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<font sizecolor="4#800080" colorsize="#8000804"><strong>GenBank</strong></font><br />

<p>The <strong>GenBank</strong> <a title="Sequence database" href="../../wiki/Sequence_database" title="Sequence database">sequence database</a> is an <a title="Open access" href="../../wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a>, annotated collection of all publicly available <a title="Nucleotide" href="../../wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotide</a> sequences and their <a title="Protein" href="../../wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> translations. This database is produced at <a title="National Center for Biotechnology Information" href="../../wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">National Center for Biotechnology Information</a> (NCBI) as part of the <a title="International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration" href="../../wiki/International_Nucleotide_Sequence_Database_Collaboration" title="International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration">International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration</a>, or <a title="INSDC" href="../../wiki/INSDC" title="INSDC">INSDC</a>. GenBank and its collaborators receive sequences produced in laboratories throughout the world from more than 100,000 distinct organisms. GenBank continues to grow at an exponential rate, doubling every 10 months. Release 155, produced in <a title="August 2006" href="../../wiki/August_2006" title="August 2006">August 2006</a>, contained over 65 billion nucleotide bases in more than 61 million sequences. GenBank is built by direct submissions from individual laboratories, as well as from bulk submissions from large-scale sequencing centers.</p><p>Direct submissions are made to GenBank using <a class="new" title="BankIt" href="../../w/index.php?title=BankIt&amp;action=edit" title="BankIt" class="new">BankIt</a>, which is a Web-based form, or the stand-alone submission program, Sequin. Upon receipt of a sequence submission, the GenBank staff assigns an <a title="Accession number (bioinformatics)" href="../../wiki/Accession_number_%28bioinformatics%29" title="Accession number (bioinformatics)">Accession number</a> to the sequence and performs quality assurance checks. The submissions are then released to the public database, where the entries are retrievable by <a title="Entrez" href="../../wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a> or downloadable by <a title="File Transfer Protocol" href="../../wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a>. Bulk submissions of <a title="Expressed Sequence Tag" href="../../wiki/Expressed_Sequence_Tag" title="Expressed Sequence Tag">Expressed Sequence Tag</a> (EST), <a class="new" title="Sequence Tagged Site" href="../../w/index.php?title=Sequence_Tagged_Site&amp;action=edit" title="Sequence Tagged Site" class="new">Sequence Tagged Site</a> (STS), <a class="new" title="Genome Survey Sequence" href="../../w/index.php?title=Genome_Survey_Sequence&amp;action=edit" title="Genome Survey Sequence" class="new">Genome Survey Sequence</a> (GSS), and <a class="new" title="High-Throughput Genome Sequence" href="../../w/index.php?title=High-Throughput_Genome_Sequence&amp;action=edit" title="High-Throughput Genome Sequence" class="new">High-Throughput Genome Sequence</a> (HTGS) data are most often submitted by large-scale sequencing centers. The GenBank direct submissions group also processes complete microbial genome sequences.</p><table summaryid="Contentstoc" idsummary="tocContents" class="toc">

<p><a nameid="History" idname="History"></a></p>

<p><a class="new" title="Walter Goad" href="../../w/index.php?title=Walter_Goad&amp;action=edit" title="Walter Goad" class="new">Walter Goad</a> of the <a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.t10.lanl.gov/" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.t10.lanl.gov/" class="external text">Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group</a> at <a title="LANL" href="../../wiki/LANL" title="LANL">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a> and others established the Los Alamos Sequence Database in 1979, which culminated in 1982 with the creation of the public GenBank funded by the <a title="National Institutes of Health" href="../../wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>, the National Science Foundation, the Department of Energy and the Department of Defense. LANL collaborated on GenBank with the firm Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, and by the end of 1983 more than 2,000 sequences were stored in it.</p><p>In the mid 1980s, the Intelligenetics bioinformatics company at <a title="Stanford University" href="../../wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> managed the GenBank project in collaboration with LANL. As one of the earliest <a title="Bioinformatics" href="../../wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a> community projects on the Internet, the GenBank project started <a title="BIOSCI" href="../../wiki/BIOSCI" title="BIOSCI">BIOSCI</a>/Bionet news groups for promoting <a title="Open access" href="../../wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> communications among bioscientists. During 1989 to 1992, the GenBank project transitioned to the newly created <a title="National Center for Biotechnology Information" href="../../wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">National Center for Biotechnology Information</a>.</p><p><a nameid="Growth_of_GenBank" idname="Growth_of_GenBank"></a></p>

