Texas"><font color="#0645ad">Texas</font></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oregon_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oregon-22"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> Kudzu has naturalized into about 20,000 to 30,000 square kilometers (7,700&ndash;12,000&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi) of land in the United States and costs around $500 million annually in lost cropland and control costs.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup></p>
<h3><span id="Canada" class="mw-headline">Canada</span></h3>
<p>Kudzu was discovered July 2009 in a small patch, 110 metres wide and 30 metres deep, on a south-facing slope on the shore of Lake Erie near <a title="Leamington, Ontario" href="/wiki/Leamington,_Ontario"><font color="#0645ad">Leamington</font></a>, <a title="Ontario" href="/wiki/Ontario"><font color="#0645ad">Ontario</font></a>, about 50 kilometres southeast of <a title="Windsor, Ontario" href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario"><font color="#0645ad">Windsor</font></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup></p>
<p>Ecologist Gerald Waldron made the Leamington find while walking along the beach. He spotted the kudzu instantly, having read about its destructive expansion in the southeastern United States.<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from October 2009"><font size="2">[<em><a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"><font color="#0645ad">citation needed</font></a></em>]</font></sup></p>
<h3><span id="Other_countries" class="mw-headline">Other countries</span></h3>
<p>During <a title="World War II" href="/wiki/World_War_II"><font color="#0645ad">World War II</font></a>, kudzu was introduced to <a title="Vanuatu" href="/wiki/Vanuatu"><font color="#0645ad">Vanuatu</font></a> and <a title="Fiji" href="/wiki/Fiji"><font color="#0645ad">Fiji</font></a> by <a class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the United States" href="/wiki/Military_of_the_United_States"><font color="#0645ad">United States armed forces</font></a> to serve as <a title="Military camouflage" href="/wiki/Military_camouflage"><font color="#0645ad">camouflage</font></a> for equipment.<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from August 2008"><font size="2">[<em><a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"><font color="#0645ad">citation needed</font></a></em>]</font></sup> It is now a major weed.</p>
<p>Kudzu is also becoming a problem in <a title="Queensland" href="/wiki/Queensland"><font color="#0645ad">northeastern Australia</font></a>, and has been seen in isolated spots in <a title="Northern Italy" href="/wiki/Northern_Italy"><font color="#0645ad">Northern Italy</font></a> (<a class="mw-redirect" title="Lago Maggiore" href="/wiki/Lago_Maggiore"><font color="#0645ad">Lago Maggiore</font></a>).</p>
<h3><span id="Negative_effects" class="mw-headline">Negative effects</span></h3>
<p>Scientists at the <a title="University of Virginia" href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia"><font color="#0645ad">University of Virginia</font></a> and <a title="Columbia University" href="/wiki/Columbia_University"><font color="#0645ad">Columbia University</font></a> have discovered that the kudzu vine activates <a title="Isoprene" href="/wiki/Isoprene"><font color="#0645ad">isoprene</font></a>, <a title="Nitric oxide" href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide"><font color="#0645ad">nitric oxide</font></a>, and <a title="Nitrogen" href="/wiki/Nitrogen"><font color="#0645ad">nitrogen</font></a> in a chemical reaction which produces <a class="mw-redirect" title="Ground-level ozone" href="/wiki/Ground-level_ozone"><font color="#0645ad">ground-level ozone</font></a>. <a class="external autonumber" rel="nofollow" href="http://sync.sympatico.ca/News/ContentPosting_CBC?newsitemid=kudzu-ozone-study&amp;feedname=CBC-TECH-SCIENCE-V3&amp;show=False&amp;number=0&amp;showbyline=True&amp;subtitle=&amp;detect=&amp;abc=abc&amp;date=True"><font color="#3366bb">[1]</font></a></p>
<h2><span id="Control" class="mw-headline">Control</span></h2>
<p>According to <em><a class="mw-redirect" title="ScienceDaily" href="/wiki/ScienceDaily"><font color="#0645ad">ScienceDaily</font></a></em>, kudzu has been spreading in the southern U.S. at the rate of 150,000&nbsp;acres (61,000&nbsp;ha) annually, &quot;easily outpacing the use of herbicide spraying and mowing, as well increasing the costs of these controls by $6 million annually.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-scidai_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scidai-1"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> Its introduction has produced devastating environmental consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-blaustein_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blaustein-25"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup></p>
<h3><span id="Crown_removal" class="mw-headline">Crown removal</span></h3>
<p>For successful long-term control of kudzu, it is not necessary to destroy the entire root system, which can be quite large and deep. It is only necessary to use some method to kill or remove the kudzu root crown<sup id="cite_ref-kokudzu_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kokudzu-26"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> and all rooting runners. The root crown is a fibrous knob of tissue that sits on top of the root (rhizome). Crowns form from vine nodes that root to the ground, and range from pea-size to basketball-size.<sup id="cite_ref-kokudzu_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kokudzu-26"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> The older the crown, the deeper they tend to be found in the ground, because they are covered by sediment and plant debris over time. Nodes and crowns are the source of all kudzu vines, and roots cannot produce vines. If any portion of a root crown remains after attempted removal, the kudzu plant may grow back.</p>
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<div style="WIDTH: 222px" class="thumbinner"><a class="image" href="/wiki/File:ManualCrown06-05-26b.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="220" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/ManualCrown06-05-26b.jpg/220px-ManualCrown06-05-26b.jpg" /></a>
