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Love
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<p><font color="#000000"><strong>Love</strong> is any of a number of <a title="Emotion" href="/wiki/Emotion"font><font color="#0066cc000000">emotions</font></afont color="#000000"> and experiences related to a sense of strong <a title="Affection" href="/wiki/Affection"font><font color="#0066cc000000">affection</font></a><sup id="cite_ref-oxford_0-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-0"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc000000"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> and <a titlefont color="Attachment (psychology)" href=#000000"> and </wiki/Attachment_(psychology)"><font><font color="#0066cc000000">attachment</font></afont color="#000000">. The word <em>love</em> can refer to a class="extiw" title="wikt:en:love" href="http:variety of different feelings, states, and attitudes, ranging from generic <//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:love"font><font color="#0066cc000000">lovepleasure</font></afont color="#000000"><("I loved that meal") to intense </emfont> can refer to a variety of different feelings, states, and attitudes, ranging from generic <a titlefont color="Pleasure" href=#000000">interpersonal attraction</wiki/Pleasure"font><font color="#0066cc000000">pleasure</font></a> ("I loved that meallove my boyfriend") to intense <a title="Interpersonal attraction" href=". This diversity of uses and meanings, combined with the complexity of the feelings involved, makes love unusually difficult to consistently define, even compared to other emotional states.</wiki/Interpersonal_attraction"font></p><p><font color="#0066cc000000">interpersonal attraction</font></a> ("Love is an extremely powerful emotion;I love my boyfriend")it can be irresistible and people are often bound to pursue their love interests. This diversity of uses and meaningsLove is a major theme in literature, combined with the complexity of the feelings involvedpoetry, makes love unusually difficult to consistently define, even compared to other emotional statesand film.</font></p><p>Love is <font color="#000000">As an extremely powerful emotion; it can be irresistible and people are often bound abstract concept, <em>love</em> usually refers to pursue their love interests. Love is a major theme in literaturedeep, poetry, and film.</p><p>As an abstract concept, <em>love</em> usually refers to a deep, <a title="Ineffability" href="/wiki/Ineffability"font><font color="#0066cc000000">ineffable</font></afont color="#000000"> feeling of tenderly caring for another person. Even this limited conception of love, however, encompasses a wealth of different feelings, from the passionate desire and intimacy of <a title="Romance (love)" href="/wiki/Romance_(love)"font><font color="#0066cc000000">romantic love</font></afont color="#000000"> to the nonsexual emotional closeness of <a title="Familial love" href="/wiki/Familial_love">/font><font color="#0066cc000000">familial</font></afont color="#000000"> and <a title="Platonic love" href="/wiki/Platonic_love"font><font color="#0066cc000000">platonic love</font></a><sup id="cite_ref-PlatonicSchool_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlatonicSchool-1"><font sizefont size="2"><font color="#0066cc000000"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></font></asup></supfont color="#000000"> to the profound <a title="Henosis" href="/wiki/Henosis"font><font color="#0066cc000000">oneness</font></afont color="#000000"> or devotion of <a title="Love (religious views)" href="/wiki/Love_(religious_views)"font><font color="#0066cc000000">religious love</font></afont color="#000000">.<sup id="cite_ref-Gita_2-0" class="reference"><a hreffont size="#cite_note-Gita-2"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><spanspan>[</span>3<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> Love in its various forms acts as a major facilitator of <a title="Interpersonal relationship" href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship"font><font color="#0066cc000000">interpersonal relationships</font></afont color="#000000"> and, owing to its central psychological importance, is one of the most common themes in the <a title="Creative arts" href="/wiki/Creative_arts"font><font color="#0066cc000000">creative arts</font><font color="#000000">.</afont>.</p> <p><a id="Definitions" name="Definitions"><font colorfont color="#0066cc000000"></font></a></p><h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Definitions</font></span></h2><p>The <a titlefont color="English language" href=#000000">The </wiki/English_language"font><font color="#0066cc000000">English</font></afont color="#000000"> word "love" can have a variety of related but distinct meanings in different contexts. Often, other languages use multiple words to express some of the different concepts that English relies mainly on "love" to encapsulate; one example is the plurality of <a title="Greek words for love" href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Greek words for "love."</font></afont color="#000000"> Cultural differences in conceptualizing love thus make it doubly difficult to establish any universal definition.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></font></fontsup></a></supfont></p><p>Although the nature or <a titlefont color="Essence" href=#000000">Although the nature or </wiki/Essence"font><font color="#0066cc000000">essence</font></afont color="#000000"> of love is a subject of frequent debate, different aspects of the word can be clarified by determining what <em>isn't</em> love. As a general expression of positive sentiment (a stronger form of <em>like</em>), love is commonly contrasted with <a class/font><font color="mw-redirect" title="Hate" href=#000000">hate</wiki/Hate"font><font color="#0066cc000000">hate</font></a> (or neutral <a title="Apathy" href="/wiki/Apathy"font><font color="#0066cc000000">apathy</font></afont color="#000000">); as a less sexual and more emotionally intimate form of romantic attachment, love is commonly contrasted with <a title="Lust" href="/wiki/Lust"font><font color="#0066cc000000">lust</font></afont color="#000000">; and as an interpersonal relationship with romantic overtones, love is commonly contrasted with <a title="Friendship" href="/wiki/Friendship"font><font color="#0066cc000000">friendship</font></a>font color="#000000">, although other definitions of the word <em>love</em> may be applied to close friendships in certain contexts.</font></p><p><font color="#000000">When discussed in the abstract, <em>love</em> usually refers to interpersonal love, an experience felt by a person for another person. Love often involves caring for or identifying with a person or thing, including oneself (cf. <a title="Narcissism" href="/wiki/Narcissism"font><font color="#0066cc000000">narcissism</font></afont color="#000000">).</pfont></p><p><font color="#000000">In addition to cross-cultural differences in understanding love, ideas about love have also changed greatly over time. Some historians date modern conceptions of romantic love to courtly Europe during or after the Middle Ages, although the prior existence of romantic attachments is attested by ancient love poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></font></fontsup></afont></supp></p><pfont color="#000000">Because of the complex and abstract nature of love, discourse on love is commonly reduced to a <a title="Thought-terminating cliché" href="/wiki/Thought-terminating_clich%C3%A9"font><font color="#0066cc000000">thought-terminating cliché</font></afont color="#000000">, and there are a number of common <a title="Proverb" href="/wiki/Proverb">/font><font color="#0066cc000000">proverbs</font></afont color="#000000"> regarding love, from <a title="Virgil" href="/wiki/Virgil"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Virgil's</font></a> font color="#000000"> "<a title="Love Conquers All" href="/wiki/Love_Conquers_All"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Love conquers all</font></afont color="#000000">" to the <a title="The Beatles" href="/wiki/The_Beatles"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Beatles'</font></afont color="#000000"> "<a class="mw-redirect" title="All You Need is Love" href="/wiki/All_You_Need_is_Love"font><font color="#0066cc000000">All you need is love</font></afont color="#000000">." <a title="Bertrand Russell" href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Bertrand Russell</font></afont color="#000000"> describes love as a condition of "absolute value," as opposed to <a title="Relative value" href="/wiki/Relative_value"font><font color="#0066cc000000">relative value</font></afont color="#000000">. Theologian <a title="Thomas Jay Oord" href="/wiki/Thomas_Jay_Oord"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Thomas Jay Oord</font></afont color="#000000"> said that to love is to "act intentionally, in sympathetic response to others, to promote overall well-being."<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2009"><font size="2">[<em><a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"><font color="#0066cc">citation needed</font></a>citation needed</em>]</font></sup> Philosopher <a title="Gottfried Leibniz" href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Gottfried Leibniz</font></afont color="#000000"> said that love is "to be delighted by the happiness of another."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></font></fontsup></a></supfont></p><p><a font color="#000000"><a id="Impersonal_love" name="Impersonal_love"><font color="#0066cc" size="2"></font></a></font></p><h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Impersonal love</font></span></h2><p><font color="#000000">A person can be said to love a country, principle, or goal if they value it greatly and are deeply committed to it. Similarly, compassionate outreach and volunteer workers' "love" of their cause may sometimes be borne not of interpersonal love, but impersonal love coupled with <a title="Altruism" href="/wiki/Altruism">/font><font color="#0066cc000000">altruism</font></afont color="#000000"> and strong political convictions. People can also "love" material objects, animals, or activities if they invest themselves in bonding or otherwise identifying with those things. If sexual passion is also involved, this condition is called <a title="Paraphilia" href="/wiki/Paraphilia"font><font color="#0066cc000000">paraphilia</font></afont color="#000000">.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></font></fontsup></afont></supp></p><pfont color="#000000"><a id="Interpersonal_love" name="Interpersonal_love"><font color="#0066cc" size="2"></font></a></pfont></p><h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Interpersonal love</font></span></h2><p><font color="#000000">Interpersonal love refers to love between human beings. It is a more potent sentiment than a simple <em>liking</em> for another. <a title="Unrequited love" href="/wiki/Unrequited_love"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Unrequited love</font></afont color="#000000"> refers to those feelings of love that are not reciprocated. Interpersonal love is most closely associated with <a class="mw-redirect" title="Interpersonal relationships" href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationships"font><font color="#0066cc000000">interpersonal relationships</font></afont color="#000000">. Such love might exist between family members, friends, and couples. There are also a number of psychological disorders related to love, such as <a title/font><font color="Erotomania" href=#000000">erotomania</wiki/Erotomania"font><font color="#0066cc000000">erotomania.</font></a>.</p><p>Throughout history, <a titlefont color="Philosophy" href="/wiki/Philosophy#000000">Throughout history, </font><font color="#0066cc000000">philosophy</font></afont color="#000000"> and <a title="Religion" href="/wiki/Religion"font><font color="#0066cc000000">religion</font></afont color="#000000"> have done the most speculation on the phenomenon of love. In the last century, the science of <a title="Psychology" href="/wiki/Psychology"/font><font color="#0066cc000000">psychology</font></afont color="#000000"> has written a great deal on the subject. In recent years, the sciences of <a title="Evolutionary psychology" href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology"font><font color="#0066cc000000">evolutionary psychology</font></a>font color="#000000">, <a title="Evolutionary biology" href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology"font><font color="#0066cc000000">evolutionary biology</font></afont color="#000000">, <a title="Anthropology" href="/wiki/Anthropology"font><font color="#0066cc000000">anthropology</font></afont color="#000000">, <a title="Neuroscience" href="/wiki/Neuroscience"font><font color="#0066cc000000">neuroscience</font></afont color="#000000">, and <a title="Biology" href="/wiki/Biology"font><font color="#0066cc000000">biology</font></afont color="#000000"> have added to the understanding of the nature and function of love.</font></p><p><font color="#000000"><a id="Chemical_basis" name="Chemical_basis"></a></font></p><h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Chemical basis</font></span></h3>
