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<p><span style="color: #000000">The <b>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</b> is a nonprofit open-access scientific publishing project aimed at creating a library of open access journals and other scientific literature under an open content license. It launched its first journal, <i>PLoS Biology</i>, in October 2003 and has steadily created another seven journals. One has since been discontinued and as of May 2009 PLoS publishes seven journals, all peer reviewed.</span></p>
<p>
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<h2><span style="color: #000000">Contents</span></h2>
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<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></span></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Business model</span></span></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Impact</span></span></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">PLoS journals, hubs, and currents</span></span></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></span></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></span></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></span></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"> </li>
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<h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="History" class="mw-headline">History</span></span></h2>
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<div style="width: 202px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Open_Access_PLoS.svg/200px-Open_Access_PLoS.svg.png" width="200" height="80" /> </span>
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<p><span style="color: #000000">The Public Library of Science began in early 2001 as an online petition initiative by Patrick O. Brown, a biochemist at Stanford University and Michael Eisen, a computational biologist at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The petition called for all scientists to pledge that from September 2001 they would discontinue submission of papers to journals which did not make the full-text of their papers available to all, free and unfettered, either immediately or after a delay of several months. Some now do this immediately, as open access journals, such as the BioMed Central stable of journals, or after a six-month period from publication, as what are now known as delayed open access journals, and some after 6 months or less, such as the <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.</i> Many others continue to rely on self-archiving.</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #000000">Joined by Nobel Prize winner and former NIH-director Harold Varmus, the PLoS organizers next turned their attention to starting their own journal, along the lines of the UK-based BioMed Central, which has been publishing open-access scientific papers in the biological sciences in journals such as <i>Genome Biology</i> and the <i>Journal of Biology</i> since late 1999.</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #000000">As a publishing company, the Public Library of Science began full operation on October 13, 2003, with the publication of a peer-reviewed print and online scientific journal entitled <i>PLoS Biology</i>, and has since launched seven more peer-reviewed journals. One, <i>PLoS Clinical Trials</i>, has since been merged into <i>PLoS ONE</i>. Following the merger, the company started the PLoS Hub for Clinical Trials to collect journal articles published in any PLoS journal and relating to clinical trials.</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #000000">The PLoS journals are what it describes as "open access content"; all content is published under the Creative Commons "attribution" license (Lawrence Lessig, of Creative Commons, is also a member of the Advisory Board). The project states (quoting the Budapest Open Access Initiative) that: "The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited."</span></p>
<h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Business_model" class="mw-headline">Business model</span></span></h2>
<p><span style="color: #000000">To fund the journal, PLoS charges a publication fee to be paid by the author or the author's employer or funder. In the United States, institutions such as the National Institutes of Health and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute have pledged that recipients of their grants will be allocated funds to cover such author charges. PLoS still relies heavily on donations from foundations to cover the majority of its operating costs. PLoS was launched with large grants from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the Sandler Family Supporting Foundation which combined made up 13 million US dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup></span></p>
<h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Impact" class="mw-headline">Impact</span></span></h2>
<p><span style="color: #000000">The initiatives of the Public Library of Science in the United States have initiated similar proposals in Europe, most notably the "Berlin Declaration" developed by the German Max Planck Society, which has also pledged grant support for author charges (see also the “Budapest Open Access Initiative”).</span></p>