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<div class="magnify"><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="/wiki/File:ManualCrown06-05-26b.jpg"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></a></div>
Small kudzu crown severed from root using flexible pruning saw.</div>
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<p>Mechanical methods of control involve cutting off crowns from roots, usually just below ground level. This immediately kills the plant. Cutting off vines is not sufficient for an immediate kill. It is necessary to destroy all removed crown material. Buried crowns can regenerate into healthy kudzu. Transporting crowns in soil removed from a kudzu infestation is one common way that kudzu &quot;miraculously&quot; spreads and shows up in unexpected locations.</p>
<h3><span id="Mowing" class="mw-headline">Mowing</span></h3>
<p>Close mowing every week, regular heavy <a title="Grazing" href="/wiki/Grazing"><font color="#0645ad">grazing</font></a> for many successive years, or repeated <a title="Cultivation" href="/wiki/Cultivation"><font color="#0645ad">cultivation</font></a> may be effective, as this serves to deplete root reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-kokudzu_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kokudzu-26"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> If done in the spring, cutting off vines must be repeated as regrowth appears to exhaust the plant's stored <a title="Carbohydrate" href="/wiki/Carbohydrate"><font color="#0645ad">carbohydrate</font></a> reserves. Cut kudzu can be fed to livestock, burned, or composted, strides have been made in using it for vehicle fuel as <a title="Ethanol" href="/wiki/Ethanol"><font color="#0645ad">ethanol</font></a>.<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from January 2010"><font size="2">[<em><a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"><font color="#0645ad">citation needed</font></a></em>]</font></sup></p>
<h3><span id="Grazing" class="mw-headline">Grazing</span></h3>
<p>The city of <a title="Chattanooga, Tennessee" href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee"><font color="#0645ad">Chattanooga, Tennessee</font></a> has undertaken a trial program using <a title="Goat" href="/wiki/Goat"><font color="#0645ad">goats</font></a> and <a title="Llama" href="/wiki/Llama"><font color="#0645ad">llamas</font></a> that graze on the plant. The llamas serve double-duty as defense against predators due to their aggressive nature. As of 2007<sup style="DISPLAY: none" class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kudzu&amp;action=edit"><font color="#3366bb" size="2">[update]</font></a></sup> the goats are grazing along the <a title="Missionary Ridge" href="/wiki/Missionary_Ridge"><font color="#0645ad">Missionary Ridge</font></a> area in the east of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-chattanoogan_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chattanoogan-27"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup></p>
<h3><span id="Fire" class="mw-headline">Fire</span></h3>
<p><a class="mw-redirect" title="Prescribed burning" href="/wiki/Prescribed_burning"><font color="#0645ad">Prescribed burning</font></a> is also used on old extensive infestations to remove vegetative cover and promote seed germination for removal or treatment. It is usually done to prepare for treatment of the root crowns.<sup id="cite_ref-washington_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washington-28"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> Landscape equipment, such as a <a title="Skid loader" href="/wiki/Skid_loader"><font color="#0645ad">skid loader</font></a> (&quot;Bobcat&quot;), can also remove biomass. While fire is not an effective way to kill kudzu,<sup id="cite_ref-kokudzu_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kokudzu-26"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> equipment, such as skid loaders, can remove crowns and thereby kill kudzu with minimal disturbance of soil.<sup id="cite_ref-kokudzu_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kokudzu-26"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div style="WIDTH: 222px" class="thumbinner"><a class="image" href="/wiki/File:KudzuWV.jpg"><font color="#0645ad" size="2"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="220" height="179" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c4/KudzuWV.jpg/220px-KudzuWV.jpg" /></font></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="/wiki/File:KudzuWV.jpg"><img alt="" width="15" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" /></a></div>
Kudzu infestation along the <a title="Kanawha River" href="/wiki/Kanawha_River"><font color="#0645ad">Kanawha River</font></a> in <a title="West Virginia" href="/wiki/West_Virginia"><font color="#0645ad">West Virginia</font></a>.</div>
</div>
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<h3><span id="Herbicide" class="mw-headline">Herbicide</span></h3>
<p>To properly manage kudzu, stem cutting should be immediately followed with the application of a systemic <a title="Herbicide" href="/wiki/Herbicide"><font color="#0645ad">herbicide</font></a>; for example, <a title="Glyphosate" href="/wiki/Glyphosate"><font color="#0645ad">glyphosate</font></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SE_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SE-29"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> <a title="Triclopyr" href="/wiki/Triclopyr"><font color="#0645ad">Triclopyr</font></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SE_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SE-29"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> or <a class="mw-redirect" title="Tordon" href="/wiki/Tordon"><font color="#0645ad">Tordon</font></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MDC_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDC-30"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> directly on the cut stem.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-31"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> This process is an effective means of transporting the herbicide into the kudzu's extensive root system. The usage of herbicides can be combined with other methods of eradication and control, such as mowing, grazing, or burning, which can allow for an easier application of the chemical to the weakened plants.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> When it comes to large-scale forestry infestations, soil-active herbicides have been shown to be highly effective.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-31"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup></p>
