0
edits
Changes
From Opengenome.net
no edit summary
<dl><dd>I look at the term species as one arbitrarily given for the sake of convenience to a set of individuals closely resembling each other .... it does not essentially differ from the term variety, which is given to less distinct and more fluxtuating forms. The term variety, again in comparison with mere individual difference, is also applied arbitrarily, and for mere convenience sake.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-0">[1]</sup> </dd></dl>
<p>Because of the difficulties with both defining and tallying the total numbers of different species in the world, it is estimated that there are anywhere between 2 and 100 million different species.<sup class="reference" id="_ref-1">[2]</sup></p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline">Binomial convention for naming species</span></h2>
</dd></dl>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="125" alt="The greenish warbler demonstrates the concept of a ring species." width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Phylloscopus_trochiloides_NAUMANN.jpg/180px-Phylloscopus_trochiloides_NAUMANN.jpg" width="180" border="0" />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></div>
The greenish warbler demonstrates the concept of a ring species.</div>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline">The isolation species concept in more detail</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="135" alt="A mule is the infertile offspring of a male donkey and a female horse." width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Juancito.jpg/180px-Juancito.jpg" width="180" border="0" />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></div>
A mule is the infertile offspring of a male donkey and a female horse.</div>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline">Historical development of the species concept</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 182px"><img class="thumbimage" height="217" alt="Linnaeus believed in the fixity of species." width="180" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Carolus_Linnaeus_%28cleaned_up_version%29.jpg/180px-Carolus_Linnaeus_%28cleaned_up_version%29.jpg" width="180" border="0" />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></div>
Linnaeus believed in the fixity of species.</div>
</div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a class="external free" title="http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/S/Speciation.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/S/Speciation.html" rel="nofollow">http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/S/Speciation.html</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/12/031231082553.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/12/031231082553.htm" rel="nofollow">2003-12-31, ScienceDaily: Working On The 'Porsche Of Its Time': New Model For Species Determination Offered</a> Quote: "...two species of dinosaur that are members of the same genera varied from each other by just 2.2%. Translation of the percentage into an actual number results in an average of just three skeletal differences out of the total 338 bones in the body. Amazingly, 58% of these differences occurred in the skull alone. "This is a lot less variation than I'd expected", said Novak..." </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/08/030808081854.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/08/030808081854.htm" rel="nofollow">2003-08-08, ScienceDaily: Cross-species Mating May Be Evolutionarily Important And Lead To Rapid Change, Say Indiana University Researchers</a> Quote: "...the sudden mixing of closely related species may occasionally provide the energy to impel rapid evolutionary change..." </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/01/040109064407.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/01/040109064407.htm" rel="nofollow">2004-01-09 ScienceDaily: Mayo Researchers Observe Genetic Fusion Of Human, Animal Cells; May Help Explain Origin Of AIDS</a> Quote: "...The researchers have discovered conditions in which <a title="Pig" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig">pig</a> cells and <a title="Human" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human">human</a> cells can fuse together in the body to yield hybrid cells that contain genetic material from both species... "What we found was completely unexpected", says Jeffrey Platt, M.D." </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/09/000913211733.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/09/000913211733.htm" rel="nofollow">2000-09-18, ScienceDaily: Scientists Unravel Ancient Evolutionary History Of Photosynthesis</a> Quote: "...gene-swapping was common among ancient bacteria early in evolution..." </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/species/" rel="nofollow" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/species/" rel="nofollow">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.barcodinglife.org/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.barcodinglife.org/" rel="nofollow">Barcoding of species</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.tellapallet.com/tree_of_life.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.tellapallet.com/tree_of_life.htm" rel="nofollow">A cladogram showing the Tree of Life</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://scienceblogs.com/evolvingthoughts/2006/10/a_list_of_26_species_concepts.php" rel="nofollow" href="http://scienceblogs.com/evolvingthoughts/2006/10/a_list_of_26_species_concepts.php" rel="nofollow">26 definitions of "species"</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.finitesite.com/dandelion/Linnaeus.HTML" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.finitesite.com/dandelion/Linnaeus.HTML" rel="nofollow">European Species Names in Linnaean, Czech, English, German and French</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.catalogueoflife.org/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.catalogueoflife.org/" rel="nofollow">Catalogue of Life</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.speciesdatabase.com/" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.speciesdatabase.com/" rel="nofollow">Species Database</a> </li> <li><a class="external free" title="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/VA2OtherSpeciesConcept.shtml" rel="nofollow" href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/VA2OtherSpeciesConcept.shtml" rel="nofollow">http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/VA2OtherSpeciesConcept.shtml</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2007/05/gone.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2007/05/gone.html" rel="nofollow">"Gone"</a>, <em>Mother Jones</em>, May/June 2007. </li>
</ul>
<p><a id="Notes_and_references" name="Notes_and_references"></a></p>
<ol class="references">
<li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species#_ref-0">^</a></strong> Charles Darwin 1988 (1859) <em>On the Origin of Species</em> in <em>The Works of Charles Darwin</em> edited by Paul H. Barrett and R. B. Freeman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press vol. 15 page 39 </li>
<li id="_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species#_ref-1">^</a></strong> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.title=Just+How+Many+Species+Are+There%2C+Anyway%3F&rft.date=2003-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2003%2F05%2F030526103731.htm"><cite id="CITEREF2003"><em><a class="external text" title="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/05/030526103731.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/05/030526103731.htm" rel="nofollow">Just How Many Species Are There, Anyway?</a></em>, 2003-05-26<span class="printonly">, <<a class="external free" title="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/05/030526103731.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/05/030526103731.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/05/030526103731.htm</a>></span>. Retrieved on <span class="wpAutoDate">15 January 2008</span></cite></span> </li>
<li id="_note-Williamson_2003"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species#_ref-Williamson_2003_0">^</a></strong> David I. Williamson, "The Origins of Larvae". Kluwer (2003) <a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=1402015143">ISBN 1-4020-1514-3</a> </li>
</ol>