<h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="PLoS_journals.2C_hubs.2C_and_currents" class="mw-headline">PLoS journals, hubs, and currents</span></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><i>PLoS Biology</i> [1], ISSN 1544-9173; launched in 2003</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><i>PLoS Medicine</i> [2], ISSN 1549-1676; launched in October 2004</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><i>PLoS Computational Biology</i> [3], ISSN 1553-7374; June 2005</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><i>PLoS Genetics</i> [4], ISSN 1553-7404; in July 2005</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><i>PLoS Pathogens</i> [5], ISSN 1549-1676; September 2005</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><i>PLoS Clinical Trials</i> ISSN 1555-5887; May 2006, later merged into <i>PLoS ONE</i></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><i>PLoS ONE</i> [6], ISSN 1817-101X; December 2006</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><i>PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</i> [7], ISSN 1935-2735; October 2007</span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #000000"><i>(all ISSNs are "EISSNs", for the electronic edition)</i></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><i>PLoS Hub for Clinical Trials</i> [8], launched third quarter 2007</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><i>PLoS Currents: Influenza</i> [9], 2009-08-21<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup></span></li>
</ul>
<h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #000000">ArXiv.org e-print archive</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">BioMed Central</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Creative Commons</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">PubMed</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Open access (publishing)</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Open Archives Initiative</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Self-archiving</span></li>
</ul>
<h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Footnotes" class="mw-headline">Footnotes</span></span></h2>
<div class="references-small">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-0"><span style="color: #000000"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Declan Butler (June 2006). "Open-access journal hits rocky times". <i>Nature</i> <b>441</b> (7096): 914. doi:10.1038/441914a. PMID 16791161<span class="printonly">. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v441/n7096/full/441914a.html</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Open-access+journal+hits+rocky+times&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BNature+%28journal%29%7CNature%5D%5D&rft.aulast=%5B%5BDeclan+Butler%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BDeclan+Butler%5D%5D&rft.date=June+2006&rft.volume=441&rft.issue=7096&rft.pages=914&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F441914a&rft_id=info:pmid/16791161&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv441%2Fn7096%2Ffull%2F441914a.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Public_Library_of_Science"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1"><span style="color: #000000"><b>^</b> www.plos.org/cms/node/481</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></span></h2>
<div class="references-small">
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Adam, David. "Scientists Take on the Publishers in an Experiment to Make Research Free to All" <i>The Guardian,</i> 6 October 2003.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Albanese, Andrew. "Open Access Gains with PLoS Launch: Scientists Call for Cell Press Boycott; Harvard Balks on Big Deal." <i>Library Journal,</i> 15 November 2003, 18-19.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Bernstein, Philip, Barbara Cohen, Catriona MacCallum, Hemai Parthasarathy, Mark Patterson, and V. Siegel. "PLOS Biology-We're Open" <i>PLoS Biology</i> 1, no.2 (2003): 3</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Brower, Vicki. "Public Library of Science Shifts Gears." <i>EMBO Reports</i> 2, no. 11 (2001): 972-973.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Brown, Patrick O., Michael B. Eisen, and Harold E. Varmus. "Why PLoS Became a Publisher." <i>PLoS Biology</i> 1, no. 1 (2003): 1-2.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Butler, Declan. "Public Library Set to Turn Publisher as Boycott Looms." <i>Nature</i>, 2 August 2001, 469.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">———. "Scientific Publishing: Who Will Pay for Open Access?" <i>Nature</i>, 9 October 2003, 554-555.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Case, Mary. "The Public Library of Science." <i>ARL: A Bimonthly Report on Research Library Issues and Actions from ARL, CNI, and SPARC,</i> no. 215 (2001): 4. http://www.arl.org/newsltr/215/plos.html</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Case, Mary M. "Public Access to Scientific Information: Are 22,700 Scientists Wrong?" <i>College & Research Libraries News</i> 62, no. 7 (2001): 706-709, 716. http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/crlnews/backissues2001/julyaugust2/publicaccess.htm</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Cohen, Barbara. "PLoS Biology in Action." <i>PLoS Biology</i> 2, no. 1 (2004): 1. http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020025</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">———. "PLoS Medicine." <i>PLoS Biology</i> 2, no. 2 (2004): 139. http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020063</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Doyle, Helen. "Public Library of Science (PLoS): Committed to Making the World's Scientific and Medical Literature A Public Resource." <i>ASIDIC Newsletter,</i> no. 87 (2004): 9-10. http://www.asidic.org/meetings/newsletters/spring2004.pdf</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Doyle, Helen J. "The Public Library of Science—Open Access from the Ground Up." <i>College & Research Libraries News</i> 65, no. 3 (2004): 134-136. http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/crlnews/backissues2004/march04/publiclibraryscience.htm</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Eaton, Lynn. "'Free' Medical Publishing Venture Gets Under Way." <i>BMJ,</i> 4 January 2003, 11. http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/326/7379/11/b</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Eisen, Michael. "Publish and Be Praised." <i>The Guardian,</i> 9 October 2003. http://www.guardian.co.uk/life/opinion/story/0,12981,1058578,00.html</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Foster, Andrea L. "Scientists Plan 2 Online Journals to Make Articles Available Free." <i>The Chronicle of Higher Education,</i> 10 January 2003, A29.