<p>After initial herbicidal treatment, follow-up treatments and monitoring are usually necessary, depending on how long the kudzu has been growing in the area. It may require up to ten years of supervision, after the initial chemical placement, to make sure the plant does not return in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup></p>
<p>Herbicides which have been proven to be effective to control kudzu are claimed to be &quot;rather safe to humans, but generally lethal on most plants.&quot;<sup id="cite_ref-ACES_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACES-34"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup></p>
<h3><span id="Fungi" class="mw-headline">Fungi</span></h3>
<p>Since 1998, the <a title="United States Department of Agriculture" href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture"><font color="#0645ad">United States Department of Agriculture</font></a>, <a title="Agricultural Research Service" href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service"><font color="#0645ad">Agricultural Research Service</font></a> (ARS) has experimented with using the <a title="Fungus" href="/wiki/Fungus"><font color="#0645ad">fungus</font></a> <em><a title="Myrothecium verrucaria" href="/wiki/Myrothecium_verrucaria"><font color="#0645ad">Myrothecium verrucaria</font></a></em> as a biologically-based herbicide against kudzu.<sup id="cite_ref-scidai_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scidai-1"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> A <a title="Diacetylverrucarol" href="/wiki/Diacetylverrucarol"><font color="#0645ad">diacetylverrucarol</font></a> spray based on <em>M. verrucaria</em> works under a variety of conditions (including the absence of <a title="Dew" href="/wiki/Dew"><font color="#0645ad">dew</font></a>), causes minimal injury to many of the other woody plants in kudzu-infested habitats, and takes effect fast enough that kudzu treated with it in the morning starts showing evidence of damage by mid-afternoon.<sup id="cite_ref-scidai_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scidai-1"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> Initial formulations of the herbicide produced toxic levels of <a title="Trichothecene" href="/wiki/Trichothecene"><font color="#0645ad">trichothecene</font></a> as a by-product, though the ARS discovered that growing <em>M. verrucaria</em> in a <a class="mw-redirect" title="Fermenter" href="/wiki/Fermenter"><font color="#0645ad">fermenter</font></a> on a liquid instead of a solid diet limited or eliminated the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-scidai_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scidai-1"><font size="2"><font color="#0645ad"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup></p>
<h2><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2>
<ul>
    <li><a title="Chinese herbology" href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology#50_fundamental_herbs"><font color="#0645ad">Chinese herbology</font></a> </li>
    <li><a title="Daidzein" href="/wiki/Daidzein"><font color="#0645ad">Daidzein</font></a> </li>
    <li><a title="Daidzin" href="/wiki/Daidzin"><font color="#0645ad">Daidzin</font></a> </li>
    <li><a title="Puerarin" href="/wiki/Puerarin"><font color="#0645ad">Puerarin</font></a> </li>
</ul>
<h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2>
<div style="MARGIN-LEFT: 1.5em" class="references-small">
<ul>
    <li><em>Part of this article<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Inline-Template" title="The text preceeding this tag needs specification from July 2009"><font size="2">[<em><a title="Wikipedia:Citing sources" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"><font color="#0645ad">specify</font></a></em>]</font></sup> was based on content from <a title="Public domain" href="/wiki/Public_domain"><font color="#0645ad">public domain</font></a> web pages from the <a class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Park Service" href="/wiki/United_States_National_Park_Service"><font color="#0645ad">United States National Park Service</font></a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" title="United States Bureau of Land Management" href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Land_Management"><font color="#0645ad">United States Bureau of Land Management</font></a></em> </li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="-moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2" class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2">
<ol class="references">
    <li id="cite_note-zooscape-0">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zooscape_0-0"><sup><em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></strong></em></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zooscape_0-1"><sup><em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></strong></em></sup></a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.zooscape.com/cgi-bin/maitred/ZooRide/fountainheadgreen/questt100256/critiquet100256/trait106511"><font color="#3366bb">Kudzu</font></a> from zooscape.com (an online retailer) </li>