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<div style="WIDTH: 232px" class="thumbinner"><a classfont color="image#000000" title><img class="Simplistic overview of the chemical basis of love.thumbimage" hrefalt="/wiki/File:Chemical_basis_of_love.png"><img classwidth="thumbimage230" altheight="212" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chemical_basis_of_love.png/230px-Chemical_basis_of_love.png" width/></font><font color="230#000000" height="212" /></afont>
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<div class="magnify"><a classfont color="internal#000000" title><img alt="Enlarge" hrefwidth="/wiki/File:Chemical_basis_of_love.png15"><img altheight="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></afont></div><font color="#000000">Simplistic overview of the chemical basis of love.</font></div>
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<div class="rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle"><font color="#000000">Main article: <a title="Love (scientific views)" href="/wiki/Love_(scientific_views)"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Love (scientific views)</font></a></div><p><font color="#000000">Biological models of sex tend to view love as a <a title="Mammal" href="/wiki/Mammal"font><font color="#0066cc000000">mammalian</font></afont color="#000000"> drive, much like <a title="Hunger" href="/wiki/Hunger"font><font color="#0066cc000000">hunger</font></afont color="#000000"> or <a title="Thirst" href="/wiki/Thirst"font><font color="#0066cc000000">thirst</font></afont color="#000000">.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-7"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> <a title="Helen Fisher (anthropologist)" href="/wiki/Helen_Fisher_(anthropologist)"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Helen Fisher</font></afont color="#000000">, a leading expert in the topic of love, divides the experience of love into three partly overlapping stages: lust, attraction, and attachment. Lust exposes people to others; romantic attraction encourages people to focus their energy on mating; and attachment involves tolerating the spouse (or indeed the child) long enough to rear a child into infancy.</font></p><p><a title="Lust" href="/wiki/Lust"><font color="#0066cc000000">Lust</font></afont color="#000000"> is the initial passionate sexual desire that promotes <a title="Mating" href="/wiki/Mating"font><font color="#0066cc000000">mating</font></afont color="#000000">, and involves the increased release of chemicals such as <a title="Testosterone" href="/wiki/Testosterone"font><font color="#0066cc000000">testosterone</font></afont color="#000000"> and <a title="Estrogen" href="/wiki/Estrogen"font><font color="#0066cc000000">estrogen</font></afont color="#000000">. These effects rarely last more than a few weeks or months. <a title="Interpersonal attraction" href="/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Attraction</font></afont color="#000000"> is the more individualized and romantic desire for a specific candidate for mating, which develops out of lust as commitment to an individual mate forms. Recent studies in <a title="Neuroscience" href="/wiki/Neuroscience"font><font color="#0066cc000000">neuroscience</font></afont color="#000000"> have indicated that as people fall in love, the brain consistently releases a certain set of chemicals, including <a class="mw-redirect" title="Pheromones" href="/wiki/Pheromones"font><font color="#0066cc000000">pheromones</font></afont color="#000000">, <a title="Dopamine" href="/wiki/Dopamine"font><font color="#0066cc000000">dopamine</font></afont color="#000000">, <a title="Norepinephrine" href="/wiki/Norepinephrine"font><font color="#0066cc000000">norepinephrine</font></afont color="#000000">, and <a title="Serotonin" href="/wiki/Serotonin"font><font color="#0066cc000000">serotonin</font></afont color="#000000">, which act in a manner similar to <a title="Amphetamine" href="/wiki/Amphetamine"font><font color="#0066cc000000">amphetamines</font></afont color="#000000">, stimulating the brain's <a title="Pleasure center" href="/wiki/Pleasure_center"font><font color="#0066cc000000">pleasure center</font></afont color="#000000"> and leading to side effects such as increased <a title="Heart rate" href="/wiki/Heart_rate"font><font color="#0066cc000000">heart rate</font></afont color="#000000">, loss of appetite and sleep, and an intense feeling of excitement. Research has indicated that this stage generally lasts from one and a half to three years.<sup id="cite_ref-human_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-human-8"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></font></fontsup></afont></supp></p><pfont color="#000000">Since the lust and attraction stages are both considered temporary, a third stage is needed to account for long-term relationships. <a title="Attachment theory" href="/wiki/Attachment_theory"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Attachment</font></afont color="#000000"> is the <a title="Human bonding" href="/wiki/Human_bonding"font><font color="#0066cc000000">bonding</font></afont color="#000000"> that promotes relationships lasting for many years and even decades. Attachment is generally based on commitments such as <a title="Marriage" href="/wiki/Marriage"font><font color="#0066cc000000">marriage</font></afont color="#000000"> and <a class="mw-redirect" title="Children" href="/wiki/Children"font><font color="#0066cc000000">children</font></afont color="#000000">, or on mutual friendship based on things like shared interests. It has been linked to higher levels of the chemicals <a title="Oxytocin" href="/wiki/Oxytocin"font><font color="#0066cc000000">oxytocin</font></afont color="#000000"> and <a title="Vasopressin" href="/wiki/Vasopressin"font><font color="#0066cc000000">vasopressin</font></afont color="#000000"> to a greater degree than short-term relationships have.<sup id="cite_ref-human_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-human-8"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></font></fontsup></afont></supp></p><pfont color="#000000">The protein molecule known as the <a title="Nerve growth factor" href="/wiki/Nerve_growth_factor"font><font color="#0066cc000000">nerve growth factor</font></afont color="#000000"> (NGF) has high levels when people first fall in love, but these return to previous levels after one year. <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></font></fontsup></afont></supp></p><pfont color="#000000"><a id="Psychological_basis" name="Psychological_basis"><font color="#0066cc" size="2"></font></a></font></p><h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Psychological basis</font></span></h3>
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<div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><a classfont color="image#000000" title><img class="Grandmother and grandchild,Sri Lanka.thumbimage" hrefalt="/wiki/File:Sri_Lankan_woman_and_child.jpg"><img classwidth="thumbimage180" altheight="120" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sri_Lankan_woman_and_child.jpg/180px-Sri_Lankan_woman_and_child.jpg" width/></font><font color="180#000000" height="120" /></afont>
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<div class="magnify"><a classfont color="internal#000000" title><img alt="Enlarge" hrefwidth="/wiki/File:Sri_Lankan_woman_and_child.jpg15"><img altheight="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></afont></div><font color="#000000">Grandmother and grandchild,<br /><a title="Sri Lanka" href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Sri Lanka</font><font color="#000000">.</afont>.</div>
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<div class="rellink boilerplate further"><font color="#000000">Further information: <a title="Human bonding" href="/wiki/Human_bonding"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Human bonding</font></a></div><p><font color="#000000">Psychology depicts love as a cognitive and social phenomenon. <a title="Psychologist" href="/wiki/Psychologist"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Psychologist</font></a> <a titlefont color="Robert Sternberg" href=#000000"> </wiki/Robert_Sternberg"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Robert Sternberg</font></afont color="#000000"> formulated a <a title="Triangular theory of love" href="/wiki/Triangular_theory_of_love"font><font color="#0066cc000000">triangular theory of love</font></afont color="#000000"> and argued that love has three different components: intimacy, commitment, and passion. Intimacy is a form in which two people share confidences and various details of their personal lives, and is usually shown in friendships and romantic love affairs. Commitment, on the other hand, is the expectation that the relationship is permanent. The last and most common form of love is sexual attraction and passion. Passionate love is shown in infatuation as well as romantic love. All forms of love are viewed as varying combinations of these three components. American psychologist <a class="new" title="Zick Rubin (page does not exist)" href="/w/index.php?title=Zick_Rubin&action=edit&redlink=1"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Zick Rubin</font></afont color="#000000"> seeks to define <em>love</em> by <a title="Psychometrics" href="/wiki/Psychometrics"font><font color="#0066cc000000">psychometrics</font></afont color="#000000">. His work states that three factors constitute love: attachment, caring, and intimacy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></font></fontsup></a></supfont></p>
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<div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><a class="image" title="Fraternal love (Prehispanic sculpture from 250–900 A.D., of Huastec origin). Museum of Anthropology in Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico." href="/wiki/File:Columpio_Veracruz_059.jpg"><font color="#0066cc000000" size="2"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="180" height="135" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Columpio_Veracruz_059.jpg/180px-Columpio_Veracruz_059.jpg" width="180" height="135" /></font><font color="#000000"></afont>
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<div class="magnify"><a classfont color="internal#000000" title><img alt="Enlarge" hrefwidth="/wiki/File:Columpio_Veracruz_059.jpg15"><img altheight="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></afont></div><font color="#000000">Fraternal love (Prehispanic sculpture from 250–900 A.D., of <a title="Huastec" href="/wiki/Huastec"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Huastec</font></afont color="#000000"> origin). <a title="Museo de Antropología de Xalapa" href="/wiki/Museo_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_de_Xalapa"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Museum of Anthropology</font></afont color="#000000"> in <a title="Xalapa" href="/wiki/Xalapa"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Xalapa</font></afont color="#000000">, <a title="Veracruz" href="/wiki/Veracruz"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Veracruz</font></afont color="#000000">, <a title="Mexico" href="/wiki/Mexico"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Mexico</font><font color="#000000">.</afont>.</div>
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<p><font color="#000000">Following developments in electrical theories such as <a title="Coulomb's law" href="/wiki/Coulomb%27s_law"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Coulomb's law</font></afont color="#000000">, which showed that positive and negative charges attract, analogs in human life were developed, such as "opposites attract." Over the last century, research on the nature of human mating has generally found this not to be true when it comes to character and personality—people tend to like people similar to themselves. However, in a few unusual and specific domains, such as immune systems, it seems that humans prefer others who are unlike themselves (e.g., with an orthogonal immune system), since this will lead to a baby that has the best of both worlds.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> In recent years, various <a title="Human bonding" href="/wiki/Human_bonding"font><font color="#0066cc000000">human bonding</font></afont color="#000000"> theories have been developed, described in terms of attachments, ties, bonds, and affinities.</font></p><p><font color="#000000">Some Western authorities disaggregate into two main components, the altruistic and the narcissistic. This view is represented in the works of <a class="mw-redirect" title="Scott Peck" href="/wiki/Scott_Peck"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Scott Peck</font></afont color="#000000">, whose work in the field of applied psychology explored the definitions of love and evil. Peck maintains that love is a combination of the "concern for the spiritual growth of another," and simple narcissism.<sup id="cite_ref-peck_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peck-13"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> In combination, love is an <em>activity</em>, not simply a feeling.</font></p>