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Gallagher, Richard. "Will Walls Come Tumbling Down?" <i>The Scientist</i> 17, no. 5 (2003): 15.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Kleiner, Kurt. "Free Online Journal Gives Sneak Preview." <i>New Scientist,</i> 19 August 2003, 18. http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99994071</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Knight, Jonathan. "Journal Boycott Presses Demand for Free Access." <i>Nature,</i> 6 September 2001, 6.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Malakoff, David. "Opening the Books on Open Access." <i>Science Magazine,</i> 24 October 2003, 550-554.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Mantell, Katie. "Open-Access Journal Seeks to Cut Costs for Researchers." <i>SciDev.Net,</i> 15 January 2004. http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=1194&language=1</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Mason, Betsy. "Cell Editor Joins PLoS." <i>The Scientist,</i> 13 January 2003. http://www.biomedcentral.com/news/20030113/05/</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">———. "New Open-Access Journals." <i>The Scientist,</i> 20 December 2002. http://www.biomedcentral.com/news/20021220/06/</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">McLaughlin, Andrew. "Senior Scientists Promise to Boycott Journals." <i>The Scientist,</i> 2 November 2000. http://www.biomedcentral.com/news/20001102/03/</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Medeiros, Norm. "Of Budgets and Boycotts: The Battle over Open Access Publishing." <i>OCLC Systems & Services</i> 20, no. 1 (2004): 7-10.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Mellman, Ira. "Setting Logical Priorities: A Boycott Is Not the Best Route to Free Exchange of Scientific Information." <i>Nature</i>, 26 April 2001, 1026.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Ojala, Marydee. "Intro to Open Access: The Public Library of Science." <i>EContent</i> 26, no. 10 (2003): 11-12. http://www.econtentmag.com/Articles/ArticleReader.aspx?ArticleID=5552&Query=intro%20open</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Olsen, Florence. "Scholars Urge Boycott of Journals That Won't Join Free Archives." <i>The Chronicle of Higher Education,</i> 6 April 2001, A43.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Peek, Robin. "Can Science and Nature Be Trumped?" <i>Information Today</i> 20, no. 2 (2003): 19, 50-51.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">———. "The Future of the Public Library of Science." <i>Information Today</i> 19, no. 2 (2002): 28.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">———. "The Scholarly Publisher as Midwife." <i>Information Today</i> 18, no. 7 (2001): 32.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Pickering, Bobby. "Medical Journals to Get Open Access Rival." <i>Information World Review,</i> 21 May 2004. http://www.iwr.co.uk/iwreview/1155321</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Public Library of Science. "Open Letter to Scientific Publishers." (2001). http://www.plos.org/about/letter.html</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Reich, Margaret. "Peace, Love, and PLoS." <i>The Physiologist</i> 46, no. 4 (2003): 137, 139-141. http://www.the-aps.org/news/PloS.pdf</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Russo, Eugene. "New Adventures in Science Publishing." <i>The Scientist</i> 15, no. 21 (2001): 12.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Schubert, Charlotte. "PLoS Snaps Up Cell Editor." <i>Nature Medicine</i> 9, no. 2 (2003): 154-155.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Stankus, Tony. "The Public Library of Science Passes Its First Biology Test." <i>Technicalities</i> 23, no. 6 (2003): 4-5.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Suber, Peter. "The Launch of PLoS Biology." <i>SPARC Open Access Newsletter</i>, no. 67 (2003). http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/11-02-03.htm#launch</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Thibodeau, Patricia L., and Carla J. Funk. "Quality Information for Improved Health." <i>PLoS Biology</i> 2, no. 2 (2004): 171-172. http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020048</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Twyman, Nick. "Launching PLoS Biology?Six Months in the Open." <i>Serials</i> 17, no. 2 (2004): 127-131.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Velterop, Jan. "Vendor View." <i>Information World Review,</i> 1 December 2001. http://www.iwr.co.uk/iwreview/1150688</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Wadman, Meredith. "Publishers Challenged over Access to Papers." <i>Nature,</i> 29 March 2001, 502.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Walgate, Robert. "PLoS Biology Launches." <i>The Scientist,</i> 10 October 2003. http://www.biomedcentral.com/news/20031010/10/</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.plos.org/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Public Library of Science website</font></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/07/opinion/07THU3.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Editorial in the 7 August 2003 edition of <i>The New York Times</i> concerning Public Library of Science journals</font></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">BioMed Central website</font></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.hindawi.com" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Hindawi Publishing Corporation website</font></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/fosblog.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Open Access News</font></a> by <a title="Peter Suber" href="/wiki/Peter_Suber"><font color="#0645ad">Peter Suber</font></a></li>