    <li id="cite_note-scidai-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scidai_1-0"><sup><em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></strong></em></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scidai_1-1"><sup><em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></strong></em></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scidai_1-2"><sup><em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">c</font></strong></em></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scidai_1-3"><sup><em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">d</font></strong></em></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scidai_1-4"><sup><em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">e</font></strong></em></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090719185107.htm"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Controlling Kudzu With Naturally Occurring Fungus&quot;</font></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="ScienceDaily" href="/wiki/ScienceDaily"><font color="#0645ad">ScienceDaily</font></a>. July 20, 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090719185107.htm"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090719185107.htm</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-07-20</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Controlling+Kudzu+With+Naturally+Occurring+Fungus&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=July+20%2C+2009&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BScienceDaily%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2009%2F07%2F090719185107.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kudzu"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-2"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://vdict.com/sắn%20dây,2,0,0.html"><font color="#3366bb">Kudzu in Vietnamese (Translator)</font></a> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span id="CITEREFD._K._Jewett.2C_C._J._Jiang.2C_K._O._Britton.2C_J._H._Sun_and_J._Tang2003" class="citation">D. K. Jewett, C. J. Jiang, K. O. Britton, J. H. Sun and J. Tang (1 September 2003), <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/4034173"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Characterizing Specimens of Kudzu and Related Taxa with RAPD's&quot;</font></a>, <em>Castanea</em> <strong>68</strong> (3): 254&ndash;260, <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:10.2307/4034173 (inactive 2009-09-06), <a title="International Standard Serial Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISSN</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/00087475"><font color="#3366bb">00087475</font></a><span class="printonly">, <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/4034173"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.jstor.org/stable/4034173</font></a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Characterizing+Specimens+of+Kudzu+and+Related+Taxa+with+RAPD%27s&amp;rft.jtitle=Castanea&amp;rft.aulast=D.+K.+Jewett%2C+C.+J.+Jiang%2C+K.+O.+Britton%2C+J.+H.+Sun+and+J.+Tang&amp;rft.au=D.+K.+Jewett%2C+C.+J.+Jiang%2C+K.+O.+Britton%2C+J.+H.+Sun+and+J.+Tang&amp;rft.date=1+September+2003&amp;rft.volume=68&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=254%E2%80%93260&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.2307%2F4034173&amp;rft.issn=00087475&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4034173&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kudzu"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-4"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span id="CITEREFSun2005" class="citation">Sun, J H (2005), &quot;Genetic diversity of Pueraria lobata (kudzu) and closely related taxa as revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat analysis&quot;, <em>Weed Research</em> <strong>45</strong>: 255, <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3180.2005.00462.x"><font color="#3366bb">10.1111/j.1365-3180.2005.00462.x</font></a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Genetic+diversity+of+Pueraria+lobata+%28kudzu%29+and+closely+related+taxa+as+revealed+by+inter-simple+sequence+repeat+analysis&amp;rft.jtitle=Weed+Research&amp;rft.aulast=Sun&amp;rft.aufirst=J+H&amp;rft.au=Sun%2C%26%2332%3BJ+H&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.volume=45&amp;rft.pages=255&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3180.2005.00462.x&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kudzu"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-5"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-5"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&amp;search_value=519768"><font color="#3366bb">Pueraria thunbergiana (Sieb. &amp; Zucc.) Benth. (TSN 519768)</font></a>. <a title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System" href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System"><font color="#0645ad">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</font></a>. Retrieved on November 3, 2009 {{{year}}}. </li>
    <li id="cite_note-6"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-6"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?30359"><font color="#3366bb">Pueraria thunbergiana (Siebold &amp; Zucc.) Benth.</font></a>, GRIN Taxonomy for Plants, accessed November 3, 2009 </li>
    <li id="cite_note-appalachia-7"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-appalachia_7-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation web">Amanda Allen (2000). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.a-spi.org/tp/tp55.htm"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Kudzu in Appalachia&quot;</font></a>. <em>ASPI Technical Series TP 55</em>. Appalachia -- Science in the Public Interest<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.a-spi.org/tp/tp55.htm"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.a-spi.org/tp/tp55.htm</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 20, 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Kudzu+in+Appalachia&amp;rft.atitle=ASPI+Technical+Series+TP+55&amp;rft.aulast=Amanda+Allen&amp;rft.au=Amanda+Allen&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.pub=Appalachia+--+Science+in+the+Public+Interest&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.a-spi.org%2Ftp%2Ftp55.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kudzu"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-brazil-8"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-brazil_8-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation web">Chauvel, A; Grimaldi, M; Tessier, D (1991). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&amp;collection=ENV&amp;recid=2524557&amp;q=kudzu+soil&amp;uid=789920646&amp;setcookie=yes"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Changes in soil pore-space distribution following deforestation and revegetation: An example from the Central Amazon Basin, Brazil.&quot;</font></a>. <em>Forest Ecology and Management</em>. ProQuest<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&amp;collection=ENV&amp;recid=2524557&amp;q=kudzu+soil&amp;uid=789920646&amp;setcookie=yes"><font color="#3366bb">http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&amp;collection=ENV&amp;recid=2524557&amp;q=kudzu+soil&amp;uid=789920646&amp;setcookie=yes</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 20, 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Changes+in+soil+pore-space+distribution+following+deforestation+and+revegetation%3A+An+example+from+the+Central+Amazon+Basin%2C+Brazil.&amp;rft.atitle=Forest+Ecology+and+Management&amp;rft.aulast=Chauvel%2C+A%3B+Grimaldi%2C+M%3B+Tessier%2C+D&amp;rft.au=Chauvel%2C+A%3B+Grimaldi%2C+M%3B+Tessier%2C+D&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.pub=ProQuest&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmd1.csa.com%2Fpartners%2Fviewrecord.php%3Frequester%3Dgs%26collection%3DENV%26recid%3D2524557%26q%3Dkudzu%2Bsoil%26uid%3D789920646%26setcookie%3Dyes&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kudzu"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-alabama-9"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-alabama_9-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation web">John Everest, James Miller, Donald Ball, Mike Patterson (1999). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0065/"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Kudzu in Alabama: History, Uses, and Control&quot;</font></a>. Alabama Cooperative Extension System<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0065/"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0065/</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 20, 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Kudzu+in+Alabama%3A+History%2C+Uses%2C+and+Control&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=John+Everest%2C+James+Miller%2C+Donald+Ball%2C+Mike+Patterson&amp;rft.au=John+Everest%2C+James+Miller%2C+Donald+Ball%2C+Mike+Patterson&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.pub=Alabama+Cooperative+Extension+System&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fpubs%2Fdocs%2FA%2FANR-0065%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kudzu"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-alky5-10"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-alky5_10-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation web">Associated Press (2006). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7884540/"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Got a drinking problem? Try kudzu&quot;</font></a>. MSNBC<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7884540/"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7884540/</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 20, 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Got+a+drinking+problem%3F+Try+kudzu&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Associated+Press&amp;rft.au=Associated+Press&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.pub=MSNBC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F7884540%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kudzu"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-headache-11"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-headache_11-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://med-owl.com/clusterheadaches/tiki-index.php?page=Kudzu"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Kudzu&quot;</font></a>. Med-owl.com. 2006<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://med-owl.com/clusterheadaches/tiki-index.php?page=Kudzu"><font color="#3366bb">http://med-owl.com/clusterheadaches/tiki-index.php?page=Kudzu</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 20, 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Kudzu&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.pub=Med-owl.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmed-owl.com%2Fclusterheadaches%2Ftiki-index.php%3Fpage%3DKudzu&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kudzu"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-12"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-12"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> Duke J. <em>The Green Pharmacy, The Ultimate Compendium of Natural Remedies from the World's Foremost Authority on Healing and Herbs</em>, 1997. Pp. 57; 281-282; 310. </li>
    <li id="cite_note-13"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-13"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070809101540.htm"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Grapes, Soy And Kudzu Blunt Some Menopausal Side Effects&quot;</font></a>, <em>Science Daily</em>, 7 Aug 2007 </li>
    <li id="cite_note-14"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-14"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://altmedicine.about.com/od/herbsupplementguide/a/herbs_alcohol.htm"><font color="#3366bb">http://altmedicine.about.com/od/herbsupplementguide/a/herbs_alcohol.htm</font></a> Kudzu root, a starchy white root native to Japan and China, has been used for in traditional Chinese medicine to reduce alcohol intake and hangovers. </li>
    <li id="cite_note-15"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-15"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/69276.cfm#MechanismOfAction"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/69276.cfm#MechanismOfAction</font></a> The flowers of Pueraria thunbergiana exhibit protective effects against ethanol-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells </li>