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<div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><a classfont color="image#000000" title><img class="Sacred Love Versus Profane Love (1602–03) by Giovanni Baglione.thumbimage" hrefalt="/wiki/File:Baglione.jpg"><img classwidth="thumbimage180" altheight="271" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Baglione.jpg/180px-Baglione.jpg" width/></font><font color="180#000000" height="271" /></afont>
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<div class="magnify"><a classfont color="internal#000000" title><img alt="Enlarge" hrefwidth="/wiki/File:Baglione.jpg15"><img altheight="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></afont></div><font color="#000000"><em>Sacred Love Versus Profane Love</em> (1602–03) by <a title="Giovanni Baglione" href="/wiki/Giovanni_Baglione"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Giovanni Baglione</font><font color="#000000">.</afont>.</div>
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<p><font color="#000000"><a id="Comparison_of_scientific_models" name="Comparison_of_scientific_models"></a></font></p><h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Comparison of scientific models</font></span></h3><p>Biological models <font color="#000000">Biological models of love tend to see it as a mammalian drive, similar to <a title="Hunger" href="/wiki/Hunger"font><font color="#0066cc000000">hunger</font></afont color="#000000"> or <a title="Thirst" href="/wiki/Thirst"/font><font color="#0066cc000000">thirst</font></afont color="#000000">.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-7"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><spanspan>[</span>8<span>]</span></font></font></a></sup> Psychology sees love as more of a social and cultural phenomenon. There are probably elements of truth in both views. Certainly love is influenced by <a title="Hormone" href="/wiki/Hormone"font><font color="#0066cc000000">hormones</font></afont color="#000000"> (such as <a title="Oxytocin" href="/wiki/Oxytocin"font><font color="#0066cc000000">oxytocin</font></afont color="#000000">), <a class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotrophins" href="/wiki/Neurotrophins"/font><font color="#0066cc000000">neurotrophins</font></afont color="#000000"> (such as <a class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve Growth Factor" href="/wiki/Nerve_Growth_Factor">/font><font color="#0066cc000000">NGF</font></afont color="#000000">), and <a title="Pheromone" href="/wiki/Pheromone">/font><font color="#0066cc000000">pheromones</font></afont color="#000000">, and how people think and behave in love is influenced by their conceptions of love. The conventional view in <a title="Biology" href="/wiki/Biology"font><font color="#0066cc000000">biology</font></afont color="#000000"> is that there are two major drives in love: <a title="Sexual attraction" href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction"font><font color="#0066cc000000">sexual attraction</font></afont color="#000000"> and <a title="Attachment theory" href="/wiki/Attachment_theory"/font><font color="#0066cc000000">attachment</font></afont color="#000000">. Attachment between adults is presumed to work on the same principles that lead an infant to become attached to its mother. The traditional psychological view sees love as being a combination of <a class/font><font color="mw-redirect#000000" title="Companionate >companionate love" href="</wiki/Companionate_love"font><font color="#0066cc000000">companionate love</font></a> and passionate love. Passionate love is intense longing, and is often accompanied by <a class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological arousal" href="/wiki/Physiological_arousal"/font><font color="#0066cc000000">physiological arousal</font></afont color="#000000"> (shortness of breath, rapid heart rate); <a class="mw-redirect" title="Companionate love" href="/wiki/Companionate_love">/font><font color="#0066cc000000">companionate love</font></afont color="#000000"> is affection and a feeling of intimacy not accompanied by physiological arousal.</font></p><p><font color="#000000">Studies have shown that brain scans of those infatuated by love display a resemblance to those with a mental illness. Love creates activity in the same area of the brain where hunger, thirst, and drug cravings create activity. New love, therefore, could possibly be more physical than emotional. Over time, this reaction to love mellows, and different areas of the brain are activated, primarily ones involving long-term commitments. <a class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Newberg" href="/wiki/Andrew_Newberg"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Dr. Andrew Newberg</font></afont color="#000000">, a neuroscientist, suggests that this reaction to love is so similar to that of drugs because without love, humanity would die out.<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2009"><font size="2">[<em>citation needed<a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"em>]</font color="#0066cc">citation needed</font></asup></em>]</font></supp></p><pfont color="#000000"><a id="Cultural_views" name="Cultural_views"><font size="2"></font></a></pfont></p><h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Cultural views</font></span></h2><p><font color="#000000"><a id="Persian" name="Persian"></a></pfont></p><h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Persian</font></span></h3><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><em><font color="#000000">Even after all this time</emfont></em></dd><dd><em><font color="#000000">The sun never says to the earth, "You owe me."</font></em></dd><dd><em><font color="#000000">Look what happens with a Love like that!</font></em></dd><dd><font color="#000000">—<em>It lights the whole Sky.</em> (Hafiz)</font></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl><p><a titlefont color="#000000">Rumi" href="</wiki/Rumi"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Rumi, </font></a>, <a titlefont color="#000000">Hafez" href="</wiki/Hafez"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Hafezand </font></a> and <a title=font color="Saadi (poet)" href=#000000">Sa'di</wiki/Saadi_(poet)"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Sa'di</font></a> are are icons of the passion and love that the Persian culture and language present. The Persian word for love is <em>eshgh</em>, deriving from the Arabic <em>ishq</em>. In the Persian culture, everything is encompassed by love and all is for love, starting from loving friends and family, husbands and wives, and eventually reaching the divine love that is the ultimate goal in life. Over seven centuries ago, Sa'di wrote:</font></p><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><em><font color="#000000">The children of Adam are limbs of one body</font></em></dd><dd><em>Having been created of one essence.<font color="#000000">Having been created of one essence.</font></em></dd><dd><em><font color="#000000">When the calamity of time afflicts one limb</font></em></dd><dd><em><font color="#000000">The other limbs cannot remain at rest.</font></em></dd><dd><em><font color="#000000">If you have no sympathy for the troubles of others</font></em></dd><dd><em><font color="#000000">You are not worthy to be called by the name of "man."</font></em></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl><p><font color="#000000"><a id="Chinese_and_other_Sinic_cultures" name="Chinese_and_other_Sinic_cultures"></a></font></p><h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Chinese and other Sinic cultures</font></span></h3>
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<div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><a classfont color="image#000000" title><img class="The traditional Chinese character for love (愛) consists of a heart (middle) inside of "accept," "feel," or "perceive," which shows a graceful emotion.thumbimage" hrefalt="/wiki/File:Love_zh.svg"><img classwidth="thumbimage180" altheight="195" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Love_zh.svg/180px-Love_zh.svg.png" width/></font><font color="180#000000" height="195" /></afont>
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<div class="magnify"><a classfont color="internal#000000" title><img alt="Enlarge" hrefwidth="/wiki/File:Love_zh.svg15"><img altheight="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></afont></div>The traditional <a titlefont color="Chinese character" href=#000000">The traditional </wiki/Chinese_character"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Chinese character</font></afont color="#000000"> for love (愛) consists of a <a title="Heart" href="/wiki/Heart"font><font color="#0066cc000000">heart</font></afont color="#000000"> (middle) inside of "accept," "feel," or "perceive," which shows a graceful emotion.</font></div>
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<p>In contemporary <a titlefont color="Ll" href=#000000">In contemporary </wiki/Ll"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Chinese</font></afont color="#000000"> language and <a class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese culture" href="/wiki/Chinese_culture"font><font color="#0066cc000000">culture</font></afont color="#000000">, several terms or root words are used for the concept of love:</font></p>
<ul>
<li><font color="#000000">It was the first name of the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Qing" href="/wiki/Qing"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Qing</font></afont color="#000000"> emperor.</font></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><font color="#000000"><em>Ai</em> (愛) is used as a verb (e.g., <em>Wo ai ni</em>, "I love you") or as a noun, especially in <em>aiqing</em> (愛情), "love" or "romance." In <a title="Mainland China" href="/wiki/Mainland_China"font><font color="#0066cc000000">mainland China</font></a> since 1949, <em><a class="extiw" title="wikt:airen" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/airen"><font color="#0066cc000000">airensince 1949, </font></aem>airen</em> (愛人, originally "lover," or more literally, "love person") is the dominant word for "spouse" (with separate terms for "wife" and "husband" originally being de-emphasized); the word once had a negative connotation, which it retains among many in <a title="Taiwan" href="/wiki/Taiwan"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Taiwan</font><font color="#000000">. </afont>.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><font color="#000000"><em>Lian</em> (戀) is not generally used alone, but instead as part of such terms as "being in love" (談戀愛, <em>tan lian'ai</em>—also containing <em>ai</em>), "lover" (戀人, <em>lianren</em>) or "<a title="Homosexuality" href="/wiki/Homosexuality"font><font color="#0066cc000000">homosexuality</font></afont color="#000000">" (同性戀, <em>tongxinglian</em>).</font></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><font color="#000000"><em>Qing</em> (情), commonly meaning "feeling" or "emotion," often indicates "love" in several terms. It is contained in the word <em>aiqing</em> (愛情); <em>qingren</em> (情人) is a term for "lover."</font></li>
</ul>
<p>In <a titlefont color="Confucianism" href=#000000">In </wiki/Confucianism"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Confucianism</font></afont color="#000000">, <em>lian</em> is a virtuous benevolent love. Lian should be pursued by all human beings, and reflects a moral life. The Chinese philosopher <a title="Mozi" href="/wiki/Mozi"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Mozi</font></a> font color="#000000"> developed the concept of <em>ai</em> (愛) in reaction to Confucian <em>lian</em>. <em>Ai</em>, in <a title="Mohism" href="/wiki/Mohism"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Mohism</font></afont color="#000000">, is universal love towards all beings, not just towards friends or family, without regard to reciprocation. Extravagance and offensive war are inimical to <em>ai</em>. Although Mozi's thought was influential, the Confucian <em>lian</em> is how most Chinese conceive of love.</font></p><p><font color="#000000"><em>Gănqíng</em> (感情) is the "feeling" of a relationship, vaguely similar to <a title="Empathy" href="/wiki/Empathy">/font><font color="#0066cc000000">empathy</font></afont color="#000000">. A person will express love by building good <em>gănqíng</em>, accomplished through helping or working for another and emotional attachment toward another person or anything.</font></p><p><em><a title="Yuanfen" href="/wiki/Yuanfen"><font color="#0066cc000000">Yuanfen</font></aem></em> font color="#000000"> (緣份) is a connection of bound destinies. A meaningful relationship is often conceived of as dependent on strong <em>yuanfen</em>. It is very similar to serendipity. A similar conceptualization in English is, "They were made for each other," "fate," or "destiny."