</ul>
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<h2><span style="color: #000000">Contents</span></h2>
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<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></span></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Business model</span></span></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Impact</span></span></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">PLoS journals, hubs, and currents</span></span></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></span></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></span></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><span style="color: #000000"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></span></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"> </li>
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<h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="History" class="mw-headline">History</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div style="width: 202px" class="thumbinner"><span style="color: #000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Open_Access_PLoS.svg/200px-Open_Access_PLoS.svg.png" width="200" height="80" /> </span>
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<span style="color: #000000">The Open Access logo.</span></div>
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<p><span style="color: #000000">The Public Library of Science began in early 2001 as an online petition initiative by Patrick O. Brown, a biochemist at Stanford University and Michael Eisen, a computational biologist at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The petition called for all scientists to pledge that from September 2001 they would discontinue submission of papers to journals which did not make the full-text of their papers available to all, free and unfettered, either immediately or after a delay of several months. Some now do this immediately, as open access journals, such as the BioMed Central stable of journals, or after a six-month period from publication, as what are now known as delayed open access journals, and some after 6 months or less, such as the <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.</i> Many others continue to rely on self-archiving.</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #000000">Joined by Nobel Prize winner and former NIH-director Harold Varmus, the PLoS organizers next turned their attention to starting their own journal, along the lines of the UK-based BioMed Central, which has been publishing open-access scientific papers in the biological sciences in journals such as <i>Genome Biology</i> and the <i>Journal of Biology</i> since late 1999.</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #000000">As a publishing company, the Public Library of Science began full operation on October 13, 2003, with the publication of a peer-reviewed print and online scientific journal entitled <i>PLoS Biology</i>, and has since launched seven more peer-reviewed journals. One, <i>PLoS Clinical Trials</i>, has since been merged into <i>PLoS ONE</i>. Following the merger, the company started the PLoS Hub for Clinical Trials to collect journal articles published in any PLoS journal and relating to clinical trials.</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #000000">The PLoS journals are what it describes as "open access content"; all content is published under the Creative Commons "attribution" license (Lawrence Lessig, of Creative Commons, is also a member of the Advisory Board). The project states (quoting the Budapest Open Access Initiative) that: "The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited."</span></p>
<h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Business_model" class="mw-headline">Business model</span></span></h2>
<p><span style="color: #000000">To fund the journal, PLoS charges a publication fee to be paid by the author or the author's employer or funder. In the United States, institutions such as the National Institutes of Health and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute have pledged that recipients of their grants will be allocated funds to cover such author charges. PLoS still relies heavily on donations from foundations to cover the majority of its operating costs. PLoS was launched with large grants from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the Sandler Family Supporting Foundation which combined made up 13 million US dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><font size="2">[1]</font></sup></span></p>
<h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Impact" class="mw-headline">Impact</span></span></h2>
<p><span style="color: #000000">The initiatives of the Public Library of Science in the United States have initiated similar proposals in Europe, most notably the "Berlin Declaration" developed by the German Max Planck Society, which has also pledged grant support for author charges (see also the “Budapest Open Access Initiative”).</span></p>
<h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="PLoS_journals.2C_hubs.2C_and_currents" class="mw-headline">PLoS journals, hubs, and currents</span></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><i>PLoS Biology</i> [1], ISSN 1544-9173; launched in 2003</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><i>PLoS Medicine</i> [2], ISSN 1549-1676; launched in October 2004</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><i>PLoS Computational Biology</i> [3], ISSN 1553-7374; June 2005</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><i>PLoS Genetics</i> [4], ISSN 1553-7404; in July 2005</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><i>PLoS Pathogens</i> [5], ISSN 1549-1676; September 2005</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><i>PLoS Clinical Trials</i> ISSN 1555-5887; May 2006, later merged into <i>PLoS ONE</i></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><i>PLoS ONE</i> [6], ISSN 1817-101X; December 2006</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><i>PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</i> [7], ISSN 1935-2735; October 2007</span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #000000"><i>(all ISSNs are "EISSNs", for the electronic edition)</i></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><i>PLoS Hub for Clinical Trials</i> [8], launched third quarter 2007</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #000000"><i>PLoS Currents: Influenza</i> [9], 2009-08-21<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><font size="2">[2]</font></sup></span></li>
