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<p><a class="external text" title="http://cougar.eb.com/soundc11/u/urtica01.wav" rel="nofollow" href="http://cougar.eb.com/soundc11/u/urtica01.wav" rel="nofollow"><strong>Urticaria</strong></a> (or <a class="external text" title="http://cougar.eb.com/soundc11/h/hives001.wav" rel="nofollow" href="http://cougar.eb.com/soundc11/h/hives001.wav" rel="nofollow"><strong>hives</strong></a>) is a skin condition, commonly caused by an allergic reaction, that is characterized by raised red skin <a title="Welt (medicine)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welt_%28medicine%29">welts</a>. It is also known as <em><a title="Nettle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettle">nettle</a> rash</em> or <em>uredo</em>. Welts from hives can appear anywhere on the body, including the face, lips, tongue, throat, and ears. Welts may vary in size from about 5 mm (0.2 inches) in diameter to the size of a dinner plate; they typically <a title="Itch" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itch">itch</a> severely, sting, or burn, and often have a pale border. Urticaria is generally caused by direct contact with an allergenic substance, or an immune response to food or some other <a title="Allergen" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergen">allergen</a>, but can also appear for other reasons, notably emotional stress. The rash can be triggered by quite innocent events, such as mere rubbing or exposure to cold.</p><table id="toc" summary="Contents" class="toc"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" id="togglelink" href="javascript:toggleToc()">hide</a>]</span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaria#Pathophysiology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Pathophysiology</span></a> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaria#Urticaria_vs._poison_ivy_contact_dermatitis"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Urticaria vs. poison ivy contact dermatitis</span></a> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaria#Types"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Types</span></a> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaria#Related_conditions"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Related conditions</span></a> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaria#Treatment_and_management"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Treatment and management</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaria#Histamine_antagonists"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Histamine antagonists</span></a> </li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaria#Other"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other</span></a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaria#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaria#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaria#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a> </li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody></table>
<p><a id="Pathophysiology" name="Pathophysiology"></a></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a title="Edit section: Pathophysiology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urticaria&action=edit&section=1">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Pathophysiology</span></h2>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 152px"><a class="image" title="Allergic urticaria on the shin induced by an antibiotic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Urticaria_2.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="203" alt="Allergic urticaria on the shin induced by an antibiotic" width="150" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Urticaria_2.jpg/150px-Urticaria_2.jpg" width="150" border="0" /></a>
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<div class="magnify" style="FLOAT: right"><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Urticaria_2.jpg"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Allergic urticaria on the shin induced by an antibiotic</div>
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<p>Urticarial disease is thought to be caused by the release of <a title="Histamine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine">histamine</a> and other mediators of inflammation (cytokines) from cells in the skin. This process can be the result of an allergic or non-allergic reaction, differing in the eliciting mechanism of histamine release.</p>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="WIDTH: 152px"><a class="image" title="Allergic urticaria on the arm" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Urticaria_arm.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="200" alt="Allergic urticaria on the arm" width="150" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fa/Urticaria_arm.jpg/150px-Urticaria_arm.jpg" width="150" border="0" /></a>
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<div class="magnify" style="FLOAT: right"><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Urticaria_arm.jpg"><img height="11" alt="" width="15" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Allergic urticaria on the arm</div>
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<ol class="references">
<li id="_note-pmid5801331"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaria#_ref-pmid5801331_0">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Champion RH, Roberts SO, Carpenter RG, Roger JH (1969). "Urticaria and angio-oedema. A review of 554 patients". <em>Br. J. Dermatol.</em> <strong>81</strong> (8): 588–97. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5801331" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5801331">PMID 5801331</a>.</cite> </li>
<li id="_note-dxl57"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaria#_ref-dxl57_0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?id=1215&type=display" rel="nofollow" href="http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?id=1215&type=display" rel="nofollow">Prescribing Information Dexedrine</a>. GlaxoSmithKline (June 2006). </li> <li id="_note-0"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaria#_ref-0">^</a></strong> <a class="external text" title="http://www.webmd.com/allergies/guide/hives-urticaria-angioedema" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.webmd.com/allergies/guide/hives-urticaria-angioedema" rel="nofollow">Hives (Urticaria and Angioedema)</a> (<a title="2006" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006">2006</a>-<a title="March 1" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1">03-01</a>). Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="August 24" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_24">08-24</a>. </li> <li id="_note-pmid18094952"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaria#_ref-pmid18094952_0">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Greaves MW, Tan KT (2007). "Chronic Urticaria: Recent Advances". <em>Clin Rev Allergy Immunol</em> <strong>33</strong> (1-2): 134–143. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12016-007-0038-3" rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12016-007-0038-3" rel="nofollow">10.1007/s12016-007-0038-3</a>. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18094952" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18094952">PMID 18094952</a>.</cite> </li>
<li id="_note-pmid11702618"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaria#_ref-pmid11702618_0">^</a></strong> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Lee EE, Maibach HI (2001). "Treatment of urticaria. An evidence-based evaluation of antihistamines". <em>Am J Clin Dermatol</em> <strong>2</strong> (1): 27–32. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11702618" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11702618">PMID 11702618</a>.</cite> </li>
<li id="_note-Australian_Life_Scientist"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaria#_ref-Australian_Life_Scientist_0">^</a></strong> McDonald, Kate (<a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="April 13" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_13">04-13</a>). <a class="external text" title="http://www.biotechnews.com.au/index.php/id;444900667" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.biotechnews.com.au/index.php/id;444900667" rel="nofollow">Tackling skin cancer in organ transplant patients</a>. Australian Life Scientist. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="December 24" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_24">12-24</a>. </li> <li id="_note-1"><strong><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaria#_ref-1">^</a></strong> Baron, ED; Taylor, CR (<a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="March 29" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_29">03-29</a>). <a class="external text" title="http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic448.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic448.htm" rel="nofollow">Urticaria, Solar</a>. <a title="WebMD" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebMD">WebMD</a>. Retrieved on <a title="2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007">2007</a>-<a title="December 26" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_26">12-26</a>. </li>
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<h2><span class="editsection">[<a title="Edit section: External links" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urticaria&action=edit&section=10">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2>
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<li><a class="external text" title="http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~aair/urticaria.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~aair/urticaria.htm" rel="nofollow">Urticaria conditions and descriptions</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3014.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3014.htm" rel="nofollow">eMedicine: Urticaria</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.dermnet.com/moduleIndex.cfm?moduleID=19" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.dermnet.com/moduleIndex.cfm?moduleID=19" rel="nofollow">Urticaria photo library at Dermnet</a> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/h/hives/causes.htm" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/h/hives/causes.htm" rel="nofollow">causes</a> </li>
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