</font></p><p><font color="#000000"><em>Zaolian</em> (<a class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified Chinese" href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Simplified</font></a>font color="#000000">: 早恋, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese" href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Traditional</font></afont color="#000000">: 早戀, <a title="Pinyin" href="/wiki/Pinyin"font><font color="#0066cc000000">pinyin</font></afont color="#000000">: <em>zǎoliàn</em>), literally "early love," is a contemporary term in frequent use for romantic feelings or attachments among children or adolescents. <em>Zaolian</em> describes both relationships among a teenage boyfriend and girlfriend as well as the "<a title="Limerence" href="/wiki/Limerence"font><font color="#0066cc000000">crushes</font></afont color="#000000">" of early adolescence or childhood. The concept essentially indicates a prevalent belief in contemporary Chinese culture, which is that, due to the demands of their studies (especially true in the highly competitive educational system of China), youth should not form romantic attachments lest they jeopardize their chances for future success. Reports have appeared in Chinese newspapers and other media detailing the prevalence of the phenomenon and its perceived dangers to students and the fears of parents.</font></p><p><font color="#000000"><a id="Japanese" name="Japanese"></a></font></p><h3><span class="mw-headline">Japanese<font color="#000000">Japanese</font></span></h3><p>In <a classfont color="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Buddhism" href=#000000">In </wiki/Japanese_Buddhism"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Japanese Buddhism</font></a>font color="#000000">, <em>ai</em> (愛) is passionate caring love, and a fundamental desire. It can develop towards either selfishness or selflessness and enlightenment.</font></p><p><em><a title="Amae" href="/wiki/Amae"><font color="#0066cc000000">Amae</font></aem></emfont color="#000000"> (甘え), a Japanese word meaning "indulgent dependence," is part of the child-rearing culture of Japan. Japanese mothers are expected to hug and indulge their children, and children are expected to reward their mothers by clinging and serving. Some <a class/font><font color="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist" href=#000000">sociologists</wiki/Sociologist"font><font color="#0066cc000000">sociologists</font></a> have suggested that Japanese social interactions in later life are modeled on the mother-child amae.</font></p><p><font color="#000000"><a id="Ancient_Greek" name="Ancient_Greek"></a></font></p><h3><span class="mw-headline">Ancient Greek<font color="#000000">Ancient Greek</font></span></h3><p><a titlefont color="#000000">Greek language" href="</wiki/Greek_language"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Greekdistinguishes </font></a> distinguishes <a titlefont color="Greek words for love" href=#000000">several different senses</wiki/Greek_words_for_love"font><font color="#0066cc000000">several different senses</font></a> in which the word "love" is used. For example, Ancient Greek has the words <em>philia</em>, <em>eros</em>, <em>agape</em>, <em>storge</em>, and <em>xenia</em>. However, with Greek (as with many other languages), it has been historically difficult to separate the meanings of these words totally. At the same time, the Ancient Greek text of the <a title="Bible" href="/wiki/Bible"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Bible</font></afont color="#000000"> has examples of the <a title="Verb" href="/wiki/Verb"font><font color="#0066cc000000">verb</font></afont color="#000000"> <em>agapo</em> having the same meaning as <em>phileo<a class="mw-redirect" title="Phileo" href="/wikiem>.</Phileo"font><font color="#0066cc">phileo</font></a></em>.</p><p><em><a class="mw-redirect" title="Agapē" href="/wiki/Agap%C4%93"><font color="#0066cc000000">Agape</font></aem></emfont color="#000000"> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἀγάπη</span> <em>agápē</em>) means <em>love</em> in modern-day Greek. The term <em>s'agapo</em> means <em>I love you</em> in Greek. The word <em>agapo</em> is the verb <em>I love</em>. It generally refers to a "pure," ideal type of love, rather than the physical attraction suggested by <em>eros</em>. However, there are some examples of <em>agape</em> used to mean the same as <em>eros</em>. It has also been translated as "love of the soul."</font></p><p><em><a class="mw-redirect" title="Eros (love)" href="/wiki/Eros_(love)"><font color="#0066cc000000">Eros</font></aem></emfont color="#000000"> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἔρως</span> <em>érōs</em>) is passionate love, with sensual desire and longing. The Greek word <em>erota</em> means <em>in love</em>. <a title="Plato" href="/wiki/Plato"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Plato</font></afont color="#000000"> refined his own definition. Although eros is initially felt for a person, with contemplation it becomes an appreciation of the beauty within that person, or even becomes appreciation of beauty itself. Eros helps the soul recall knowledge of beauty and contributes to an understanding of spiritual truth. Lovers and philosophers are all inspired to seek truth by eros. Some translations list it as "love of the body."</font></p><p><em><a titlefont color="Philia#000000" href="/wiki/>Philia"</font></em><font color="#0066cc000000">Philia</font></a></em> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">φιλία</span> <em>philía</em>), a dispassionate virtuous love, was a concept developed by <a title="Aristotle" href="/wiki/Aristotle"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Aristotle</font></afont color="#000000">. It includes loyalty to friends, family, and community, and requires virtue, equality, and familiarity. Philia is motivated by practical reasons; one or both of the parties benefit from the relationship. It can also mean "love of the mind."</font></p><p><em><a class="mw-redirect" title="Storge" href="/wiki/Storge"><font color="#0066cc000000">Storge</font></aem></emfont color="#000000"> (<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">στοργή</span> <em>storgē</em>) is natural affection, like that felt by parents for offspring.</font></p><p><em><a titlefont color="#000000">Xenia (Greek)" href="</wikifont></Xenia_(Greek)"em><font color="#0066cc000000">Xenia</font></a></em> (ξενία <em>xenía</em>), hospitality, was an extremely important practice in Ancient Greece. It was an almost ritualized friendship formed between a host and his guest, who could previously have been strangers. The host fed and provided quarters for the guest, who was expected to repay only with gratitude. The importance of this can be seen throughout <a title/font><font color="#000000">Greek mythology" href="</wiki/Greek_mythology"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Greek mythology</font></a>—in particular, <a title="Homer" href="/wiki/Homer"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Homer's</font></afont color="#000000"> <em>Iliad<a title="Iliad" href="/wiki/Iliad"/em>and <font color="#0066cc"em>IliadOdyssey</fontem>.</afont></emp> and <emp><a titlefont color="Odyssey#000000" href="/wiki/Odyssey"><font color="#0066cc">Odyssey</font></a></em>.</p><p><a id><a id="Turkish_.28Shaman_.26_Islamic.29" name="Turkish_.28Shaman_.26_Islamic.29"></a></font></p><h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Turkish (Shaman & Islamic)</font></span></h3><p>In <a titlefont color="Turkish language" href=#000000">In </wiki/Turkish_language"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Turkish</font></afont color="#000000">, the word "love" comes up with several meanings. A person can love a god, a person, parents, or family. But that person can "love" just one person from the opposite sex, which they call the word "aşk." <em><a title="Ishq" href="/wiki/Ishq"><font color="#0066cc">Aşk</font></a>Aşk</em> is a feeling for <em>to love</em>, as it still is in Turkish today. The Turks used this word just for their loves in a romantic or sexual sense. If a Turk says that he is in love (aşk) with somebody, it is not a love that a person can feel for his or her parents; it is just for one person, and it indicates a huge infatuation. The word is also common for <a title="Turkic languages" href="/wiki/Turkic_languages"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Turkic languages</font></afont color="#000000">, such as <a title="Azerbaijani language" href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Azerbaijani</font></afont color="#000000"> (eşq) and <a title="Kazakh language" href="/wiki/Kazakh_language"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Kazakh</font></afont color="#000000"> (ғашық).</font></p><p><font color="#000000"><a id="Ancient_Roman_.28Latin.29" name="Ancient_Roman_.28Latin.29"></a></font></p><h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Ancient Roman (Latin)</font></span></h3><p>The Latin language <font color="#000000">The Latin language has several different verbs corresponding to the English word "love."</font></p><p><font color="#000000"><em>Amāre</em> is the basic word for <em>to love</em>, as it still is in Italian today. The Romans used it both in an affectionate sense as well as in a romantic or sexual sense. From this verb come <em>amans</em>—a lover, amator, "professional lover," often with the accessory notion of lechery—and <em>amica</em>, "girlfriend" in the English sense, often as well being applied euphemistically to a prostitute. The corresponding noun is <em>amor</em>, which is also used in the plural form to indicate love affairs or sexual adventures. This same root also produces <em>amicus</em>—"friend"—and <em>amicitia</em>, "friendship" (often based to mutual advantage, and corresponding sometimes more closely to "indebtedness" or "influence"). Cicero wrote a treatise called <em>On Friendship</em> (<em>de Amicitia</em>), which discusses the notion at some length. Ovid wrote a guide to dating called <a class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Love" href="/wiki/Art_of_Love"font><em><font color="#0066cc000000">Ars Amatoria</font></em></afont color="#000000"> (<em>The Art of Love</em>), which addresses, in depth, everything from extramarital affairs to overprotective parents.</font></p><p><font color="#000000">Complicating the picture somewhat, Latin sometimes uses <em>amāre</em> where English would simply say <em>to like</em>. This notion, however, is much more generally expressed in Latin by <em>placere</em> or <em>delectāre</em>, which are used more colloquially, the latter used frequently in the love poetry of <a title="Catullus" href="/wiki/Catullus"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Catullus</font><font color="#000000">.</afont>.</p><p><em><a class="new" title="Diligere (page does not exist)" href="/w/index.php?title=Diligere&action=edit&redlink=1"><font color="#0066cc000000">Diligere</font></aem></emfont color="#000000"> often has the notion "to be affectionate for," "to esteem," and rarely if ever is used for romantic love. This word would be appropriate to describe the friendship of two men. The corresponding noun <em>diligentia</em>, however, has the meaning of "diligence" or "carefulness," and has little semantic overlap with the verb.</font></p><p><em><a class="new" title="Observare (page does not exist)" href="/w/index.php?title=Observare&action=edit&redlink=1"><font color="#0066cc000000">Observare</font></aem></emfont color="#000000"> is a synonym for <em>diligere</em>; despite the cognate with English, this verb and its corresponding noun, <em>observantia</em>, often denote "esteem" or "affection."</font></p><p><em><a title="Charity (virtue)" href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)"><font color="#0066cc000000">Caritas</font></aem></emfont color="#000000"> is used in Latin translations of the Christian Bible to mean "charitable love"; this meaning, however, is not found in Classical pagan Roman literature. As it arises from a conflation with a Greek word, there is no corresponding verb.</font></p><p><font color="#000000"><a id="Religious_views" name="Religious_views"></a></font></p><h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Religious views</font></span></h2><p><font color="#000000"><a id="Abrahamic_religions" name="Abrahamic_religions"></a></font></p><h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Abrahamic religions</font></span></h3><p><font color="#000000"><a id="Judaism" name="Judaism"></a></font></p><h4><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Judaism</font></span></h4>
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<div style="WIDTH: 182px" class="thumbinner"><a classfont color="image#000000" title><img class="Robert Indiana's 1977 "LOVE sculpture" spelling ahava in Israel.thumbimage" hrefalt="/wiki/File:Ahava.jpg"><img classwidth="thumbimage180" altheight="119" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ahava.jpg/180px-Ahava.jpg" width="180" height/></font><font color="119#000000" /></afont>
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<div class="magnify"><a classfont color="internal#000000" title><img alt="Enlarge" hrefwidth="/wiki/File:Ahava.jpg15"><img altheight="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></afont></div><a title="Robert Indiana" href="/wiki/Robert_Indiana"><font color="#0066cc000000">Robert Indiana's</font></afont color="#000000"> 1977 "<a class="mw-redirect" title="LOVE sculpture" href="/wiki/LOVE_sculpture"font><font color="#0066cc000000">LOVE sculpture</font></afont color="#000000">" spelling <em>ahava</em> in <a title="Israel" href="/wiki/Israel"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Israel</font><font color="#000000">.</afont>.</div>