</ul>
<h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #000000">ArXiv.org e-print archive</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">BioMed Central</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Creative Commons</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">PubMed</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Open access (publishing)</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Open Archives Initiative</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Self-archiving</span></li>
</ul>
<h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="Footnotes" class="mw-headline">Footnotes</span></span></h2>
<div class="references-small">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-0"><span style="color: #000000"><b>^</b> <span class="citation Journal">Declan Butler (June 2006). "Open-access journal hits rocky times". <i>Nature</i> <b>441</b> (7096): 914. doi:10.1038/441914a. PMID 16791161<span class="printonly">. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v441/n7096/full/441914a.html</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Open-access+journal+hits+rocky+times&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BNature+%28journal%29%7CNature%5D%5D&rft.aulast=%5B%5BDeclan+Butler%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BDeclan+Butler%5D%5D&rft.date=June+2006&rft.volume=441&rft.issue=7096&rft.pages=914&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F441914a&rft_id=info:pmid/16791161&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv441%2Fn7096%2Ffull%2F441914a.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Public_Library_of_Science"><span style="display: none"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1"><span style="color: #000000"><b>^</b> www.plos.org/cms/node/481</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></span></h2>
<div class="references-small">
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Adam, David. "Scientists Take on the Publishers in an Experiment to Make Research Free to All" <i>The Guardian,</i> 6 October 2003.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Albanese, Andrew. "Open Access Gains with PLoS Launch: Scientists Call for Cell Press Boycott; Harvard Balks on Big Deal." <i>Library Journal,</i> 15 November 2003, 18-19.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Bernstein, Philip, Barbara Cohen, Catriona MacCallum, Hemai Parthasarathy, Mark Patterson, and V. Siegel. "PLOS Biology-We're Open" <i>PLoS Biology</i> 1, no.2 (2003): 3</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Brower, Vicki. "Public Library of Science Shifts Gears." <i>EMBO Reports</i> 2, no. 11 (2001): 972-973.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Brown, Patrick O., Michael B. Eisen, and Harold E. Varmus. "Why PLoS Became a Publisher." <i>PLoS Biology</i> 1, no. 1 (2003): 1-2.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Butler, Declan. "Public Library Set to Turn Publisher as Boycott Looms." <i>Nature</i>, 2 August 2001, 469.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">———. "Scientific Publishing: Who Will Pay for Open Access?" <i>Nature</i>, 9 October 2003, 554-555.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Case, Mary. "The Public Library of Science." <i>ARL: A Bimonthly Report on Research Library Issues and Actions from ARL, CNI, and SPARC,</i> no. 215 (2001): 4. http://www.arl.org/newsltr/215/plos.html</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Case, Mary M. "Public Access to Scientific Information: Are 22,700 Scientists Wrong?" <i>College & Research Libraries News</i> 62, no. 7 (2001): 706-709, 716. http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/crlnews/backissues2001/julyaugust2/publicaccess.htm</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Cohen, Barbara. "PLoS Biology in Action." <i>PLoS Biology</i> 2, no. 1 (2004): 1. http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020025</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">———. "PLoS Medicine." <i>PLoS Biology</i> 2, no. 2 (2004): 139. http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020063</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Doyle, Helen. "Public Library of Science (PLoS): Committed to Making the World's Scientific and Medical Literature A Public Resource." <i>ASIDIC Newsletter,</i> no. 87 (2004): 9-10. http://www.asidic.org/meetings/newsletters/spring2004.pdf</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Doyle, Helen J. "The Public Library of Science—Open Access from the Ground Up." <i>College & Research Libraries News</i> 65, no. 3 (2004): 134-136. http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlpubs/crlnews/backissues2004/march04/publiclibraryscience.htm</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Eaton, Lynn. "'Free' Medical Publishing Venture Gets Under Way." <i>BMJ,</i> 4 January 2003, 11. http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/326/7379/11/b</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Eisen, Michael. "Publish and Be Praised." <i>The Guardian,</i> 9 October 2003. http://www.guardian.co.uk/life/opinion/story/0,12981,1058578,00.html</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Foster, Andrea L. "Scientists Plan 2 Online Journals to Make Articles Available Free." <i>The Chronicle of Higher Education,</i> 10 January 2003, A29.