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Microbiology

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<p><font size="5"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong>Microbiology<font size="4">1-1 introduction to microbiology</font></strong> ([[미생물학]])is the study of ''[[microorganisms]]'', which are [[unicellular]] or cell</span>&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-cluster [[microscopic]] organisms. This includes [[eukaryote]]s (with a [[nucleus]]) such as [[fungi]] and [[protists]], and [[prokaryote]]s (without a nucleus) such as [[bacteria]], [[protozoa]] and [[virus]]es.ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><br /></span></p><p>Although much is now known in the field of microbiology, advances are being made regularly. In actual fact, the most common estimates suggest that we have studied only about 1% of all of the microbes in any given environment. Thus, despite the fact that over three hundred years have passed since the discovery of microbes the field of microbiology is clearly in its infancy relative to other biological disciplines such as [[zoology]], [[botany]] or even [[entomology]].style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"></pstrong><p>==Types of microbiologyfont size==<br /"3">The field of microbiology can be generally divided into several subdiscplines:<br />*'''Microbial physiology'span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: The study of how the microbial cell functions biochemically. Includes the study of microbial growth, microbial [[metabolism]] and microbial cell structure.justify">❍ microbiology(미생물학)</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font><br /strong>*'''Microbial genetics''</p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: The study of how genes are organised and regulated in microbes in relation to their cellular functions. Closely related to the field of [[molecular biology]].justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><br />*'''Medical microbiology''': The study of the role of microbes in human illness. Includes the study of microbial [[pathogenesis]] and [[epidemiology]] and is related to the study of disease [[pathology]] and [[immunology]].<br />*/span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: 'Veterinary microbiology''바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: The study of the role in microbes in veterinary medicinejustify">간단히 말해 미생물(microorganism)을 연구목적으로 하는 학문이다.<br /span> </p>*'''Environmental microbiology'<p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: The study of the function and diversity of microbes in their natural environments. Includes the study of [[microbial ecology]], microbiallyjustify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-mediated [[nutrient cycle | nutrient cycling]], [[geomicrobiology]], microbial diversity and [[bioremediation]].<br />*'''Evolutionary microbiology'FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: The study of the evolution of microbes. Includes the study of bacterial [[systematics]] and [[taxonomy]].justify"><br />*'''Industrial microbiology'</span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: The exploitation of microbes for use in industrial processes. Examples include [[industrial fermentation]] and [[wastewater treatment]]. Closely linked to the [[biotechnology]] industry. This field also includes [[brewing]], an important application of microbiologyjustify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">미생물이라는 생명체를 대상으로 연구하는 생명과학의 한 분야이다.<//span> </p><p><p>style==Benefits of microbiology==<br /"FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">While microbes are often viewed negatively due to their association with many human illnesses<span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">분류, 생리, 유전에 관한 것을 생물화학, microbes are also responsible for many beneficial processes such as [[industrial fermentation]] (e.g. the production of [[alcohol]] and [[dairy products]])생물물리학, [[antibiotic]] production and as vehicles for cloning in higher organsisms such as plants. Scientists have also exploited their knowledge of microbes to produce biotechnologically important enzymes such as [[Taq polymerase]]면역학, [[reporter gene]]s for use in other genetic systems and novel molecular biology techniques such as the [[two-hybrid screening|yeast two-hybrid system]].유전학 분야에서</span> <br /p><!p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-These traits allowed Joshua and Esther Lederberg to devise an elegant experiment in [[1951]] demonstrating that adaptive mutations arise from [[preadaptation]] rather than directed mutation. For this purpose, they invented [[replica plating]], which allowed them to transfer numerous [[colony (biology)|bacterial colonies]] from their specific locations on one agarHEIGHT: 21px; FONT-filled petri dish to analogous locations on several other petri dishes. After replicating a plate of FAMILY: '바탕'E. coli'', they exposed each of the new plates to a [[bacteriophage]] (also called phage). They observed that phage; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-resistant colonies were present at analogous locations on each of the plates, allowing them to conclude that the phage resistance trait had existed in the original colony, which had never been exposed to phage, instead of arising after the bacteria had been exposed to the virus.&nbspSIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; !LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT- This was on the page before I modified it to read more like a general description of the field of microbiologyFAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">주로 연구하고 생태학적 분야를 비롯한 응용분야는 유전자공학, but it just didn't seem to make sense with the rest of the page the way I wrote it발효공학에서 다룬다. I didn't want to just throw it out, but I don't know what to do with it now! Any suggestions?&nbsp; --</span></p><p>style==References==<br />*Madigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M. &quot"FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px;Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 11th Ed.&quotLINE-HEIGHT: 21px; (2005) Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.&nbspFONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">초기의 미생물학은 사람, 동물, 곡식류의 병원미생물을 주로 다루는 의학, 수의학, 식물병리학에서 시작하여,&nbsp;<br />식품의 발효와 저장문제를 다루는 식품과학과 함께 발전해 왔다.</span> </p><p>style== See also ==<br /"FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">* [[Biochemistry]]<br />* [[Genetics]]span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">그러나 오늘날에는 생명현상을 밝히는 기초학문으로서 분자생물학과 함께 중요한 위치를 차지하며,&nbsp;<br />* [[Geomicrobiology]]유전공학과 항생물질의 생산 또는 에너지와 환경오염의 문제 해결에도 중요한 역할을 하고 있다.<br /span>* [[Immunology]]<br /p>* [[Medicine]]<br /<p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">* [[Mycology]]<br /span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">* [[Virology]]<br /p><p/span>* [[Archaea]]<br /p>* [[Eukaryote]]<br />* [[Prokaryote]]</pstyle="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><p>* [[List_of_publications_in_biology#Microbiology|Important publications in microbiology]]span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><br /></span></p><p>style==External links==<br />* [http"FONT-SIZE://www.GIDEONonline.com/tutorial/microbiology.htm GIDEON Microbiology tutorial]<br />* [http13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY://www.zytologie'바탕'; TEXT-online.net/ Microbiology of the Cell ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><font size="4">1-2 introduction to microorganism(Ger미생물의 소개)]<br /font></strong>* [http://www.bact.wisc.edu/Microtextbook Online Microbiology textbook]<br />* [http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/index.html Nature Review: Microbiology]<br />* [http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/ Bacteriology textbook]</pspan>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><br /></span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><font size="3">❍ microorganism(미생물)</font></strong></span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><br /></span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">간단히 말해 눈으로 볼 수 없는 0.1 nm 이하의 크기인 미세한 생물 </span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><br /></span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">주로 단일세포 또는 균사로써 몸을 이루며, 생물로서 최소 생활단위를 영위한다.</span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">조류(algae), 균류(bacteria), 원생동물(protozoa), 사상균류(mold), </span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">효모류(yeast)와 한계적 생물이라고 할 수 있는 바이러스(virus) 등이 이에 속한다.</span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">이들은 지구상 어디에서나 습기가 있는 곳에는 생육할 수 있으며 </span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">인간생활과 밀접한 관계가 있다. </span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">사람을 비롯한 동식물에 질병을 가져오는 병원미생물, 독소를 생성하여 </span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">식중독을 일으키는 미생물, 의식주에 관계되는 각종 물질을 변질, 부패시키는 </span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">원인 생물인 유해미생물도 잘 알려져 있다. 이러한 미생물의 특유한 성질을 이용하여 </span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">식품, 의약품 그 밖의 공업생산품 등 생산공업 에도 많이 이용하며, 간편한 시설로써 </span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">계속 배양시킬 수 있는 생물자원으로도 각광을 받고 있다. </span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">미생물의 균주개발에는 유전자공학적인 방법이 도입되어 이용되고 있다. </span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">자연계에서는 동식물의 시체, 배설물, 부후물 등을 분해하는 청소부 역할을 </span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">함에 따라 수질환경 및 토양의 지력보존에도 이들 미생물이 많이 이용되고 있다.</span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><br /></span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><br /></span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><br /></span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><br /></span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><font size="4">2. microorganisms as cells.</font></strong></span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><br /></span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">cell은 미생물뿐 아니라 모든 유기체들의 생명에 가장 기본적인 요소이다.</span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">cell은 membrane &amp; cell wall 에 의해 다른 call로부터 분리되어 있다. </span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">하지만 membrane에 의해 분리되어 있다고 해서 완전한 closed system&nbsp;<br />즉 cell이 서로 서로 단절되어있는 것을 뜻하는 것은 아니다.&nbsp;<br />cell은 open system 으로 communicate &amp; exchange material(with environment) 끊임없는 변화가 일어난다.</span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">모든cell들은 4가지의 chemical components로 이루어졌다.</span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">-protein, nucleic acid, lipids, polysaccharides로 이 모두를 macromolecule라 부른다.