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<p>In <a titlefont color="Hebrew language" href=#000000">In </wiki/Hebrew_language"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Hebrew</font></a>, <em><a title="Ahava" href="/wiki/Ahava"><font color="#0066cc000000">Ahava, </font></aem>Ahava</em> is the most commonly used term for both interpersonal love and love of God.</font></p><p><a title="Judaism" href="/wiki/Judaism"><font color="#0066cc000000">Judaism</font></afont color="#000000"> employs a wide definition of love, both among people and between man and the Deity. Regarding the former, the <a title="Torah" href="/wiki/Torah"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Torah</font></afont color="#000000"> states, "Love your neighbor like yourself" (<a class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus" href="/wiki/Leviticus"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Leviticus</font></afont color="#000000"> 19:18). As for the latter, one is commanded to love God "with all your heart, with all your soul and with all your might" (<a class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy" href="/wiki/Deuteronomy"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Deuteronomy</font></afont color="#000000"> 6:5), taken by the <a title="Mishnah" href="/wiki/Mishnah"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Mishnah</font></afont color="#000000"> (a central text of the Jewish <a title="Oral law" href="/wiki/Oral_law"font><font color="#0066cc000000">oral law</font></afont color="#000000">) to refer to good deeds, willingness to sacrifice one's life rather than commit certain serious transgressions, willingness to sacrifice all of one's possessions, and being grateful to the Lord despite adversity (tractate Berachoth 9:5). <a title="Rabbinic literature" href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Rabbinic literature</font></afont color="#000000"> differs as to how this love can be developed, e.g., by contemplating divine deeds or witnessing the marvels of nature.</font></p><p><font color="#000000">As for love between marital partners, this is deemed an essential ingredient to life: "See life with the wife you love" (<a title="Ecclesiastes" href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Ecclesiastes</font></afont color="#000000"> 9:9). The biblical book <a class="mw-redirect" title="Song of Solomon" href="/wiki/Song_of_Solomon"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Song of Solomon</font></afont color="#000000"> is considered a romantically phrased metaphor of love between God and his people, but in its plain reading, reads like a love song.</font></p><p><font color="#000000">The 20th-century <a title="Rabbi" href="/wiki/Rabbi"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Rabbi</font></a> <a titlefont color="Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler" href=#000000"> </wiki/Eliyahu_Eliezer_Dessler"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler</font></afont color="#000000"> is frequently quoted as defining love from the Jewish point of view as "giving without expecting to take" (from his <em>Michtav me-Eliyahu</em>, Vol. 1). Romantic love per se has few echoes in Jewish literature, although the Medieval Rabbi <a title="Judah Halevi" href="/wiki/Judah_Halevi"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Judah Halevi</font></afont color="#000000"> wrote romantic poetry in Arabic in his younger years (he appears to have regretted this later).<sup style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2009"><font size="2">[<em><a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"><font color="#0066cc">citation needed</fontem>]</afont></emsup>]</font></supp></p><pfont color="#000000"><a id="Christianity" name="Christianity"><font size="2"></font></a></font></p><h4><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Christianity</font></span></h4><p><font color="#000000">The Christian understanding is that love comes from God. The love of man and woman—<em>eros</em> in Greek—and the unselfish love of others (<em>agape</em>), are often contrasted as "ascending" and "descending" love, respectively, but are ultimately the same thing.<sup id="cite_ref-vatican1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vatican1-14"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></font></fontsup></afont></supp></p><pfont color="#000000">There are several Greek words for "love" that are regularly referred to in Christian circles.</font></p>
<ul>
<li><em><a title="Agape" href="/wiki/Agape"><font color="#0066cc000000">Agape</font></aem></emfont color="#000000">: In the <a title="New Testament" href="/wiki/New_Testament"font><font color="#0066cc000000">New Testament</font></a>, <em><a title="Agape" href="/wiki/Agape"><font color="#0066cc000000">agapē, </font></aem>agapē</em> is charitable, selfless, altruistic, and unconditional. It is parental love, seen as creating goodness in the world; it is the way <a title="God" href="/wiki/God"font><font color="#0066cc000000">God</font></afont color="#000000"> is seen to love humanity, and it is seen as the kind of love that Christians aspire to have for one another.</font></li> <li><em><a class="mw-redirect" title="Phileo" href="/wiki/Phileo"><font color="#0066cc000000">Phileo</font></aem></emfont color="#000000">: Also used in the New Testament, <em>phileo</em> is a human response to something that is found to be delightful. Also known as "brotherly love."</font></li> <li>Two other <a titlefont color="Love" href=#000000">Two other </wiki/Love#ancient_greek"font><font color="#0066cc000000">words for love in the Greek language</font></a>, <em><a class="mw-redirect" title="Eros (love)" href="/wiki/Eros_(love)"><font color="#0066cc000000">eros, </font></aem>eros</em> (sexual love) and <em><a class="mw-redirect" title="Storge" href="/wiki/Storge"><font color="#0066cc">storge</font></a></em> (child-to-parent love), were never used in the <a title="New Testament" href="/wiki/New_Testament"font><font color="#0066cc000000">New Testament</font><font color="#000000">. </afont>.</li>
</ul>
<p><a title="Christianity" href="/wiki/Christianity"><font color="#0066cc000000">Christians</font></afont color="#000000"> believe that to <em>Love God with all your heart, mind, and strength</em> and <em>Love your neighbor as yourself<a class="mw-redirect" title="Neighbor" href="/wiki/Neighbor"em><font color="#0066cc">neighbor</font></a> as yourself</em> are are the two most important things in life (the greatest commandment of the Jewish <a title="Torah" href="/wiki/Torah"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Torah</font></afont color="#000000">, according to <a title="Jesus" href="/wiki/Jesus"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Jesus</font></afont color="#000000">; cf. <a title="Gospel of Mark" href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Gospel of Mark</font></afont color="#000000"> chapter 12, verses 28–34). <a title="Augustine of Hippo" href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Saint Augustine</font></afont color="#000000"> summarized this when he wrote "<em>Love God, and do as thou wilt</em>."</font></p><p><a classfont color="mw-redirect" title=#000000">The Apostle Paul" href="</wiki/The_Apostle_Paul"font><font color="#0066cc000000">The Apostle Paul</font></a> glorified love as the most important virtue of all. Describing love in the famous poem in <a title="First Epistle to the Corinthians" href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians"font><font color="#0066cc000000">1 Corinthians</font></afont color="#000000">, he wrote, <em>"Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, and always perseveres."</em> (<a class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians" href="/wiki/1_Corinthians"font><font color="#0066cc000000">1 Cor.</font></afont color="#000000"> 13:4–7, <a class/font><font color="mw-redirect" title=#000000">NIV" href="</wiki/NIV"font><font color="#0066cc000000">NIV)</font></a>)</p><p><a title="John the Apostle" href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle"><font color="#0066cc000000">The Apostle John</font></afont color="#000000"> wrote, <em>"For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but to save the world through him. Whoever believes in him is not condemned, but whoever does not believe stands condemned already because he has not believed in the name of God's one and only Son."</em> (<a title="Gospel of John" href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John"font><font color="#0066cc000000">John</font></afont color="#000000"> 3:16–18, <a class/font><font color="mw-redirect" title=#000000">NIV" href="</wiki/NIV"font><font color="#0066cc000000">NIV)</font></ap>)</p><pfont color="#000000">John also wrote, <em>"Dear friends, let us love one another for love comes from God. Everyone who loves has been born of God and knows God. Whoever does not love does not know God, because God is love."</em> (<a class/font><font color="mw-redirect" title=#000000">1 John" href="</wiki/1_John"font><font color="#0066cc000000">1 John</font></a> 4:7–8, <a class="mw-redirect" title="NIV" href="/wiki/NIV"font><font color="#0066cc000000">NIV</font></afont color="#000000">)</font></p><p><a title="Augustine of Hippo" href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo"><font color="#0066cc000000">Saint Augustine</font></afont color="#000000"> says that one must be able to decipher the difference between love and lust. Lust, according to Saint Augustine, is an overindulgence, but to love and be loved is what he has sought for his entire life. He even says, <em>“I was in love with love.”</em> Finally, he does fall in love and is loved back, by God. Saint Augustine says the only one who can love you truly and fully is God, because love with a human only allows for flaws such as <em>“jealousy, suspicion, fear, anger, and contention.”</em> According to Saint Augustine, to love God is <em>“to attain the peace which is yours.”</em> (Saint Augustine's Confessions)</font></p><p>Christian <a titlefont color="Theology" href=#000000">Christian </wiki/Theology"font><font color="#0066cc000000">theologians</font></afont color="#000000"> see God as the source of love, which is mirrored in humans and their own loving relationships. Influential Christian theologian <a class/font><font color="mw-redirect" title=#000000">C.S. Lewis" href="</wiki/C.S._Lewis">font><font color="#0066cc000000">C.S. Lewis</font></a> wrote a book called <em><a title="The Four Loves" href="</wiki/The_Four_Loves"em>.</font color="#0066cc">The Four Loves</font></a></em>.</p><p><a classfont color="mw-redirect" title=#000000">Benedict XVI" href="</wiki/Benedict_XVI"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Benedict XVIwrote his first </font></a> wrote his first <a title="Encyclical" href="/wiki/Encyclical"><font color="#0066cc000000">encyclical</font></afont color="#000000"> on "<a class/font><font color="mw-redirect" title="Deus caritas est" href=#000000">God is love</wiki/Deus_caritas_est"font><font color="#0066cc000000">God is love</font></a>." He said that a human being, created in the image of God, who is love, is able to practice love; to give himself to God and others (<a title="Agape" href="/wiki/Agape"font><font color="#0066cc000000">agape</font></afont color="#000000">) and by receiving and experiencing God's love in contemplation (eros). This life of love, according to him, is the life of the saints such as <a title="Mother Teresa" href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Teresa of Calcutta</font></afont color="#000000"> and the <a title="Blessed Virgin Mary" href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Blessed Virgin Mary</font></afont color="#000000"> and is the direction Christians take when they believe that God loves them.<sup id="cite_ref-vatican1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vatican1-14"><font size="2"><font color="#0066cc"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></font></fontsup></afont></supp></p><pfont color="#000000"><a id="Islam_and_Arab" name="Islam_and_Arab"><font color="#0066cc" size="2"></font></a></font></p><h4><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Islam and Arab</font></span></h4><p><font color="#000000">In a sense, love does encompass the Islamic view of life as universal brotherhood that applies to all who hold the faith. There are no direct references stating that God is love, but amongst the 99 names of God (<a title="Allah" href="/wiki/Allah"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Allah</font></afont color="#000000">), there is the name <em>Al-Wadud</em>, or "the Loving One," which is found in Surah 11:90 as well as Surah 85:14. It refers to God as being "full of loving kindness." All who hold the faith have God's love, but to what degree or effort he has pleased God depends on the individual itself.</font></p><p><em><a title="Ishq" href="/wiki/Ishq"><font color="#0066cc000000">Ishq</font></aem></emfont color="#000000">, or divine love, is the emphasis of <a title="Sufism" href="/wiki/Sufism">/font><font color="#0066cc000000">Sufism</font></afont color="#000000">. Sufis believe that love is a projection of the essence of God to the universe. God desires to recognize beauty, and as if one looks at a mirror to see oneself, God "looks" at itself within the dynamics of nature. Since everything is a reflection of God, the school of Sufism practices to see the beauty inside the apparently ugly. Sufism is often referred to as the religion of love. God in Sufism is referred to in three main terms, which are the Lover, Loved, and Beloved, with the last of these terms being often seen in Sufi poetry. A common viewpoint of Sufism is that through love, humankind can get back to its inherent purity and grace. The saints of Sufism are infamous for being "drunk" due to their love of God; hence, the constant reference to wine in Sufi poetry and music.