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Gallagher, Richard. "Will Walls Come Tumbling Down?" <i>The Scientist</i> 17, no. 5 (2003): 15.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Kleiner, Kurt. "Free Online Journal Gives Sneak Preview." <i>New Scientist,</i> 19 August 2003, 18. http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99994071</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Knight, Jonathan. "Journal Boycott Presses Demand for Free Access." <i>Nature,</i> 6 September 2001, 6.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Malakoff, David. "Opening the Books on Open Access." <i>Science Magazine,</i> 24 October 2003, 550-554.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Mantell, Katie. "Open-Access Journal Seeks to Cut Costs for Researchers." <i>SciDev.Net,</i> 15 January 2004. http://www.scidev.net/News/index.cfm?fuseaction=readNews&itemid=1194&language=1</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Mason, Betsy. "Cell Editor Joins PLoS." <i>The Scientist,</i> 13 January 2003. http://www.biomedcentral.com/news/20030113/05/</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">———. "New Open-Access Journals." <i>The Scientist,</i> 20 December 2002. http://www.biomedcentral.com/news/20021220/06/</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">McLaughlin, Andrew. "Senior Scientists Promise to Boycott Journals." <i>The Scientist,</i> 2 November 2000. http://www.biomedcentral.com/news/20001102/03/</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Medeiros, Norm. "Of Budgets and Boycotts: The Battle over Open Access Publishing." <i>OCLC Systems & Services</i> 20, no. 1 (2004): 7-10.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Mellman, Ira. "Setting Logical Priorities: A Boycott Is Not the Best Route to Free Exchange of Scientific Information." <i>Nature</i>, 26 April 2001, 1026.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Ojala, Marydee. "Intro to Open Access: The Public Library of Science." <i>EContent</i> 26, no. 10 (2003): 11-12. http://www.econtentmag.com/Articles/ArticleReader.aspx?ArticleID=5552&Query=intro%20open</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Olsen, Florence. "Scholars Urge Boycott of Journals That Won't Join Free Archives." <i>The Chronicle of Higher Education,</i> 6 April 2001, A43.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Peek, Robin. "Can Science and Nature Be Trumped?" <i>Information Today</i> 20, no. 2 (2003): 19, 50-51.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">———. "The Future of the Public Library of Science." <i>Information Today</i> 19, no. 2 (2002): 28.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">———. "The Scholarly Publisher as Midwife." <i>Information Today</i> 18, no. 7 (2001): 32.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Pickering, Bobby. "Medical Journals to Get Open Access Rival." <i>Information World Review,</i> 21 May 2004. http://www.iwr.co.uk/iwreview/1155321</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Public Library of Science. "Open Letter to Scientific Publishers." (2001). http://www.plos.org/about/letter.html</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Reich, Margaret. "Peace, Love, and PLoS." <i>The Physiologist</i> 46, no. 4 (2003): 137, 139-141. http://www.the-aps.org/news/PloS.pdf</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Russo, Eugene. "New Adventures in Science Publishing." <i>The Scientist</i> 15, no. 21 (2001): 12.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Schubert, Charlotte. "PLoS Snaps Up Cell Editor." <i>Nature Medicine</i> 9, no. 2 (2003): 154-155.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Stankus, Tony. "The Public Library of Science Passes Its First Biology Test." <i>Technicalities</i> 23, no. 6 (2003): 4-5.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Suber, Peter. "The Launch of PLoS Biology." <i>SPARC Open Access Newsletter</i>, no. 67 (2003). http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/11-02-03.htm#launch</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Thibodeau, Patricia L., and Carla J. Funk. "Quality Information for Improved Health." <i>PLoS Biology</i> 2, no. 2 (2004): 171-172. http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020048</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Twyman, Nick. "Launching PLoS Biology?Six Months in the Open." <i>Serials</i> 17, no. 2 (2004): 127-131.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Velterop, Jan. "Vendor View." <i>Information World Review,</i> 1 December 2001. http://www.iwr.co.uk/iwreview/1150688</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Wadman, Meredith. "Publishers Challenged over Access to Papers." <i>Nature,</i> 29 March 2001, 502.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #000000">Walgate, Robert. "PLoS Biology Launches." <i>The Scientist,</i> 10 October 2003. http://www.biomedcentral.com/news/20031010/10/</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span style="color: #000000"><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.plos.org/" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Public Library of Science website</font></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/07/opinion/07THU3.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Editorial in the 7 August 2003 edition of <i>The New York Times</i> concerning Public Library of Science journals</font></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">BioMed Central website</font></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.hindawi.com" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Hindawi Publishing Corporation website</font></a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/fosblog.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#3366bb">Open Access News</font></a> by <a title="Peter Suber" href="/wiki/Peter_Suber"><font color="#0645ad">Peter Suber</font></a></li>
</ul>