    <li id="cite_note-basket-16"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-basket_16-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation web">Jeffrey Collins (2003). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dukeemployees.com/offthewall2.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;If You Can&rsquo;t Beat Kudzu, Join It&quot;</font></a>. <em>Off the Wall</em>. Duke Energy Employee Advocate<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dukeemployees.com/offthewall2.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.dukeemployees.com/offthewall2.shtml</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 20, 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=If+You+Can%E2%80%99t+Beat+Kudzu%2C+Join+It&amp;rft.atitle=Off+the+Wall&amp;rft.aulast=Jeffrey+Collins&amp;rft.au=Jeffrey+Collins&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.pub=Duke+Energy+Employee+Advocate&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dukeemployees.com%2Foffthewall2.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kudzu"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-17"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-17"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> Richard G. Lugar, R. James Woolsey. The New Petroleum. Foreign Affairs. 1999. Vol. 78, No 1. p. 88. </li>
    <li id="cite_note-18"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-18"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span id="CITEREFLarry_W._Mitich" class="citation">Larry W. Mitich (Jan. - Mar., 2000), <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3988532"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Kudzu (Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi)&quot;</font></a>, <em>Weed Technology</em> <strong>14</strong> (1): 231&ndash;235, <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1614%2F0890-037X%282000%29014%5B0231%3AKPLWO%5D2.0.CO%3B2"><font color="#3366bb">10.1614/0890-037X(2000)014[0231:KPLWO]2.0.CO;2</font></a><span class="printonly">, <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3988532"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.jstor.org/stable/3988532</font></a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Kudzu+%28Pueraria+lobata+%28Willd.%29+Ohwi%29&amp;rft.jtitle=Weed+Technology&amp;rft.aulast=Larry+W.+Mitich&amp;rft.au=Larry+W.+Mitich&amp;rft.date=Jan.+-+Mar.%2C+2000&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=231%E2%80%93235&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1614%2F0890-037X%282000%29014%5B0231%3AKPLWO%5D2.0.CO%3B2&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3988532&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kudzu"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-19"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-19"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span id="CITEREFRobert_D._Tanner.2C_S._Shahid_Hussain.2C_Lindsey_A._Hamilton_and_Frederick_T._Wolf1979" class="citation">Robert D. Tanner, S. Shahid Hussain, Lindsey A. Hamilton and Frederick T. Wolf (October 1979), <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/h5282683q7451772/"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Kudzu (Pueraria Lobata): Potential agricultural and industrial resource&quot;</font></a>, <em>Economic Botany</em> <strong>33</strong> (4): 400&ndash;412, <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:10.1007/BF02858336 (inactive 5 Jan 2010), <a title="International Standard Serial Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISSN</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1874-9364"><font color="#3366bb">1874-9364</font></a><span class="printonly">, <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/h5282683q7451772/"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.springerlink.com/content/h5282683q7451772/</font></a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Kudzu+%28Pueraria+Lobata%29%3A+Potential+agricultural+and+industrial+resource&amp;rft.jtitle=Economic+Botany&amp;rft.aulast=Robert+D.+Tanner%2C+S.+Shahid+Hussain%2C+Lindsey+A.+Hamilton+and+Frederick+T.+Wolf&amp;rft.au=Robert+D.+Tanner%2C+S.+Shahid+Hussain%2C+Lindsey+A.+Hamilton+and+Frederick+T.+Wolf&amp;rft.date=October+1979&amp;rft.volume=33&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=400%E2%80%93412&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF02858336&amp;rft.issn=1874-9364&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh5282683q7451772%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kudzu"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-20"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-20"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span id="CITEREFSibel_Uludag.2C_Veara_Loha.2C_Ales_Prokop_and_Robert_D._Tanner1996" class="citation">Sibel Uludag, Veara Loha, Ales Prokop and Robert D. Tanner (March, 1996), &quot;The effect of fermentation (retting) time and harvest time on kudzu (Pueraria lobata) fiber strength&quot;, <em>Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology</em> <strong>57-58</strong> (1): 75&ndash;84, <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font color="#0645ad">doi</font></a>:<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02941690"><font color="#3366bb">10.1007/BF02941690</font></a>, <a title="International Standard Serial Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number"><font color="#0645ad">ISSN</font></a>&nbsp;<a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1599-0291"><font color="#3366bb">1599-0291</font></font></font></strong></span></a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+effect+of+fermentation+%28retting%29+time+and+harvest+time+on+kudzu+%28Pueraria+lobata%29+fiber+strength&amp;rft.jtitle=Applied+Biochemistry+and+Biotechnology&amp;rft.aulast=Sibel+Uludag%2C+Veara+Loha%2C+Ales+Prokop+and+Robert+D.+Tanner&amp;rft.au=Sibel+Uludag%2C+Veara+Loha%2C+Ales+Prokop+and+Robert+D.+Tanner&amp;rft.date=March%2C+1996&amp;rft.volume=57-58&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=75%E2%80%9384&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF02941690&amp;rft.issn=1599-0291&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kudzu"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-Illinois-21"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Illinois_21-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation web">Molly McElroy (2005). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.news.uiuc.edu/NEWS/05/1020kudzu.