</font></p><p><font color="#000000"><a id="Eastern_religions" name="Eastern_religions"></a></font></p><h3><span class="mw-headline">Eastern religions</font color="#000000">Eastern religions</font></span></h3><p><font color="#000000"><a id="Buddhism" name="Buddhism"></a></font></p><h4><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Buddhism</font></span></h4><p>In <a titlefont color="Buddhism" href=#000000">In </wiki/Buddhism"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Buddhism</font></afont color="#000000">, <em>Kāma<a class="mw-redirect" title="Kāma" href="/wiki/K%C4%81ma"><font color="#0066cc">Kāma</font></a></emem> is sensuous, sexual love. It is an obstacle on the path to <a class/font><font color="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment (Buddhism)" href="/wiki/Enlightenment_(Buddhism)#000000">enlightenment</font><font color="#0066cc000000">enlightenment</font></a>, since it is selfish.</font></p><p><em><a titlefont color="Karuṇā" href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81#000000">Karuṇā</font></em><font color="#0066cc000000">Karuṇā</font></a></em> is compassion and mercy, which reduces the suffering of others. It is complementary to wisdom and is necessary for enlightenment.</font></p><p><em><a classfont color="new" title=#000000">Adveṣa (page does not exist)" href="</font></w/index.php?title=Adve%E1%B9%A3a&action=edit&redlink=1"em><font color="#0066cc000000">Adveṣaand </font></aem>mettā</em> are benevolent love. This love is unconditional and <em><a title="Mettā" href="/wiki/Mett%C4%81"><font color="#0066cc">mettārequires considerable self-acceptance. This is quite different from ordinary love, which is usually about attachment and sex and which rarely occurs without self-interest. Instead, in Buddhism it refers to detachment and unselfish interest in others' welfare.</font></ap></emp> are benevolent love. This love is unconditional and requires considerable self-acceptance. This is quite different from ordinary love, which is usually about attachment and sex and which rarely occurs without self-interest. Instead, in Buddhism it refers to detachment and unselfish interest in others' welfare.<font color="#000000">The </font><font color="#000000">Bodhisattva</pfont><p>The <a title="Bodhisattva" href="/wiki/Bodhisattva"><font font color="#0066cc000000">Bodhisattva</font></a> ideal in Mahayana Buddhism involves the complete renunciation of oneself in order to take on the burden of a suffering world. The strongest motivation one has in order to take the path of the Bodhisattva is the idea of salvation within unselfish, altruistic love for all sentient beings.</font></p><p><font color="#000000"><a id="Hinduism" name="Hinduism"></a></font></p><h4><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Hinduism</font></span></h4><p><font color="#000000">In Hinduism, <em>kāma<a class="mw-redirect" title="Kāma" href="/wiki/K%C4%81ma"><font color="#0066cc">kāma</font></a></emem> is pleasurable, sexual love, personified by the god <a title="Kamadeva" href="/wiki/Kamadeva"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Kamadeva</font></afont color="#000000">. For many Hindu schools, it is the third end (<em>artha<a title="Artha" href="/wikiem>) in life. </Artha"font><font color="#0066cc000000">arthaKamadeva</font></font color="#000000"> is often pictured holding a></emfont>) in life. <a titlefont color="Kamadeva" href=#000000">bow</wiki/Kamadeva"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Kamadevaof </font></a> is often pictured holding a <a titlefont color="Bow (weapon)" href=#000000">sugar cane</wiki/Bow_(weapon)"font><font color="#0066cc000000">bowand an </font></a> of <a classfont color="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane" href=#000000">arrow</wiki/Sugar_cane"font><font color="#0066cc000000">sugar caneof </font></a> and an <a titlefont color="Arrow" href=#000000">flowers</wiki/Arrow"font><font color="#0066cc000000">arrow; he may ride upon a great parrot. He is usually accompanied by his consort </font></a> of <a classfont color="mw-redirect#000000" title>Rati</font><font color="Flowers" href=#000000"> and his companion </wiki/Flowers"font><font color="#0066cc000000">flowersVasanta</font></a>; he may ride upon a great parrot. He is usually accompanied by his consort <a title="Rati" href="/wiki/Rati"><font color=font color="#0066cc000000">Rati<, lord of the spring season. Stone images of Kaama and Rati can be seen on the door of the Chenna Keshava temple at </font></a> and his companion <a titlefont color="Vasanta#000000" href>Belur</font><font color="#000000">, in </wiki/Vasanta"font><font color="#0066cc000000">VasantaKarnataka</font><font color="#000000">, </afont>, lord of the spring season. Stone images of Kaama and Rati can be seen on the door of the Chenna Keshava temple at <a title=<font color="Belur" href=#000000">India</wiki/Belur"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Belur. </fontem>Maara</em> is another name for <em>kāma</aem>, in .<a title="Karnataka" href="/wikifont></Karnataka"p><p><font color="#0066cc000000">Karnataka</fontIn contrast to <em>kāma</aem>, <a title="India" href="/wiki/India"em><font color="#0066cc">Indiaprema</fontem></a>. – or <em>prem<a class="new" title="Maara (page does not exist)" href="/w/index.php?title=Maaraem>&nbsp;action=edit&ndash;redlink=1">refers to elevated love. <font color="#0066cc"em>MaaraKaruna</fontem>is compassion and mercy, which impels one to help reduce the suffering of others. </aem>Bhakti</em> is another name for a <em/font>kāma</emfont color="#000000">.Sanskrit</pfont><p>In contrast to <em>kāma</em>, <em><a titlefont color="Prema#000000" href="/wiki/Prema">> term, meaning "loving devotion to the supreme God." A person who practices <font color="#0066cc"em>premabhakti</fontem></is called a></em> – or <em>prembhakta</em> – refers to elevated love. <em/font><a titlefont color="Karuna" href=#000000">Hindu</wiki/Karuna"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Karunawriters, theologians, and philosophers have distinguished nine forms of </font></aem>bhakti</em> is compassion and mercy, which impels one to help reduce can be found in the suffering of others. <em>Bhakti</emfont> is a <a titlefont color="Sanskrit" href=#000000">Bhagavatha-Purana</wiki/Sanskrit"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Sanskritand works by </font></a> term, meaning "loving devotion to the supreme God." A person who practices <emfont color="#000000">bhaktiTulsidas</emfont> is called a <emfont color="#000000">bhakta. The philosophical work <em>Narada Bhakti Sutras</em>. , written by an unknown author (presumed to be <a title="Hindu" href="/wiki/Hindu"font><font color="#0066cc000000">HinduNarada</font></afont color="#000000"> writers), theologians, and philosophers have distinguished nine distinguishes eleven forms of love.<em/font><a title="Bhakti" href="/wiki/Bhakti"p><p><font color="#0066cc000000">bhakti<a id="References" name="References"></a></font></ap></emh2>, which can be found in the <a span class="mw-redirectheadline" title><font color="Bhagavatha-Purana" href="/wiki/Bhagavatha-Purana"><font color="#0066cc">Bhagavatha-Purana</font></a> and works by <a title="Tulsidas" href="/wiki/Tulsidas"><font color="#0066cc">Tulsidas</font></a>. The philosophical work <em><a title="Narada Bhakti Sutra" href="/wiki/Narada_Bhakti_Sutra"><font color="#0066cc">Narada Bhakti Sutras</font></a></em>, written by an unknown author (presumed to be <a class="mw-redirect" title="Narada Muni" href="/wiki/Narada_Muni"#000000"><font color="#0066cc">NaradaReferences</font></a>), distinguishes eleven forms of love.</p><p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p><h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2>
<div style="-moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2" class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-oxford-0"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-oxford_0-0"><font color="#0066cc000000">^</font></astrong></strongfont color="#000000"> <em>Oxford Illustrated American Dictionary</em> (1998) + <em>Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary</em> (2000)</font></li> <li id="cite_note-PlatonicSchool-1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-PlatonicSchool_1-0"><font color="#0066cc000000">^</font></astrong></strongfont color="#000000"> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFKristeller1980" class="book">Kristeller, Paul Oskar (1980). <em><span>Renaissance Thought and the Arts: Collected Essays</span></em>. Princeton University. <a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691020108"><font color="#0066cc">ISBN ISBN 0-691-02010-8</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+Thought+and+the+Arts%3A+Collected+Essays&rft.aulast=Kristeller&rft.aufirst=Paul+Oskar&rft.au=Kristeller%2C+Paul+Oskar&rft.date=1980&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft.isbn=0-691-02010-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none"> </span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-Gita-2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Gita_2-0"><font color="#0066cc000000">^</font></astrong></strongfont color="#000000"> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFMascar.C3.B32003" class="book">Mascaró, Juan (2003). <em><span>The Bhagavad Gita</span></em>. Penguin Classics. <a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140449183"><font color="#0066cc">ISBN 0-140-44918-3</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bhagavad+Gita&rft.aulast=Mascar%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft.au=Mascar%C3%B3%2C+Juan&rft.date=2003&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.isbn=0-140-44918-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none"> </span></span> (J. Mascaró, translator)</font></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-3"><font font color="#0066cc000000">^</font></astrong></strongfont color="#000000"> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFKay1984">Kay, Paul (March 1984). "What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?". <em>American Anthropologist</em>. New Series <strong>86</strong> (1): pp. 65–79. doi:<a titlespan class="Digital object identifier" href=neverexpand">10.1525/wikiaa.1984.86.1.02a00050</Digital_object_identifier"span><font color="#0066cc">doi.</fontcite></a>:<span class="neverexpandZ3988"><a classtitle="external text" titlectx_ver="http://dxZ39.doi.org/10.152588-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%2Faa3Ajournal&rft.1984genre=article&rft.86.1.02a00050" hrefatitle="http://dx.doi.org/10.1525What+is+the+Sapir-Whorf+Hypothesis%2Faa3F&rft.1984jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.86aulast=Kay&rft.1aufirst=Paul&rft.02a00050" relau="nofollow"><font colorKay%2C+Paul&rft.date="#0066cc">10March+1984&rft.1525/aa.1984series=New+Series&rft.volume=86&rft.1.02a00050</font></a></span>.</cite><span classissue="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-20041&rft_val_fmtrft.pages=infopp.+65%3Aofi26ndash%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal3B79&rftrft_id=info:doi/10.1525%2Faa.1984.86.1.genre=article02a00050&rft.atitlerfr_id=What+is+the+Sapir-Whorf+Hypothesis%3F&rftinfo:sid/en.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rftwikipedia.aulastorg:Love"><span style=Kay"DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;rft.aufirst</span></span> </font></li> <li id=Paul&rft.au"cite_note-4"><strong><font color=Kay%2C+Paul&rft.date"#000000">^</font></strong><font color="#000000"> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" class=March+1984"web">&quot;rft.series=New+SeriesAncient Love Poetry&quot;rft.volume<span class=86&rft"printonly">.issue=1&rfthttp://www.pages=ppTrueOpenLove.+65%26ndash%3B79org/reference/AncientLovePoetry.html</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_idrft_val_fmt=info:doi/10.1525%2Faa3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.1984genre=bookitem&rft.86btitle=Ancient+Love+Poetry&rft.1.02a00050atitle=&rfr_idrft_id=info:sid/enhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.TrueOpenLove.org%2Freference%2FAncientLovePoetry.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none"> </span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-4"><font color="#0066cc000000">^</font></a></strong> <cite font color="#000000"> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFLeibniz" class="web">Leibniz, Gottfried. "Confessio philosophi". Wikisource edition<a span class="external text" title=printonly">. http://wwwla.TrueOpenLovewikisource.org/referencewiki/AncientLovePoetry.html" href="http:Confessio_philosophi<//wwwspan>.TrueOpenLove.org</reference/AncientLovePoetry.html" relcite><span class="nofollowZ3988"><font colortitle="#0066cc">ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004"amp;Ancient Love Poetryrft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"amp;</font></a><span classrft.genre="printonly">bookitem&rft. <a classbtitle="external free" titleConfessio+philosophi&rft.atitle="http://www&rft.TrueOpenLoveaulast=Leibniz&rft.org/reference/AncientLovePoetryaufirst=Gottfried&rft.html" hrefau="http://wwwLeibniz%2C+Gottfried&rft.pub=Wikisource+edition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fla.TrueOpenLovewikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConfessio_philosophi&rfr_id=info:sid/reference/AncientLovePoetryen.html" rel="nofollowwikipedia.org:Love"><font colorspan style="#0066ccDISPLAY: none">http://www.TrueOpenLove.org/reference/AncientLovePoetry.html </fontspan></aspan></spanfont>.