</span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">macromolecules의 arrangement와 chemistry는 cell마다 다르다. </span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">이것이 organism을 구분 짓는 역할을 가능하게 해준다. </span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">cytoplasmic membrane은 cell의 내부와 외부를 구분 짓는 역할(barrier)을 해준다.</span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">그리고 cell내 cytoplasm에서 cell membrane에 의해 다양한 structure 존재 가능하게 한다.&nbsp;<br />마지막으로 cell의 가장 중요한 것 중하나는&nbsp; nucleus or nucleoid 이다.</span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">이건 cell내의 핵으로써 genetic information을 가지고 있다.&nbsp;<br />DNA(deoxiribose)에 저장, ribosome은 새로운 protein을 cell 내에서 합성한다.</span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><br /></span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><font size="4">2-1 characteristics of living systems</font></strong></span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><br /></span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">[[image:1.metabolism.gif]]<br /><font color="#ff0000" size="3">1) Metabolism</font></span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">environment와 cell 사이에서&nbsp;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">물질의 transformation이 일어난다.</span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">✩cell = open system</span>&nbsp;<br /><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><br /><br /><br /><br />[[image:2.reproduction.jpg.jpg]] [[image:2-1.jpg]][[image:2-1.jpg]]<br /><font color="#ff0000" size="3">2) Reproduction(growth)</font></span><font color="#ff0000" size="3"> </font></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">하나의 cell(mother cell)에서&nbsp; </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">두 개의 daughter cell(딸세포)로&nbsp; </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">division(분화) 한다.</span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">✩cell 차원에서는 growth 이다.</span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><br /><br /><br />[[image:2.reproduction.jpg.jpg]] [[image:2-1-1.gif]]<br /><font color="#ff0000" size="3">3)&nbsp;Differentiation</font></span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">새로운 substance나 structure가 형성 된다.</span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">(reproduction, dispersal, survival)</span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><br /></span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><br /><br />[[image:4.communication.jpg]]<br /><font color="#ff0000" size="3">4)&nbsp;communication</font></span><font color="#ff0000" size="3"> </font></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">그들의 environment에서&nbsp; </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">chemical signal을 서로 주고받는다.</span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">(다른 cell로부터의 produced된 것들이&nbsp; </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">확산에 의해서 이웃 cell에 전달된다.)</span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><br /></span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><br /></span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><br /><br />[[image:5.movement.jpg]]<br /><font color="#ff0000" size="3">5)&nbsp;movement</font></span><font color="#ff0000" size="3"> </font></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">하지만 모두 다 움직일 수 있는 것은 아니다.</span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><br /></span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><br /><br /><br />[[image:6.evolution.gif]]<br /><font color="#ff0000" size="3">6)&nbsp;evolution</font> </span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">character의 change를 자손에서 </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">형질을 전달한다.</span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">생장에 알맞은 환경에서 evolution ➝ 진화</span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">그렇지 못하면 도태 되고 만다.</span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><br /></span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><br /></span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><font size="4">2-2 cell as machines and as coding devices.</font></strong></span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><br /></span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font size="3">✒machine : chemical transformation</font></span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;enzyme에 의해서 촉매반응이 일어난다.</span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><br /></span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font size="3">✒cording devices : </font><font size="2">genetic information(DNA) 저장.</font></span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;reproduction동안 offspring에 전달된다.</span> </p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font size="3">✒DNA</font> : replication, translation ➙ RNA형성 ➙ translation ➙ protein 형성</span>&nbsp;<br /><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><br /><br /><img alt="" src="/Biopedia/Biowiki/FCKeditor//editor/images/smiley/msn/wink_smile.gif" />&nbsp;<font color="#808000" size="4"><strong>The machine and coding function of the cell<br /></strong></font></span></p><p style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; MARGIN: 0px; COLOR: #000000; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; LINE-HEIGHT: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: '바탕'; TEXT-ALIGN: justify">[[image:001.gif]]<br /></span></p><p>&nbsp;</p><hr />

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