View source for 아미노산

<p>&nbsp;생물의 몸을 구성하는 [[단백질]]의 기본 구성단위이다. [[단백질]]을 완전히 [[가수분해]]하면 암모니아와 아미노산이 생성되는데, <strong>아미노산</strong>(amino acid)은 [[아미노기]]와 [[카르복시기]]를 포함한 모든 분자를 지칭한다.</p>
<p>&nbsp;[[생화학]]에서는 흔히 &alpha;-아미노산을 간단히 <strong>아미노산</strong>이라 부른다. &alpha;-아미노산은 아미노기와 카르복실기가 하나의 [[탄소]]( &alpha;-탄소라 부른다.)에 붙어있다. [[프롤린]](proline)은 실제로는 아미노기를 포함하지 않기 때문에, 엄밀하게 말해서 아미노산이 아니라, <em>이미노산</em>(imino acid)이다. 그러나, 생화학적으로 다른 진짜 아미노산과 비슷한 기능을 수행하기 때문에, 아미노산으로 분류한다.</p>
<p>일반적인 &alpha;-아미노산의 구조는 다음과 같다. COOH | H-C-'''R''' | NH<sub>2</sub> 여기서 &quot;R&quot;은 [[곁사슬]](side chain)을 나타내고, 곁사슬에 따라 무슨 아미노산인지가 결정된다. 아미노산은 곁사슬의 성질에 따라 산성, 염기성, 친수성(극성), 소수성(비극성)의 네 가지 종류로 구분될 수 있다. 그러나, 목적에 따라 더 많은 종류로 분류되기도 한다. 곁사슬 [[수소원자]]뿐인 글라이신([[glycine]])을 제외하고, 다른 아미노산은 모두 두가지 [[광학 이성질체|광학 활성]]을 갖아, D형과 L형으로 구분된다. [[단백질]](protein)을 구성하는 아미노산의 거의 대부분은 [[L-아미노산]] 형태로 존재한다. 청자고둥(cone snail)같은 일부 특이한 바다생물에서 D-아미노산이 발견되기도 했다. 단백질은 아미노산의 축합중합을 통해 만들어진다.:<br />
</p>
<p>1. 아미노산; 2, 쯔비터이온(zwitterion) 구조; 3, 펩티드 결합(peptide bond)을 이루는 두 개의 아미노산 유전암호(genetic code)로 다음 20개의 아미노산을 나타낸다.:<br />
</p>
<p>곁사슬 (side group)의 화학적 성질 </p>
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1">
    <tbody>
        <tr>
            <th colspan="2">약자</th>
            <th>이름</th>
            <th>곁사슬 성질</th>
            <th>질량</th>
            <th>[[Isoelectric point]]</th>
            <th>비고</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>A</td>
            <td>Ala</td>
            <td>[[알라닌]]([[Alanine]])</td>
            <td>[[소수성]]</td>
            <td>89.09</td>
            <td>6.11</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>C</td>
            <td>Cys</td>
            <td>[[시스테인]]([[Cysteine]])</td>
            <td>[[친수성]]</td>
            <td>121.16</td>
            <td>5.05</td>
            <td>Two cysteines can form a [[disulfide bond]].</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>D</td>
            <td>Asp</td>
            <td nowrap="nowrap">[[아스파르트산]]([[Aspartic acid]])</td>
            <td>[[산성]]</td>
            <td>133.10</td>
            <td>2.85</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>E</td>
            <td>Glu</td>
            <td nowrap="nowrap">[[글루탐산]]([[Glutamic acid]])</td>
            <td>산성</td>
            <td>147.13</td>
            <td>3.15</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>F</td>
            <td>Phe</td>
            <td>[[페닐알라닌]]([[Phenylalanine]])</td>
            <td>소수성</td>
            <td>165.19</td>
            <td>5.49</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>G</td>
            <td>Gly</td>
            <td>[[글리신]]([[Glycine]])</td>
            <td>친수성</td>
            <td>75.07</td>
            <td>6.06</td>
            <td>&alpha;-탄소에 두 개의 수소가 붙어 있기 때문에, [[광학 이성질체]]를 갖지 않는다. </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>H</td>
            <td>His</td>
            <td>[[히스티딘]]([[Histidine]])</td>
            <td>[[염기성]]</td>
            <td>155.16</td>
            <td>7.60</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>I</td>
            <td>Ile</td>
            <td>[[이소루신]]([[Isoleucine]])</td>
            <td>소수성</td>
            <td>131.17</td>
            <td>6.05</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>K</td>
            <td>Lys</td>
            <td>[[리신]]([[Lysine]])</td>
            <td>염기성</td>
            <td>146.19</td>
            <td>9.60</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>L</td>
            <td>Leu</td>
            <td>[[루신]]([[Leucine]])</td>
            <td>소수성</td>
            <td>131.17</td>
            <td>6.01</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>M</td>
            <td>Met</td>
            <td>[[메티오닌]]([[Methionine]])</td>
            <td>소수성</td>
            <td>149.21</td>
            <td>5.74</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>N</td>
            <td>Asn</td>
            <td>[[아스파라긴]]([[Asparagine]])</td>
            <td>친수성</td>
            <td>132.12</td>
            <td>5.41</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>P</td>
            <td>Pro</td>
            <td>[[프롤린]]([[Proline]])</td>
            <td>소수성</td>
            <td>115.13</td>
            <td>6.30</td>
            <td>Can disrupt protein folding structures like [[alpha helix|&alpha; helix]] or [[beta sheet|&beta; sheet]].</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>Q</td>
            <td>Gln</td>
            <td>[[글루타민]]([[Glutamine]])</td>
            <td>친수성</td>
            <td>146.15</td>
            <td>5.65</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>R</td>
            <td>Arg</td>