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Fast-growing kudzu making inroads in Illinois, authorities warn&quot;</font></a>. News Bureau, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.news.uiuc.edu/NEWS/05/1020kudzu.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.news.uiuc.edu/NEWS/05/1020kudzu.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 28, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Fast-growing+kudzu+making+inroads+in+Illinois%2C+authorities+warn&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Molly+McElroy&amp;rft.au=Molly+McElroy&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pub=News+Bureau%2C+University+of+Illinois+at+Urbana-Champaign&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.uiuc.edu%2FNEWS%2F05%2F1020kudzu.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kudzu"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-oregon-22"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-oregon_22-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation web">Oregon Department of Agriculture (2000). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20061108013727/http://www.oda.state.or.us/information/news/2000/kudzu.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Serious noxious weed found in Oregon for first time&quot;</font></a>. Internet Archive, The<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20061108013727/http://www.oda.state.or.us/information/news/2000/kudzu.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://web.archive.org/web/20061108013727/http://www.oda.state.or.us/information/news/2000/kudzu.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 20, 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Serious+noxious+weed+found+in+Oregon+for+first+time&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Oregon+Department+of+Agriculture&amp;rft.au=Oregon+Department+of+Agriculture&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.pub=Internet+Archive%2C+The&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20061108013727%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.oda.state.or.us%2Finformation%2Fnews%2F2000%2Fkudzu.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kudzu"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-23"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-23"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.treepower.org/cogongrass/nyt-cogongrass.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Cogon Grass Becoming Scourge of the South&quot;</font></a>. Associated Press. October 20, 2003<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.treepower.org/cogongrass/nyt-cogongrass.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.treepower.org/cogongrass/nyt-cogongrass.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Cogon+Grass+Becoming+Scourge+of+the+South&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=October+20%2C+2003&amp;rft.pub=Associated+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treepower.org%2Fcogongrass%2Fnyt-cogongrass.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kudzu"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-24"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-24"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://ckdp.ca/kudzu-invasion-of-the-killer-vines-or-a-tempest-in-a-teapot/"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Kudzu: Invasion of the killer vines or a tempest in a teapot?&quot;</font></a>. Chatham-Kent Daily Post. September 27, 2009<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://ckdp.ca/kudzu-invasion-of-the-killer-vines-or-a-tempest-in-a-teapot/"><font color="#3366bb">http://ckdp.ca/kudzu-invasion-of-the-killer-vines-or-a-tempest-in-a-teapot/</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-04-20</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Kudzu%3A+Invasion+of+the+killer+vines+or+a+tempest+in+a+teapot%3F&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=September+27%2C+2009&amp;rft.pub=Chatham-Kent+Daily+Post&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fckdp.ca%2Fkudzu-invasion-of-the-killer-vines-or-a-tempest-in-a-teapot%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kudzu"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-blaustein-25"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-blaustein_25-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation web">Richard J. Blaustein (2001). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_blaustein001.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Kudzu's invasion into Southern United States life and culture&quot;</font></a> (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_blaustein001.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_blaustein001.pdf</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 20, 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Kudzu%27s+invasion+into+Southern+United+States+life+and+culture&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Richard+J.+Blaustein&amp;rft.au=Richard+J.+Blaustein&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srs.fs.usda.gov%2Fpubs%2Fja%2Fja_blaustein001.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kudzu"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-kokudzu-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kokudzu_26-0"><sup><em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></strong></em></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kokudzu_26-1"><sup><em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></strong></em></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kokudzu_26-2"><sup><em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">c</font></strong></em></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kokudzu_26-3"><sup><em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">d</font></strong></em></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kokudzu_26-4"><sup><em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">e</font></strong></em></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://kokudzu.com"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Kudzu Control Without Chemicals&quot;</font></a>. kokudzu.com. 2007<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://kokudzu.com"><font color="#3366bb">http://kokudzu.com</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 20, 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Kudzu+Control+Without+Chemicals&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.pub=kokudzu.