</citeli> <span classli id="cite_note-6"><strong><font color="Z3988#000000" title>^</font></strong><font color="ctx_ver#000000"> <cite style=Z39.88"FONT-2004STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFDiscoveryHealth" class="web">DiscoveryHealth. &quot;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3AbookParaphilia&quot;rft.genre<span class=bookitem&rft"printonly">.btitle=Ancient+Love+Poetry&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww://health.TrueOpenLove.org%2Freference%2FAncientLovePoetrydiscovery.com/centers/sex/sexpedia/paraphilia.html&rfr_id=info:sid</en.wikipedia.org:Love"span><span styleclass="DISPLAY: nonereference-accessdate"> . Retrieved on 2007-12-16</span>.</spancite></li> <li idspan class="cite_note-5Z3988"><strong><a hreftitle="#cite_refctx_ver=Z39.88-5"><font color2004&rft_val_fmt="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite styleinfo%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre="FONT-STYLE: normal" idbookitem&rft.btitle="CITEREFLeibniz" classParaphilia&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast="web">Leibniz, GottfriedDiscoveryHealth&rft. <a classau="external text" titleDiscoveryHealth&rft_id="http://la%3A%2F%2Fhealth.discovery.wikisourcecom%2Fcenters%2Fsex%2Fsexpedia%2Fparaphilia.org/wiki/Confessio_philosophi" hrefhtml&rfr_id="httpinfo:sid//laen.wikisourcewikipedia.org/wiki/Confessio_philosophi" rel="nofollow:Love"><font colorspan style="#0066ccDISPLAY: none">"Confessio philosophi"nbsp;</span></span> </font></ali>. Wikisource edition <span classli id="printonlycite_note-Lewis-7">. <a classfont color="external free#000000" title>^ </font><sup><em><strong><font color="http://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Confessio_philosophi#000000" hrefsize="http:2">a</font></la.wikisource.orgstrong></wikiem></Confessio_philosophi" rel="nofollow"sup><font color="#0066cc000000">http://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Confessio_philosophi</font></asup></spanem>.</citestrong><span classfont color="Z3988#000000" titlesize="ctx_ver2">b</font></strong></em></sup><font color="#000000"> <cite style=Z39.88"FONT-2004&rft_val_fmtSTYLE: normal" id=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&"CITEREFLewisAmini.2C_F..2C_.26_Lannon.2C_R.2000" class="book">Lewis, Thomas;rftAmini, F.genre=bookitem, &rftLannon, R. (2000).btitle=Confessio+philosophi&rft<em><span>A General Theory of Love</span></em>.atitle=&rftRandom House.aulast=LeibnizISBN 0-375-70922-3.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aufirstrft_val_fmt=Gottfriedinfo%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.augenre=Leibniz%2C+Gottfriedbook&rft.pubbtitle=WikisourceA+General+Theory+of+editionLove&rft_idrft.aulast=http%3A%2F%2Fla.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConfessio_philosophiLewis&rfr_idrft.aufirst=info:sid/enThomas&rft.wikipedia.org:Love"><span styleau="DISPLAY: none">Lewis%2C+Thomas amp;</span></span></li> <li idrft.au=Amini%2C+F.%2C+%26+Lannon%2C+R.&rft.date=2000&rft.pub="cite_note-6"><strong><a hrefRandom+House&rft.isbn="#cite_ref0-375-70922-63&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><font colorspan style="#0066ccDISPLAY: none">^ </span></fontspan></afont></strongli> <cite styleli id="FONTcite_note-human-STYLE: normal8" id><font color="CITEREFDiscoveryHealth" class="web#000000">DiscoveryHealth. ^ <a class/font><sup><em><strong><font color="external text#000000" titlesize="http:2">a</font></health.discovery.comstrong></centersem></sex/sexpedia/paraphilia.html" href="http://health.discovery.com/centers/sex/sexpedia/paraphilia.html" rel="nofollow"><font sup><font color="#0066cc000000">"Paraphilia"</font></asup><span class="printonly"em><strong>. <a classfont color="external free#000000" titlesize="http:2">b</font></health.discovery.comstrong></centersem></sex/sexpedia/paraphilia.htmlsup><font color="#000000" href> <cite style="httpFONT-STYLE://health.discovery.com/centers/sex/sexpedia/paraphilia.htmlnormal" relid="nofollowCITEREFWinston2004"><font colorclass="#0066ccbook">http://healthWinston, Robert (2004).discovery.com/centers/sex/sexpedia/paraphilia.html<em><span>Human</fontspan></aem>. Smithsonian Institution.</spancite><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2007-12-16</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title=Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitembook&rft.btitle=ParaphiliaHuman&rft.atitleaulast=Winston&rft.aulastaufirst=DiscoveryHealthRobert&rft.au=DiscoveryHealthWinston%2C+Robert&rft_idrft.date=http%3A%2F%2Fhealth2004&rft.discovery.compub=%2Fcenters5B%2Fsex5BSmithsonian+Institution%2Fsexpedia5D%2Fparaphilia.html5D&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none"> </span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-79">^ <a hrefstrong><font color="#cite_ref-Lewis_7-0"000000">^<sup><em/font></strong><font color="#0066cc" size="2000000">a</font></strong></em></sup></a> <a hrefcite style="#cite_refFONT-Lewis_7-1STYLE: normal"><sup><em><strong><font colorid="#0066ccCITEREFEmanuele.2C_E.Polliti.2C_P..3B_Bianchi.2C_M..3B_Minoretti.2C_P..3B_Bertona.2C_M..3B_.26_Geroldi.2C_D2005" size="2">b</font></strong></em></sup></a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFLewisAmini>Emanuele, E.2C_F; Polliti, P.; Bianchi, M.2C_.26_Lannon.2C_R; Minoretti, P.2000" class="book">Lewis, Thomas; AminiBertona, FM., ; & LannonGeroldi, R. D (20002005). <em"Raised plasma nerve growth factor levels associated with early-stage romantic love". <em>Psychoneuroendocrinology<span/em>A General Theory of Love</spanstrong>Sept. 05</emstrong>. Random House. <a span class="internal" href=printonly">. http:/wiki/Special:BookSourceswww.biopsychiatry.com/0375709223"><font color="#0066cc">ISBN 0-375-70922-3lovengf.htm</font></aspan>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook3Ajournal&rft.genre=bookarticle&rft.btitleatitle=ARaised+Generalplasma+nerve+growth+factor+levels+associated+with+Theoryearly-stage+ofromantic+Lovelove&rft.aulastjtitle=LewisPsychoneuroendocrinology&rft.aufirstaulast=ThomasEmanuele%2C+E.&rft.au=LewisEmanuele%2C+ThomasE.&rft.au=AminiPolliti%2C+FP.%2C3B+Bianchi%2C+M.%3B+Minoretti%2C+P.%3B+Bertona%2C+M.%3B+%26+LannonGeroldi%2C+R.D&rft.date=20002005&rft.pubvolume=RandomSept.+House05&rft.isbnrft_id=0-375-70922-3http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biopsychiatry.com%2Flovengf.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none"> </span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-human-810">^ <a hrefstrong><font color="#cite_ref-human_8-0000000">^<sup><em/font></strong><font color="#0066cc000000" size> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="2CITEREFRubin1970">aRubin, Zick (1970). "Measurement of Romantic Love". </fontem>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</strongem></emstrong>16</supstrong>: 265–27. doi:</a> <a hrefspan class="#cite_ref-human_8-1neverexpand">10.1037/h0029841<sup/span>.<em/cite><strong><font colorspan class="#0066ccZ3988" sizetitle="2">b</font></strong></em></sup></a> <cite stylectx_ver="FONTZ39.88-STYLE: normal" id2004&rft_val_fmt="CITEREFWinston2004" classinfo%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre="book">Winston, Robert (2004)article&rft. <em><span>Human</span></em>atitle=Measurement+of+Romantic+Love&rft. <a titlejtitle="Smithsonian Institution" hrefJournal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.aulast="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"><font colorRubin&rft.aufirst="#0066cc">Smithsonian Institution</font></a>Zick&rft.</cite><span classau="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3AbookRubin%2C+Zick&rft.genredate=book1970&rft.btitlevolume=Human16&rft.aulastpages=Winston265%26ndash%3B27&rft.aufirstrft_id=Robert&rftinfo:doi/10.au=Winston1037%2C+Robert&rft.date=2004&rft.pub=%5B%5BSmithsonian+Institution%5D%5D2Fh0029841&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none"> </span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-911"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-9"><font color="#0066cc000000">^</font></astrong></strongfont color="#000000"> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFEmanueleCITEREFRubin1973" class="book">Rubin, Zick (1973).2C_E.Polliti<em><span>Liking and Loving: an invitation to social psychology</span></em>.2C_PNew York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston..3B_Bianchi.2C_M..3B_Minoretti.2C_P..3B_Bertona.2C_M..3B_.26_Geroldi.2C_D2005</cite><span class="Z3988" title=">Emanuele, Ectx_ver=Z39.88-2004& Polliti, P.rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook& Bianchi, Mrft.genre=book& Minoretti, Prft.btitle=Liking+and+Loving%3A+an+invitation+to+social+psychology& Bertona, Mrft.; aulast=Rubin& Geroldi, D (2005)rft. aufirst=Zick"amp;<a classrft.au="external text" titleRubin%2C+Zick&rft.date="http://www1973&rft.biopsychiatry.com/lovengfplace=New+York&rft.htm" hrefpub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+%26+Winston&rfr_id="httpinfo:sid//wwwen.biopsychiatrywikipedia.com/lovengf.htm" rel="nofolloworg:Love"><font colorspan style="#0066ccDISPLAY: none">Raised plasma nerve growth factor levels associated with early-stage romantic love </fontspan></aspan>". <em/font>Psychoneuroendocrinology</emli> <strongli id="cite_note-12">Sept. 05</strong><span classfont color="printonly#000000">. ^</font></strong><a classfont color="external free#000000" title> <cite style="httpFONT-STYLE://wwwnormal" id="CITEREFBerscheidWalster.biopsychiatry2C_Elaine.com/lovengf2C_H.htm1969" hrefclass="http://wwwbook">Berscheid, Ellen; Walster, Elaine, H.biopsychiatry(1969).com/lovengf.htm" rel="nofollow"<em><font color="#0066cc"span>http://www.biopsychiatry.com/lovengf.htmInterpersonal Attraction</fontspan></a></spanem>. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. CCCN 69-17443.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal3Abook&rft.genre=articlebook&rft.atitlebtitle=RaisedInterpersonal+plasma+nerve+growth+factor+levels+associated+with+early-stage+romantic+loveAttraction&rft.jtitleaulast=PsychoneuroendocrinologyBerscheid&rft.aulastaufirst=Emanuele%2C+E.Ellen&rft.au=EmanueleBerscheid%2C+E.Ellen&rft.au=PollitiWalster%2C+P.%3B+BianchiElaine%2C+M.%3B+Minoretti%2C+P.%3B+Bertona%2C+MH.%3B+%26+Geroldi%2C+D&rft.date=20051969&rft.volumepub=Sept.Addison-Wesley+05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biopsychiatry.com%2Flovengf.htmPublishing+Co&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none"> </span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-10peck-13"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-10"><font color="#0066cc000000">^</font></a></strong> <cite font color="#000000"> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFRubin1970CITEREFPeck1978" class="book">RubinPeck, Zick Scott (19701978). "Measurement of Romantic Love". <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<span>The Road Less Traveled</emspan> <strong>16</strongem>: 265. Simon & Schuster. p.&ndashnbsp;27169. ISBN 0-671-25067-1. <a title/cite><span class="Digital object identifierZ3988" hreftitle="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"><font colorctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt="#0066cc">doi</font></a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a classinfo%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre="external text" titlebook&rft.btitle="http://dxThe+Road+Less+Traveled&rft.doiaulast=Peck&rft.org/10aufirst=Scott&rft.1037au=Peck%2Fh0029841" href2C+Scott&rft.date="http://dx1978&rft.doipages=p.org/10.1037%2Fh0029841" rel26nbsp%3B169&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.isbn=0-671-25067-1&rfr_id="nofollowinfo:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><font colorspan style="#0066ccDISPLAY: none">10.1037/h0029841 </fontspan></aspan></spanfont>.</citeli> <span classli id="Z3988cite_note-vatican1-14" title><font color="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt#000000">^ </font><sup><em><strong><font color=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre"#000000" size=article&rft.atitle"2">a</font></strong></em></sup><font color=Measurement+of+Romantic+Love&rft.jtitle"#000000"> </font><sup><em><strong><font color=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.aulast"#000000" size=Rubin&rft.aufirst"2">b</font></strong></em></sup><font color=Zick&rft.au"#000000"> <cite style=Rubin%2C+Zick&rft"FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFPope_Benedict_XVI" class="web">Pope Benedict XVI.date=1970&quot;rftpapal encyclical, Deus Caritas Est.volume=16&quot;rft.pages<span class=265%26ndash%3B27&rft_id=info"printonly">. http:doi/10.1037%2Fh0029841&rfr_id=info:sid/enwww.wikipediavatican.