<p>The <a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/genbank/gbrel.txt" titlerel="nofollow" href="ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/genbank/gbrel.txt" class="external text">GenBank release notes</a> for release 162.0 (October, 2007) state that &quot;from 1982 to the present, the number of bases in GenBank has doubled approximately every 18 months.&quot; The following plot clearly shows the exponential growth. (On a <a title="Semilog graph" href="../../wiki/Semilog_graph" title="Semilog graph">semi-log scale</a> such as this, a straight line represents an exponential change.)</p><p><a class="image" title="Growth in GenBank base pairs, 1982 to 2007" href="../../wiki/Image:Growth_of_Genbank.svg" title><img height="395" alt="Growth in GenBank base pairs, 1982 to 2007" class="image"><img width="500" height="395" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Growth_of_Genbank.svg/500px-Growth_of_Genbank.svg.png" alt="Growth in GenBank base pairs, 1982 to 2007" /></a></p><p>The GenBank database includes additional data sets which are constructed mechanically from the main sequence data collection, and therefore are excluded from this count.</p><p><a nameid="See_also" idname="See_also"></a></p>

<li><a title="Ensembl" href="../../wiki/Ensembl" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a> </li> <li><a title="HPRD" href="../../wiki/HPRD" title="HPRD">HPRD</a> </li> <li><a title="Sequence analysis" href="../../wiki/Sequence_analysis" title="Sequence analysis">Sequence analysis</a> </li> <li><a title="Sequence profiling tool" href="../../wiki/Sequence_profiling_tool" title="Sequence profiling tool">Sequence profiling tool</a> </li> <li><a title="Sequence motif" href="../../wiki/Sequence_motif" title="Sequence motif">Sequence motif</a> </li> <li><a title="UniProt" href="../../wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a> </li> <li><a title="List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes" href="../../wiki/List_of_sequenced_eukaryotic_genomes" title="List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes">List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes</a> </li> <li><a title="List of sequenced archeal genomes" href="../../wiki/List_of_sequenced_archeal_genomes" title="List of sequenced archeal genomes">List of sequenced archeal genomes</a> </li>

<p><a nameid="References" idname="References"></a></p>

<li><a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/pa/News/112100.html" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/pa/News/112100.html" class="external text">Walter Goad, GenBank founder, obituary</a> </li> <li><cite style="fontFONT-styleSTYLE: normal;">Benton, D. (1990). &quot;<a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/pagerender.fcgi?artid=330520" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/pagerender.fcgi?artid=330520" class="external text">Recent changes in the GenBank On-line Service.</a>&quot;. <em>Nucleic Acids Research</em> <strong>18</strong> (6): 1517&ndash;1520.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Recent+changes+in+the+GenBank+On-line+Service.&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.au=Benton%2C+D.&amp;rft.pages=1517%E2%80%931520&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.gov%2Fpagerender.fcgi%3Fartid%3D330520" class="Z3988">&nbsp;</span> </li> <li><a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/bionews/1994-January/000877.html" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/bionews/1994-January/000877.html" class="external text">LANL GenBank History</a> </li> <li><cite style="fontFONT-styleSTYLE: normal;">Benton, D. <em>et al.</em> (2006). &quot;<a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/34/suppl_1/D16" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/34/suppl_1/D16" class="external text">GenBank</a>&quot;. <em>Nucleic Acids Research</em> <strong>34</strong> (Database): D16-D20.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=GenBank&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.volume=34&amp;rft.issue=Database&amp;rft.au=Benton%2C+D.+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.pages=D16-D20&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnar.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F34%2Fsuppl_1%2FD16" class="Z3988">&nbsp;</span> </li>

<p><a nameid="External_links" idname="External_links"></a></p>

<li><a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide" class="external text">GenBank</a> </li> <li><a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?db=nucleotide&amp;val=28302128" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?db=nucleotide&amp;val=28302128" class="external text">Example sequence record, for hemoglobin beta</a> </li> <li><a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BankIt/" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BankIt/" class="external text">BankIt</a> </li> <li><a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Sequin/index.html" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Sequin/index.html" class="external text">Sequin</a> </li> <li><a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://emboss.sourceforge.net/" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://emboss.sourceforge.net" class="external text/">Emboss</a> </li>

<p><a nameid="Sources" idname="Sources"></a></p>

<li><em>This article contains material text from the</em> <a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&amp;rid=handbook.TOC&amp;depth=2" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&amp;rid=handbook.TOC&amp;depth=2" class="external text">NCBI Handbook</a> <em>published by the <a title="National Center for Biotechnology Information" href="../../wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">National Center for Biotechnology Information</a>, which, as a US government publication, is in the <a title="Public domain" href="../../wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</em></li>