            <td>[[아르기닌]]([[Arginine]])</td>
            <td>염기성</td>
            <td>174.20</td>
            <td>10.76</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>S</td>
            <td>Ser</td>
            <td>[[세린]]([[Serine]])</td>
            <td>친수성</td>
            <td>105.09</td>
            <td>5.68</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>T</td>
            <td>Thr</td>
            <td>[[트레오닌]]([[Threonine]])</td>
            <td>친수성</td>
            <td>119.12</td>
            <td>5.60</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>V</td>
            <td>Val</td>
            <td>[[발린]]([[Valine]])</td>
            <td>소수성</td>
            <td>117.15</td>
            <td>6.00</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>W</td>
            <td>Trp</td>
            <td>[[트립토판]]([[Tryptophan]])</td>
            <td>소수성</td>
            <td>204.23</td>
            <td>5.89</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>Y</td>
            <td>Tyr</td>
            <td>[[티로신]]([[Tyrosine]])</td>
            <td>친수성</td>
            <td>181.19</td>
            <td>5.64</td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>
<table bordercolor="#000000" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1">
    <tbody>
        <tr>
            <th align="center">아미노산</th>
            <th align="center">소수성</th>
            <th align="center">positive</th>
            <th align="center">negative</th>
            <th align="center">polar</th>
            <th align="center">charged</th>
            <th align="center">small</th>
            <th align="center">tiny</th>
            <th align="center">aromatic</th>
            <th align="center">aliphatic</th>
            <th>[[Induced-dipole attraction|van der Waals]] volume</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><strong>Ala</strong></td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td>67</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><strong>Cys</strong></td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td>86</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><strong>Asp</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td>91</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><strong>Glu</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td>109</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><strong>Phe</strong></td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td>135</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><strong>Gly</strong></td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td>48</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><strong>His</strong></td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td>118</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><strong>Lys</strong></td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td>135</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><strong>Ile</strong></td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td>124</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><strong>Leu</strong></td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td>124</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><strong>Met</strong></td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td>124</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><strong>Asn</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td>96</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><strong>Pro</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td>90</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><strong>Gln</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td>114</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><strong>Arg</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td>148</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><strong>Ser</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td>73</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><strong>Thr</strong></td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td>93</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><strong>Val</strong></td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td>105</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><strong>Trp</strong></td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td>163</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td><strong>Tyr</strong></td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td align="center"><strong>X</strong></td>
            <td align="center">-</td>
            <td>141</td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>
<p><br />
</p>