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none"> <va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/span>hf_ben-xvi_enc_20051225_deus-caritas-est_en.html</span>.</licite> <li idspan class="cite_note-11Z3988"><strong><a hreftitle="#cite_ref-11"><font colorctx_ver="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONTZ39.88-STYLE: normal" id2004&rft_val_fmt="CITEREFRubin1973" classinfo%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre="book">Rubin, Zick (1973)bookitem&rft. <em><span>Liking and Loving: an invitation to social psychology</span></em>btitle=papal+encyclical%2C+Deus+Caritas+Est. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winstonrft.</cite><span classatitle="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39&rft.88-2004&rft_val_fmtaulast=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3AbookPope+Benedict+XVI&rft.genreau=bookPope+Benedict+XVI&rft.btitlerft_id=Liking+and+Lovinghttp%3A+an+invitation+to+social+psychology%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fbenedict_xvi%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xvi_enc_20051225_deus-caritas-est_en.html&rft.aulastrfr_id=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Zick&rft.au=Rubin%2C+Zick&rft.date=1973&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+%26+Winston&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-12"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFBerscheidWalster.2C_Elaine.2C_H.1969" class="book">Berscheid, Ellen; Walster, Elaine, H. (1969). <em><span>Interpersonal Attraction</span></em>. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. CCCN 69-17443.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpersonal+Attraction&rft.aulast=Berscheid&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft.au=Berscheid%2C+Ellen&rft.au=Walster%2C+Elaine%2C+H.&rft.date=1969&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Publishing+Co&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-peck-13"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-peck_13-0"><font color="#0066cc">^</font></a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFPeck1978" class="book">Peck, Scott (1978). <em><span>The Road Less Traveled</span></em>. Simon & Schuster. p. 169. <a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0671250671"><font color="#0066cc">ISBN 0-671-25067-1</font></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+Less+Traveled&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Peck%2C+Scott&rft.date=1978&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B169&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.isbn=0-671-25067-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none"> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-vatican1-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vatican1_14-0"><sup><em><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="2">a</font></strong></em></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vatican1_14-1"><sup><em><strong><font color="#0066cc" size="2">b</font></strong></em></sup></a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFPope_Benedict_XVI" class="web">Pope Benedict XVI. <a class="external text" title="http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20051225_deus-caritas-est_en.html" href="http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20051225_deus-caritas-est_en.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">"papal encyclical, Deus Caritas Est."</font></a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" title="http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20051225_deus-caritas-est_en.html" href="http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20051225_deus-caritas-est_en.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20051225_deus-caritas-est_en.html</font></a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=papal+encyclical%2C+Deus+Caritas+Est.&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Pope+Benedict+XVI&rft.au=Pope+Benedict+XVI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fbenedict_xvi%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xvi_enc_20051225_deus-caritas-est_en.html&rfr_id=infoinfo:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none"> </span></span> </font></li>
</ol>
</div>
<p><font color="#000000"><a id="Sources" name="Sources"></a></font></p><h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Sources</font></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFChadwick1998" class="book">Chadwick, Henry (1998). <em><span>Saint Augustine Confessions</span></em>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint+Augustine+Confessions&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Chadwick%2C+Henry&rft.date=1998&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none"> </span></span> </font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFFisher" class="book">Fisher, Helen. <em><span>Why We Love: the Nature and Chemistry of Romantic Love</span></em>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+We+Love%3A+the+Nature+and+Chemistry+of+Romantic+Love&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Helen&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none"> </span></span> </font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFSinger1966" class="book">Singer, Irving (1966). <font color="#000000">Singer, Irving (1966). <em><span>The Nature of Love</span></em> (v.1 reprinted and later volumes from The University of Chicago Press, 1984 ed.). Random House. <a class="internal" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226760944"font><font color="#0066cc000000">ISBN 0-226-76094-4</font></a>font color="#000000">.</font></cite><font color="#000000"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Love&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Irving&rft.au=Singer%2C+Irving&rft.date=1966&rft.edition=v.1+reprinted+and+later+volumes+from+The+University+of+Chicago+Press%2C+1984&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.isbn=0-226-76094-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none"> </span></span> </font></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFSternberg.2C_R.J.1986"><font color="#000000">Sternberg, R.J. (1986). "A triangular theory of love". <em>Psychological Review</em> <strong>93</strong>: 119–135. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"/font><font color="#0066cc000000">doi</font></afont color="#000000">:<span class="neverexpand"><a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F0033/0033-295X.93.2.119" href="http:</span>.</dx.doi.orgfont></10.1037%2F0033-295X.93.2.119cite><font color=" rel="nofollow#000000"><font colorspan class="#0066ccZ3988" title=">10ctx_ver=Z39.1037/003388-295X2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.93genre=article&rft.2atitle=A+triangular+theory+of+love&rft.119</font></a></span>jtitle=Psychological+Review&rft.</cite><span classaulast="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39Sternberg%2C+R.J.88-2004&rft_val_fmtrft.au=infoSternberg%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal2C+R.J.&rft.genredate=article1986&rft.atitlevolume=A+triangular+theory+of+love&93&rft.jtitlepages=Psychological+Review119%26ndash%3B135&rftrft_id=info:doi/10.aulast=Sternberg1037%2C+R2F0033-295X.93.J2.119&rft.aurfr_id=Sternberg%2C+Rinfo:sid/en.Jwikipedia.&rft.dateorg:Love"><span style=1986"DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;rft.volume=93&rft.pages=119%26ndash%3B135&rft_id=info:doi</span></span> </font></10.1037%2F0033li> <li><cite style="FONT-295XSTYLE: normal" id="CITEREFSternberg.932C_R.2J.119&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love">1987"><span stylefont color="DISPLAY: none#000000"> Sternberg, R.J. (1987). "Liking versus loving: A comparative evaluation of theories". </spanem>Psychological Bulletin</spanem><strong>102</listrong> : 331–345. <li/font><cite stylefont color="FONT-STYLE: normal#000000" id=>doi</font><font color="#000000"CITEREFSternberg.2C_R.J.1987>:<span class="neverexpand">Sternberg, R10.J1037/0033-2909. (1987)102. "Liking versus loving: A comparative evaluation of theories"3. 331<em/span>Psychological Bulletin.</em> <strongfont>102</strong>: 331–345. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier"cite><font color="#0066cc000000">doi</font></a>:<span class=span class="Z3988"neverexpand"><a classtitle="external text" titlectx_ver="http://dxZ39.doi.org/10.103788-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%2F0033-29093Ajournal&rft.102.3genre=article&rft.331" hrefatitle="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037Liking+versus+loving%2F0033-29093A+A+comparative+evaluation+of+theories&rft.102jtitle=Psychological+Bulletin&rft.3.331" relaulast="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc">10Sternberg%2C+R.1037/0033-2909J.102&rft.3.331</font></a></span>au=Sternberg%2C+R.J.&rft.</cite><span classdate="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-20041987&rft_val_fmtrft.volume=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal102&rft.genrepages=article331%26ndash%3B345&rftrft_id=info:doi/10.atitle=Liking+versus+loving1037%3A+A+comparative+evaluation+of+theories2F0033-2909.102.3.331&rft.jtitlerfr_id=Psychological+Bulletin&rftinfo:sid/en.aulast=Sternberg%2C+R.Jwikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;rft.au=Sternberg%2C+R.J.&rft.date=1987&rft.volume</span></span> </font></li> <li><cite style=102&rft.pages"FONT-STYLE: normal" id=331%26ndash%3B345&rft_id"CITEREFTennov1979" class="book"><font color=info:doi/10"#000000">Tennov, Dorothy (1979).1037%2F0033-2909.102.3.331&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"<em><span style="DISPLAY>Love and Limerence: none"> the Experience of Being in Love</span></spanem>. New York: Stein and Day. </lifont> <lifont color="#000000">ISBN 0-812-86134-5</font><cite stylefont color="FONT-STYLE: normal#000000" id>.</font></cite><font color="CITEREFTennov1979#000000" ><span class="bookZ3988" title=">Tennov, Dorothy (1979)ctx_ver=Z39. <em><span>Love and Limerence: the Experience of Being in Love</span></em>88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft. New York: Stein and Day. <a classgenre="internal" hrefbook&rft.btitle="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812861345"><font color="#0066cc">ISBN 0-812-86134-5</font></a>Love+and+Limerence%3A+the+Experience+of+Being+in+Love&rft.</cite><span classaulast="Z3988" titleTennov&rft.aufirst="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004Dorothy&rft_val_fmtrft.au=infoTennov%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook2C+Dorothy&rft.date=1979&rft.genreplace=bookNew+York&rft.btitlepub=LoveStein+and+Limerence%3A+the+Experience+of+Being+in+LoveDay&rft.aulastisbn=Tennov0-812-86134-5&rft.aufirstrfr_id=Dorothy&rftinfo:sid/en.au=Tennov%2C+Dorothy&rftwikipedia.dateorg:Love"><span style=1979"DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;rft.place=New+York&rft.pub</span></span> </font></li> <li><font color="#000000"><cite style=Stein+and+Day&rft.isbn=0"FONT-812-86134-5&rfr_idSTYLE: normal" id=info:sid/en"CITEREFWood_Samuel_E.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal" id="CITEREFWood_Samuel_E..2C_Ellen_Wood_and_Denise_Boyd2005" 2C_Ellen_Wood_and_Denise_Boyd2005" class="book">Wood Samuel E., Ellen Wood and Denise Boyd (2005). <em><span>The World of Psychology</span></em> (5th ed.). Pearson Education. p. 402–403.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Psychology&rft.aulast=Wood+Samuel+E.%2C+Ellen+Wood+and+Denise+Boyd&rft.au=Wood+Samuel+E.%2C+Ellen+Wood+and+Denise+Boyd&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B402%26ndash%3B403&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Love"><span style="DISPLAY: none"> </span></span> </font></li>
</ul>
<p><font color="#000000"><a id="See_also" name="See_also"></a></font></p><h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">See also</font></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a titlefont color="#000000">Love letter" href="</wiki/Love_letter"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Love letter</font></a></li> <li><a titlefont color="#000000">Monogamy" href="</wiki/Monogamy"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Monogamy</font></a></li> <li><a titlefont color="#000000">Haptic medicine" href="</wiki/Haptic_medicine"font><font color="#0066cc000000">Haptic medicine</font></a></li> <li><a title="A General Theory of Love" href="/wiki/A_General_Theory_of_Love"><font color="#0066cc000000">A General Theory of Love</font></afont color="#000000">, provides a social, historical, and biomedical framework overview of love.</font></li>
</ul>
<p><font color="#000000"><a id="External_links" name="External_links"></a></font></p><h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">External links</font></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a class="external text" title="http://iserver.saddleback.cc.ca.us/faculty/jfritsen/articles.html" href="http://iserver.saddleback.cc.ca.us/faculty/jfritsen/articles.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc000000">The Science of Love</font><font color="#000000"></afont></li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.in-mind.org/issue-6/the-anatomy-of-love.html" href="http://www.in-mind.org/issue-6/the-anatomy-of-love.html" rel="nofollow"><font color="#0066cc000000">A whimsical overview of scientific research on love, with references</font><font color="#000000"></afont></li>
</ul>