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkokudzu.com&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kudzu"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-chattanoogan-27"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-chattanoogan_27-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation web">Bramlett, Betsy (2007-04-03). <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.chattanoogan.com/articles/article_104814.asp"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Kudzu Goats And Friends Getting To Work On Missionary Ridge&quot;</font></a>. <a title="The Chattanoogan" href="/wiki/The_Chattanoogan"><font color="#0645ad">The Chattanoogan</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.chattanoogan.com/articles/article_104814.asp"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.chattanoogan.com/articles/article_104814.asp</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-08-20</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Kudzu+Goats+And+Friends+Getting+To+Work+On+Missionary+Ridge&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Bramlett&amp;rft.aufirst=Betsy&amp;rft.au=Bramlett%2C%26%2332%3BBetsy&amp;rft.date=2007-04-03&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BThe+Chattanoogan%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chattanoogan.com%2Farticles%2Farticle_104814.asp&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kudzu"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-washington-28"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-washington_28-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Pueraria_lobata.html"><font color="#3366bb">&quot;Written Findings of the State Noxious Weed Control Board&quot;</font></a>. Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. 2007<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Pueraria_lobata.html"><font color="#3366bb">http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Pueraria_lobata.html</font></a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 20, 2007</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Written+Findings+of+the+State+Noxious+Weed+Control+Board&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.pub=Washington+State+Noxious+Weed+Control+Board&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwcb.wa.gov%2Fweed_info%2FPueraria_lobata.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kudzu"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-SE-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SE_29-0"><sup><em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></strong></em></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SE_29-1"><sup><em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></strong></em></sup></a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/kudzu.html"><font color="#3366bb">Southeast Exotic Pest Plant Council Invasive Plant Manual</font></a> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-MDC-30"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-MDC_30-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://mdc.mo.gov/nathis/exotic/vegman/fifteen.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Missouri Department of Conservation - Kudzu</font></a> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-NPS-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_31-0"><sup><em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">a</font></strong></em></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_31-1"><sup><em><strong><font color="#0645ad" size="2">b</font></strong></em></sup></a> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/pumo1.htm"><font color="#3366bb">National Park Service - Kudzu</font></a> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-32"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-32"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.bugwood.org/crp/kudzu.html"><font color="#3366bb">Bugwood Network (Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health)</font></a> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-33"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-33"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.cwc-chemical.com/HerbicideTreatmentsForKudzu.pdf"><font color="#3366bb">CWC (A vegetation chemical distribution company) on Kudzu</font></a> </li>
    <li id="cite_note-ACES-34"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-ACES_34-0"><font color="#0645ad">^</font></a></strong> <a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0065/"><font color="#3366bb">Auburn University publication on Kudzu in Alabama</font></a> </li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2>
<ul>
    <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/plants/kudzu.shtml"><font color="#3366bb">Species Profile - Kudzu</font></a>, National Invasive Species Information Center, <a title="United States National Agricultural Library" href="/wiki/United_States_National_Agricultural_Library"><font color="#0645ad">National Agricultural Library</font></a> </li>
    <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/pumo1.htm"><font color="#3366bb">Kudzu</font></a> from the U.S. <a title="National Park Service" href="/wiki/National_Park_Service"><font color="#0645ad">National Park Service</font></a> website </li>
    <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-724"><font color="#3366bb">Kudzu in Georgia</font></a> from the <a title="New Georgia Encyclopedia" href="/wiki/New_Georgia_Encyclopedia"><font color="#0645ad">New Georgia Encyclopedia</font></a> </li>
    <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.register-herald.com/news/local_story_238235547.html"><font color="#3366bb">Pesky vine is invading southern West Virginia</font></a>, an August 2006 article from <em><a title="The Register-Herald" href="/wiki/The_Register-Herald"><font color="#0645ad">The Register-Herald</font></a></em> of <a title="West Virginia" href="/wiki/West_Virginia"><font color="#0645ad">West Virginia</font></a> </li>
</ul>