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<p><strong>Glutamic acid</strong> (abbreviated as <strong>Glu</strong> or <strong>E</strong>; <strong>Glx</strong> or <strong>Z</strong> represents either glutamic acid or glutamine), is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids. It is not among the human essential amino acids. Its codons are GAA and GAG. The carboxylate anion of glutamic acid is known as <strong>glutamate</strong>.</p>
<p>As its name indicates, glutamic acid has a carboxylic acid component to its side chain. At typical pH's, the amino group is protonated and one or both of the carboxylic groups will be ionized. At neutral pH all three groups are ionized, and the species has a charge of -1. The pK<sub>a</sub> value for glutamic acid is 4.1, which means that below this pH, the carboxylic acid groups are not ionized in more than half of the molecules.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline">Biosynthesis</span></h2>
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<ol>
<li>Nelson DL and Cox MM. <em>Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry</em>, 4th edition. </li>
<li><cite id="note_2a"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate#ref_2a"><strong><sup>a</sup></strong></a></cite> <a class="image" title="Image:Free_text.png" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Free_text.png"></a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Okumoto, S., <em>et al.</em> (2005). "Detection of glutamate release from neurons by genetically encoded surface-displayed FRET nanosensors". <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A</em> <strong>102</strong> (24): 8740-8745. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15939876" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15939876">PMID 15939876</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Detection+of+glutamate+release+from+neurons+by+genetically+encoded+surface-displayed+FRET+nanosensors&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+U.S.A&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=24&rft.au=Okumoto%2C+S.%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.pages=8740-8745"> </span> <a class="external text" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15939876" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15939876" rel="nofollow">Free text</a> </li> <li><cite id="note_3a"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate#ref_3a"><strong><sup>a</sup></strong></a></cite> Molecular pharmacology of glutamate transporters, EAATs and VGLUTs. <em>Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2004 Jul; 45(3):250-65. <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=15210307&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=15210307&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a></em> </li> <li><cite id="note_4a"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate#ref_4a"><strong><sup>a</sup></strong></a></cite> Delayed increase of Ca2+ influx elicited by glutamate: role in neuronal death. <em>Mol Pharmacol. 1989 Jul;36(1):106-12; <a class="external text" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=2568579&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=2568579&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a></em> </li> <li><cite id="note_5a"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate#ref_5a"><strong><sup>a</sup></strong></a></cite> <a class="image" title="Image:Free_text.png" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Free_text.png"></a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Reeds, P.J., <em>et al.</em> (2000). "Intestinal glutamate metabolism". <em>Journal of Nutrition</em> <strong>130</strong> (4s): 978S-982S. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10736365" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10736365">PMID 10736365</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Intestinal+glutamate+metabolism&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nutrition&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=4s&rft.au=Reeds%2C+P.J.%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.pages=978S-982S"> </span>. <a class="external text" title="http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/130/4/978S" rel="nofollow" href="http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/130/4/978S" rel="nofollow">Free text</a> </li> <li><cite id="note_6"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate#ref_6"></a></cite> <a class="image" title="Image:Free_text.png" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Free_text.png"></a> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Corrie, J.E., <em>et al.</em> (1993). "Postsynaptic activation at the squid giant synapse by photolytic release of L-glutamate from a 'caged' L-glutamate". <em>Journal of Physiology</em> <strong>465</strong> (Jun): 1-8. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7901400" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7901400">PMID 7901400</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Postsynaptic+activation+at+the+squid+giant+synapse+by+photolytic+release+of+L-glutamate+from+a+%27caged%27+L-glutamate&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physiology&rft.date=1993&rft.volume=465&rft.issue=Jun&rft.au=Corrie%2C+J.E.%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.pages=1-8"> </span> <a class="external text" title="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=7901400|" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=7901400|" rel="nofollow">Free text</a> </li>
<li><cite id="note_7"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate#ref_7"></a></cite> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Augustin H, Grosjean Y, Chen K, Sheng Q, Featherstone DE (2007). "Nonvesicular release of glutamate by glial xCT transporters suppresses glutamate receptor clustering in vivo". <em>Journal of Neuroscience</em> <strong>27</strong> (1): 111-123. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17202478" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17202478">PMID 17202478</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nonvesicular+release+of+glutamate+by+glial+xCT+transporters+suppresses+glutamate+receptor+clustering+in+vivo&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.au=Augustin+H%2C+Grosjean+Y%2C+Chen+K%2C+Sheng+Q%2C+Featherstone+DE&rft.pages=111-123"> </span> </li>
<li><cite id="note_8"><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate#ref_8"></a></cite> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Zheng Xi, Baker DA, Shen H, Carson DS, Kalivas PW (2002). "Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors modulate extracellular glutamate in the nucleus accumbens". <em>Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics</em> <strong>300</strong> (1): 162-171. <a class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11752112" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11752112">PMID 11752112</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Group+II+metabotropic+glutamate+receptors+modulate+extracellular+glutamate+in+the+nucleus+accumbens&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pharmacology+and+Experimental+Therapeutics&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=300&rft.issue=1&rft.au=Zheng+Xi%2C+Baker+DA%2C+Shen+H%2C+Carson+DS%2C+Kalivas+PW&rft.pages=162-171"> </span> </li>
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